AKM 204E -FLUID MECHANICS

LECTURE NOTES # 2

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR

cbayindir@itu.edu.tr

Office #: Hydraulics Lab 216

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 1

 COURSE OUTLINE
Week 1: Introduction to fluid mechanics. Unit systems. Fluid properties.
Week 2: Fluid statics.
Week 3: Elementary fluid dynamics: Bernoulli equation.
Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds transport theorem.
Week 5: Finite control volume analysis: conservation of mass.
Week 6: Conservation of momentum.
Week 7: Potential flow.
Week 8: Superposition of potential flows.
Week 9: Navier-Stokes equations.
Week 10: Navier-Stokes equations. Coutte, Hagen-Poiseuille flows.
Week 11: Dimensional analysis and similitude.
Week 12: Flow over immersed bodies and boundary layers.
Week 13: Turbomachinery and pump selection.
Week 14: Viscous flow in pipes. Miscellaneous.

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 2

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Pressure at a point:

Py, Pz, Ps are the average pressures on

the faces of the wedge-shaped element

γ=Specific weight
ρ= Density

From geometry!

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 3

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Pressure at a point:

Since we are interested in what is happening in a point take lim as

δx, δy, δz  0

Pascal’s Law: The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest or in motion is independent of the
direction as long as there are no shearing stresses present.

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)-French Mathematician

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 4

Week 2: Fluid statics.
How does pressure vary in a fluid?:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 5

Week 2: Fluid statics.
How does pressure vary in a fluid?:
For a fluid at rest, a=0, thus

Assuming γ=ρg is constant,

the flow is incompressible!

Hydrostatic pressure distribution

Also, please note that the pressure difference between two points can be
described by a distance h, called the pressure head!
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 6
Week 2: Fluid statics.
How does pressure vary in a fluid?:
Pressure at a depth is independent of the
shape of the container!

P0=gage or atmospheric pressure

Generally it is accepted that P0=0

Pascal’s principle
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 7
Week 2: Fluid statics.
Pascal’s Principle:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eho8ERws_-U
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 8
Week 2: Fluid statics.
Pressure variation for compressible static fluid:

Ideal Gas Law Combined with

See Example 2.2 in Textbook
Hydrostatic Pressure Variation

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 9

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Devices for measurement of pressure:

Mercury Manometer Strain-gage Pressure Transducers

Bourdain Gage:

1
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 0
Week 2: Fluid statics.
Manometry: Piezometer Tube:

One fluid system:

• Is only suitable if the pressure in the tube is greater than
atm. pressure
• Fluid must be liquid, not a gas

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 11

Week 2: Fluid statics.
U-Tube Manometer: An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 12

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Inclined U-Tube Manometer:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 13

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane and Inclined Surface:

For constant γ and θ

First moment of area:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 14

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane and Inclined Surface:
Where does the resultant act?

Second moment of inertia

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 15

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane and Inclined Surface:
Where does the resultant act? xR?

Product of
inertia

Using parallel axis theorem, where Ixyc in the

product of inertia about centroid

The point xR,yR, where the resultant pressure

acts is known as the center of pressure, CP!

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 16

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane and Inclined Surface:
Common areas and their moment of inertias:

Do not need to
memorize!

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 17

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane and Inclined Surface:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 18

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Pressure Prism:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 19

Week 2: Fluid statics. Pressure Prism: An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan

BAYINDIR-Week 2
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Week 2: Fluid statics.
Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Curved Surface:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 21

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Buoyancy, Flotation, Stability:

Archimedes’ Principle:

Greek mathematician
287-212 BC

Taking moments:
The right-hand-side of the equation is the
first moment of displaced volume V, so yc
is equal to y coordinate of the centroid of
VT is the total volume given by= volume. Buoyant force passes through the
centeroid of the displaced volume!
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 22
Week 2: Fluid statics.
Buoyancy, Flotation, Stability: An Example

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 23

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Stability:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 24

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Pressure variation in a fluid with rigid-body motion:

Linear Motion:

Change of pressure from point

(y,z) to (y+dy, z+dz) is:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 25

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Pressure variation in a fluid with rigid-body motion:
Linear Motion:
After substitutions :

Along a line of constant pressure,

dp=0, giving:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 26

Week 2: Fluid statics.
Pressure variation in a fluid with rigid-body motion:
Rigid Body Rotation:

For constant angular velocity:

Using the equation:

Gives:

Along a line of constant pressure, dp=0, giving

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 27
Week 2: Fluid statics.
Pressure variation in a fluid with rigid-body motion:
Rigid Body Rotation:

Integration of the equation

gives:

Surfaces of constant pressures

are parabolic!

Pressure varies quadratically with r.

However, for a fixed r, the pressure varies

hydrostatically with z!.

HW: See example 2.12.

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 2 28