Akm 204E - Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes # 5 & 6: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR

AKM 204E -FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURE NOTES # 5 & 6
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR
cbayindir@itu.edu.tr
Office #: Hydraulics Lab 216
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 1

COURSE OUTLINE
Week 1: Introduction to fluid mechanics. Unit systems. Fluid properties.
Week 2: Fluid statics.
Week 3: Elementary fluid dynamics: Bernoulli equation.
Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds transport theorem.
Week 5: Finite control volume analysis: conservation of mass.
Week 6: Conservation of momentum.
Week 7: Potential flow.
Week 8: Superposition of potential flows.
Week 9: Navier-Stokes equations.
Week 10: Navier-Stokes equations. Coutte, Hagen-Poiseuille flows.
Week 11: Dimensional analysis and similitude.
Week 12: Flow over immersed bodies and boundary layers.
Week 13: Turbomachinery and pump selection.
Week 14: Viscous flow in pipes. Miscellaneous.

Week 5 & 6: Finite control volume analysis. Conservation of mass and momentum.
Conservation of mass (continuity equation):
Time rate of change of mass=0
Reynolds transport theorem leads to:
Mass flowrate:
Average velocity:

Conservation of mass (continuity equation):

Conservation of mass (continuity equation): An example:

Conservation of mass (continuity equation) for moving control volume: An example:

Conservation of mass (continuity equation) for deforming control volume: An example:

Conservation of momentum:
B=momentum=mV
b=V
Linear momentum equation:
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-

Week 5 & 6 8
Conservation of momentum: Another example:
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-

Week 5 & 6
9


Conservation of angular momentum: Moment of momentum:
Remember the conservation of momentum:
Take its moment:
Use:
which leads to:
For the entire system:
time rate of change of the moment-of-momentum=

where: time rate of change of the moment-of-momentum of the contents of
the control volume +
net rate of flow of the moment-of-momentum through the CS

Conservation of angular momentum: Moment of momentum:
If we confine ourselves to steady or steady-in-mean-cyclical flows then:
An example:
which leads to:
which can be rewritten as:
where
It is possible to evaluate the shaft power as:

Conservation of angular momentum: Moment of momentum: An example:
See example 5.7 textbook

Using continuity equation

Conservation of energy:
time rate of increase of the total stored energy of the system=
net time rate of energy addition by heat transfer into system +
net time rate of energy addition by work into system
where e is the energy per unit volume, u is the internal Work can be generally transferred by
energy, V2/2 is the kinetic energy, gz is the potential energy rotary devices such as turbines, fans
and propellers, thus:
Setting b=e in the Reynolds transport theorem Work can also be transferred at the CS
by fluid normal stress
which eventually leads to:

Conservation of energy:
Work can also be transferred at the CS by fluid shear stress: Generally is taken as 0 across the CS
in this course
These substitutions lead to energy equation to be:
which eventually leads to:
Applications of the energy equation:

For steady or steady-in-mean flows the energy equation reduces to:
which leads to the 1D energy equation for steady-in-mean flow

Conservation of energy: the energy
Using the equation can
enthalpy: be rewritten as

Conservation of energy: An example:

Comparison of the energy equation with Bernoulli equation:
For steady-in-mean and incompressible flow the energy equation becomes:
becomes:
For steady and incompressible flow with friction:
Thus the Bernoulli equation becomes:
We will see Moody’s chart An example:

An example:
Lecture Notes by
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-
Week 5 & 6
20
Another example:
Lecture Notes by
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-
Week 5 & 6 21
Energy equation for non-uniform flows:
For non-uniform flows the integral requires special attention
A kinetic energy coefficient, α, is used for this purpose
It can be shown that α ≥ 1
which eventually leads to
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR- Week 5 & 6 22

Energy equation for non-uniform flows: An example:
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR- Week 5 & 6 23

Akm 204E - Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes # 5 & 6: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR

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Akm 204E - Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes # 5 & 6: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR

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AKM 204E -FLUID MECHANICS

LECTURE NOTES # 5 & 6

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR

Office #: Hydraulics Lab 216

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 1

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 2

Reynolds transport theorem leads to:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 3

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 4

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 5

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 6

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 7

Linear momentum equation:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 10

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 11

Take its moment:

which leads to:

For the entire system:

time rate of change of the moment-of-momentum=

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 12

which leads to:

which can be rewritten as:

It is possible to evaluate the shaft power as:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 13

See example 5.7 textbook

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 14

which eventually leads to:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 15

These substitutions lead to energy equation to be:

which eventually leads to:

Applications of the energy equation:

which leads to the 1D energy equation for steady-in-mean flow

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 16

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 17

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 18

For steady and incompressible flow with friction:

Thus the Bernoulli equation becomes:

We will see Moody’s chart An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 5 & 6 19

For non-uniform flows the integral requires special attention

A kinetic energy coefficient, α, is used for this purpose

It can be shown that α ≥ 1

which eventually leads to

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR- Week 5 & 6 22

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR- Week 5 & 6 23

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