UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF SPORT SCIENCE AND RECREATION

PROGRAMME

BACHELOR OF HEALTH AND FITNESS (HONS)

(SR245)

SUBJECT

SPS 610

COMMUNITY HEALTH PROMOTION

TOPIC

INDIVIDUAL ASSINGMENT

JOURNAL REVIEW

PREPARED FOR:

DR AHMAD DZULKARNAIN BIN HAJI ISMAIL

PREPARED BY:

AHMAD IZZULFAIZ BIN MOHD ZUHAIRI 2019489392

GROUP:

RSR 245 5A
Journal 1: THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE OSTEOPOROSIS
PREVENTION AND AWARENESS TOOL (OPAAT) IN MALAYSIA

The title of this study is ‘the development and validation of the osteoporosis
prevention and awareness tool (OPAAT) in Malaysia’ that has been conducted by Toh
LS, et el. and has been published in 2015. The aims of the study are to develop and
validate Osteoporosis Prevention and Awareness Tool (OPAAT). Knowledge of
osteoporosis is the main factor in developing attitudes towards the disease which in turn
the actions of health care impacts.

There was divided into two phased in the methods which are the developments
of OPAAT and its validation. The first phase OOPAAT was developed by modified from
MOKT and findings from qualitative analysis that explored the obstacles and criteria for
screening and treatments of osteoporosis in Malaysia. From 10 out of 50 items in MOKT
was been taken and been modified. The final OPAAT consist of 30 and been divided to
three section. In the phase two is the steps validation of OPAAT.

203 patients and 31 pharmacists had been recruited. Factors analysis is derived
from three domain. Flesch’s readability was 59.2. 0.60 ±0.22 was the mean ±SD
accuracy figure for each domain, Cronbach’s range from 0.286-0.748. All things
extremely associated (spearman rho: 0.761-0.990,p<0.05). with no significant change.
The general test-retest scores show that reliability had been obtained by OPAAT.
Pharmacists had the higher knowledge score than patients, its shows that OPAAT was
able to differentiate between pharmacists knowledge levels and patients.

The OPAAT was able to discriminate the knowledge level between patients and
pharmacists. The OPAAT is suitable for postmenopausal women about osteoporosis
prevention in Malaysia. OPAAT showed that can been understood by patients. This
study limitations are used mixed method of administration.
Journal 2: COMPULSORY CHILDHOOD VACCINATION IN MALAYSIA: PUBLIC
HEALTH VERSUS PARENTAL AUTONOMY

The title of these research is about the Compulsory Childhood Vaccination in

Malaysia: Public Health versus Parental Autonomy that has been conducted by Khairun
Nisaa Asari in the year of 2018. The aim of these studies is to examine whether it is
necessary to implement the parent vaccination of the baby. This analysis was carried
out by comparing the ethical issue of whether the vaccine substance was received or
refused in various circumstances with different country rules.

Parental autonomy means it up to the parent to decide their medical needs. They
decide whether their child wants medical treatment or it is safe or bad for them to
neglected. From Aharon(2017), some parent deem that its their right to either deem
something is either good or bad for their children as this is included in their parent
obligations. In the other hand, paternalism assumes that often the local government
must participate in a case for the benefit of a society whether it is against a person’s will
or belief. In example vaccination is compulsory for the prevention of particular major
disease that has been stop spreading since the introduction of vaccination.

However, According to Salmon & Omer (2006) only if it is to solve a certain

degree of concerns, such include how much danger it is not to take vaccination, the
discrepancy between adult resistance and parent refusal, the long-term impact of
parental autonomy and the efficacy of the vaccination policy in in its durability, would
these needs be forced upon. Abdullah (2014) suggested that vaccination is to be done
as a compulsory if a community has less than 80% rate of vaccination and if more than
95% it is not compulsory due to the herd immunity concept. As for the conclusion,
Khairn Nisaa stated that health communication in theses modern world, there is more
than a two-way bond between a doctor and parent. There are also other variables that
have role to play in encouraging wellbeing as a priority or not, such as social media.
Journal 3: EXERCISE FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE

There research objective is to identified whether land- based therapeutic exercise

is beneficial effective in terms to reduces joint pain for individuals with knee arthritis or
enhanced physical performance and quality of life. The research was been done by
Fansen et. el (2018). The method use in this journal are is collecting data randomized
control trial, comparing between form of land-based therapeutic exercise versus non
exercise group. The target participant male and female adults that reported or diagnosis
osteoarthritis. in the clinical trial, participant had to trough the assessment such as knee
pain, self-reported physical function and quality life. A variety of continuous scales to
measure pain, physical function and quality of life outcomes, a unitless measure of
treatment was necessary to enable the outcomes of various randomized controlled trails
(RCT) to be combine.

The result of 54 studies, almost all studies used 50-150 participants. Evidence
from 44 trials shows that exercise reduces pain, immediately after treatment. In the
control group estimated pain is 44 in a pain scale 0-100. 12 out of 54 studies showed
that patients with knee paint after 2 to 6 months post-treatments the effect of pain is
decreasingly. As discussion, meta-analysis found that assessed rehabilitation exercise
service centered on land culminated in assessment immediate treatment will beneficially
for knee pain, physical function and quality of life. Last but not least, the quality of
exercise, training programs, treatment delivery and treatment apply play the big role in
reduce the knee pain.
Journal 4: EFFECT OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS AMONG THE COLLEGE STUDENTS: A CROSS
SECTIONAL STUDY

The aims of these research are to investigate the relationship between sleep
deprivation and its effect on academic performance on college student. This research
has been conducted by Sumi Rose in the year of 2015. In this study, a total of 200
participants were used and a total of 150 college students between the ages of 18 to 24
responded.

The questionnaire focusing on four factors, which are the sleep deprivation
parameter, focus on cognitive function and performance, grade point average and
gender, was given to participant. The data were later analyses with SPSs Version 16.

They conclude that in their study parameter less sleep- deprived students have
higher GPA than more sleep deprived students. As for the ability to concentrate during
testing, 54% were unable to do so, resulting in low GPA results.88% of students facing
sleep loss yawn during their lectures, making it impossible for them to keep
concentrated during their classes. About 44% of the student also stated that stress is
delaying with their sleep quality and sometime it not about to much work need to be
done.

Last but not least De Gennaro (2006), explain that sleep helps with the ability to
recall memory and learning. This report, which reveals that 70.6% of students have
memory issue due to inadequate sleep, will back up that argument. They also
concluded based on their results that there can contribute to sleep deprivation, these
variables need to be considered to make a clearer understanding of a student’s sleep
quality.
REFERENCES

Asari, K. N., Makhtar, M., Asuhaimi, F. A., & Pauzai, N. A. (2019). Compulsory

Childhood Vaccination in Malaysia: Public Health versus Parental Autonomy.

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(12),

1540–1548. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i12/5256

Fransen, M., McConnell, S., Harmer, A. R., Van der Esch, M., Simic, M., & Bennell, K.

L. (2015). Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database of Systematic

Reviews, 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd004376.pub3

Rose, Sumi. (2018). Effect of Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance

and Cognitive Functions among the College Students: A Cross Sectional Study.
14.

Toh, L. S., Lai, P. S. M., Wu, D. B.-C., Wong, K. T., Low, B. Y., & Anderson, C. (2015).

The Development and Validation of the Osteoporosis Prevention and Awareness Tool

(OPAAT) in Malaysia. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0124553.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124553