Analysis and Design of Industry Building by using STAAD PRO

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction:
The modern looms machines have transformed the entire scenario of Textile
production. It enables easy and faster production rate of textile manufacturing. These
machines have proved to be a boon to Textile manufacturers in terms of economy and time.
However, they come with an unseen drawback of “Vibrations” due to their high operating
speed. The parameters normally used to assess the vibration are the amplitude and frequency.
In order to completely define a vibration, the amplitude and frequency of motion are
measured in three orthogonal directions, generally in terms of displacement which is
considered to be the best description for assessing the potential damage response of a
structure. These vibrations may cause varying degree of damage to the building components.
Minor damage is seen in the building to non-structural components such as cracking of
masonry walls, de-bonding of aggregate and cement gel, etc. However, if the amplitude of
vibration increases, it may cause serious damage to structural components such as excessive
deformation of beams, columns, fatigue failure and settlements; which may cause serious
damage to life and property. Vibration at a certain level can cause discomfort to humans. It
can affect visual perception, muscles contraction, circulation and respiratory system. This
deteriorates the working capacity of the people. Victor Wowk has presented his ideas on
deciding the strategy in analysing the vibrations produced by machines. His strategy of
analysis includes: identifying source of vibration, calculating its frequency and amplitude and
analyse the severity of this amplitude. The source of vibration was identified to be as the
beating-up motion. Bhatia K.G. has mentioned that in principle machine foundations should
be designed such that the dynamic forces of machines are transmitted to the soil through the
foundation in such a way that all kinds of harmful effects are eliminated. All machine
foundations, irrespective of the size and type of machine, should be regarded as engineering
problems and their designs should be based on sound engineering practices. Dynamic loads
from the machines causing vibrations must be duly accounted for to provide a solution, which
is technically sound and economical. Vijay K. Puri and Shamsher Prakash have stated that
machine foundations require a special consideration because they transmit dynamic loads to
soil in addition to static loads due to weight of foundation, machine and accessories. He has
described about three types of machines which are Reciprocating machines, Impact machines

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and Rotary machines. In this study, the Looms machine lies under the category of
Reciprocating machine having operating speed less than 600 rpm.
1.1 ABOUT THE SOFTWARE USED:
1. AUTOCAD (AUTODESK)
2. STAAD PRO V8i

1.AUTOCAD :
AutoCAD was derived from a program that began in 1977, and then released in
1979 called Interact CAD, also referred to in early Autodesk documents as MicroCAD,
which was written prior to Autodesk's (then Marinchip Software Partners) formation by
Autodesk cofounder Michael Riddle.

The first version by Autodesk was demonstrated at the 1982 Comdex and released that
December. AutoCAD supported CP/M-80 computers. As Autodesk's flagship product, by
March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide. The 2022
release marked the 36th major release of AutoCAD for Windows and the 12th consecutive
year of AutoCAD for Mac. The native file format of AutoCAD is .dwg. This and, to a lesser
extent, its interchange file format DXF, have become de facto, if proprietary, standards for
CAD data interoperability, particularly for 2D drawing exchange. AutoCAD has included
support for .dwf, a format developed and promoted by Autodesk, for publishing CAD data

Features of AUTOCAD:

 3D Modeling and Visualization

 Solid, Surface and Mesh Modeling

 PDF and DGN Import/Export/Underlay

 Text Settings

 2D Drafting, Drawing and Annotation

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 Accessibility and Storage

 Modifications and Revisions

 3D Sketch

 Precision

 Performance

1. STAAD PRO V8i :

STAAD or (STAAD.Pro) is a structural analysis and design software application

originally developed by Research Engineers International in 1997. In late 2005, Research
Engineers International was bought by Bentley Systems.

STAAD.Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and

design software products worldwide. It can apply more than 90 international steel, concrete,
timber and aluminium design codes.

It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional static analysis to
more recent analysis methods like p-delta analysis, geometric non-linear analysis, Pushover
analysis (Static-Non Linear Analysis) or a buckling analysis. It can also make use of various
forms of dynamic analysis methods from time history analysis to response spectrum analysis.
The response spectrum analysis feature is supported for both user defined spectra as well as a
number of international code specified spectra.

Additionally, STAAD.Pro is interoperable with applications such as RAM

Connection, AutoPIPE, SACS and many more engineering design and analysis applications
to further improve collaboration between the different disciplines involved in a project.
STAAD can be used for analysis and design of all types of structural projects from plants,
buildings, and bridges to towers, tunnels, metro stations, water/wastewater treatment plants
and more.

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Features of STAAD PRO

 STAAD Pro is capable of analysing and designing civil engineering structures such as
buildings, bridges, and plane and space trusses.
 This software can generate loads (wind and earthquake) as per building codes of
selected countries.
 Design of steel and reinforced concrete buildings as per the codes of selected
countries can also be carried out with STAAD Pro.
 It can carry out linear elastic (static and dynamic) and nonlinear dynamic analysis
(although I am not sure how good the nonlinear analysis algorithms are, not having
used those features).
 The user interface is simple and easy to learn. This software is currently developed
by Bentley Systems Inc. It was originally developed by Research Engineers Inc. in
California.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Okuyucu (2020) focused on the operational modal analysis application on a single story
reinforced concrete building. As a result of the study it was concluded that the theoretical
and experimental mode shapes were defined to be similar; whereas the related frequency
values were obtained to be different. Moreover, it was not possible to calculate the
experimentally obtained modal behaviour parameters if the fill walls were omitted in the
finite element model [1].
Conclusion : As a result of the study about operational model analysis application
on a single storey RC building, it was concluded that theoretical and experimental
mode shapes were defined to be similar but obtained frequency values may
differ[1].

Martakis et al. (2020) have analysed the vibrational recordings during the demolition of
an existing masonry building. In their analyses, the lumped damage during demolition
provided valuable information about the correlation between dynamic response and
structural health [2].

Conclusion : The vibration recordings and their effects can be analysed during the
demolition of a building.

Victor Wowk [2019] presented his ideas on deciding the strategy in analysing the
vibrations produced by machines. His strategy of analysis includes: identifying source of
vibration, calculating its frequency and amplitude and analyse the severity of this
amplitude. The source of vibration was identified to be as the beating-up motion [3].

Conclusion : The vibration produced by the machines can be analysed by the

strategy which includes [3].
I. The source of vibration
II. Frequency of vibration
III. Amplitude of vibration
IV. Also the severity of amplitude
George Gazetas [2018]has described that the basic goal in design of machine foundation
is to limit its motion to amplitudes which will neither endanger the satisfactory operation
of the machine nor will they disturb the people working in the immediate vicinity. Thus a
key ingredient to a successful machine foundation design is the carful engineering

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analysis of the foundation response to the dynamic load from the anticipated operation of
the machine [4].

Conclusion: For a successful machine foundation in a industry building careful

engineering analysis foundation response to the dynamic load from the anticipated
operation of the machine

Subramanian [2017] has said that he proposes that moment resisting frames (MRF) may
be economical for building up to 5 to 10 storey. Shear wall and braced frame system are
economical up to 15 storey buildings. The height to width ratio of 8 to 10 is considered to
form the effective bracing system [5]

Conclusion: For shear resisting of structure up to 5-10 storey the moment

resisting frames are economical to use and for structure above 15 storey the shear
walls and brace frame system are economical

Tomoo Saito and Haruhiko [2017] has said that he presented the method of system
identification in time domain which proved to be advantages than the frequency domain
where modal parameter changes over the period of the record is of short duration. In this
paper, dynamic characteristics, like natural frequency, time period and damping ratio for
twin high rise building are estimated by applying time domain system identification
method to note earthquake response [6]

Conclusion: As a result the time domain system of analysis is more advantageous

than frequency domain system

Gunes and Anıl (2017) investigated the dynamic behavior of masonry structure by
using operational modal analysis. It was concluded that there are differences between the
dynamic characteristics obtained from experimental and numerical procedures, also
ambient vibration tests can be used for the improvement of numerical models [7].

Conclusion: The dynamic loads in the analysis of industrial structure design are
more importance during the analysis.

Wang D [2016] has evaluated that Since 1960, welded steel moment resisting frames
(MRFs ) have been widely accepted as the best structure for earthquake resistant building.
The deficiencies in this system came to light when such structure showed brittle fractures
at connection after 1994 earthquake in California. Although none of the buildings
collapsed, ongoing research has looked for a better alternative. This research has applied
the selfcentring and energy dissipating connection concepts, used in prefabricated
concrete structure to steel structure [8]

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Conclusion : The welded steel moment resisting frames have been accepted
widely against resistance to earthquake moments in earthquake resisting building
but these have shown failure in the form of brittle fracture in joints, so it is better
to go for better alternative.

Ms. Aayillia et.al [March-2015] has said that the multi storied Industrial building is
selected and is well analysed and designed. The project was undertaken for KinfraPark. It
is a Basement+Ground+3 storied building, located at Koratty. The analysis and designing
was done according to the standard specification to the possible extend. The analysis of
structure was done using the software package STAAD PRO.V8i. All the structural
components were designed manually. The detailing of reinforcement was done in
AutoCAD 2013. The use of the software offers saving in time. It takes value on safer side
than manual work [9].
Conclusion: It is concluded that by the use of software such as STAAD Pro and
Autocad for designing and planning respectively of a structure can save time and
takes value to safer side than manual work.

Mhamoodi et.al [2015] proposed that Viscous damper (VD) and Visco-Elastic damper
(VED) systems are in use for many years VDs which for many years have been used by
military and aerospace fields, are beginning to emerge in structural engineering. These
dampers posses‟ linear viscous behaviour, relatively insensitive to temperature changes
and can be very compact in size in comparison to force capacity and stroke. Mahmoodi
describe the characteristics of a double layer, constrained layer and shear VED [10]
Conclusion: As a result of the study it is understood that Viscous Elastic Damper
which are emerging into structural engineering after in use for military and
aerospace field and these VED are insensitive to temperature changes and are
compact in size.

Brad shaback ant tom brown [2015] evaluate that the behaviour of square hollow steel
braces with yielding and buckling phenomenon of concentrically braced frame through
pushover test. The test result indicated that the lateral rigidity of structure would decrease
remarkably after the compressive braces buckled, but the horizontal bearing capacity
would not decrease remarkably after compressive braces buckled, but the horizontal
bearing capacity would not decrease remarkably and maintained level before buckling
and ductility of concentrically steel frame was good [11].

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Conclusion : As a result the lateral rigidity of structure decreases after

compressive barces buckled, but it is opposite in case of horizontally bearing
capacity.
Vijay K. Puri and Shamsher Prakash [2003] have stated that machine foundations
require a special consideration because they transmit dynamic loads to soil in addition to
static loads due to weight of foundation, machine and accessories. He has described about
three types of machines which are Reciprocating machines, Impact machines and Rotary
machines. In this study, the Looms machine lies under the category of Reciprocating
machine having operating speed less than 600 rpm [13].
Conclusion : The machine foundation requires a special consideration because
they transmit dynamic load to soil in to static load due to weight of foundation.

Brinker et al. [2003] : These methods can be defined as using vibration records taken
from existing structures to determine the dynamic properties of a structure, taking
consideration into factors with undetermined amplitude and change, such as wind, vehicle
and human movements, machine vibrations and sea waves [14].

Conclusion : The dynamic properties of a structure can be determined by analysis

an existing structures considering factors with undetermined amplitude and
change.

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CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
 To Analyse and Design loom industry building.
 To design a structure which resist the vibration of the machines.
 To design a structure considering dynamic loads as primary load consideration.

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CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
The dynamic analysis of the structure for looms industry is done by following approach.
 Reconnaissance Survey which includes visit to the various looms industry and
interaction with the industry people for getting a better practical picture of the
looms industry, Study of structural system of the looms industry and
understanding the working of the looms machine.
 Collection of necessary machine data such as the dimension of the machine
components, its operating speed, weight of cloth roll, etc. Also the data regarding
the building which includes various dimensions of the building and size of its
various structural components like beam, column, slab etc.
 Preparation of drawing of typical industrial floor plan showing layout of machine
position on the industrial floors of existing building, section and elevation using
CAD software.
 Modelling of Building Frame Structure using structural engineering software -
STAAD.Pro. Its pre-analysis includes modelling, labelling, assigning geometric
properties and loads to various structural components, as well as to assign support
conditions and to assign suitable analysis commands. The post-analysis includes
studying of various modes shapes and their respective frequencies and amplitude.
 Plotting of graph of various results of mode shapes, frequency and displacements
with respect to various sizes of beams and columns.

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CHAPTER 5
TYPES OF LOADS
LOADS :
loads are forces tending to effect and produce deformations, stresses or displacement
in structure stadiums are subjected to several types of loads. They are gravity loads and
lateral loads. Gravity loads are caused by the gravitational pull of the earth and act in
vertical direction. Gravity loads are further classified as dead loads and live loads. The
two primary lateral loads on stadiums are wind and earthquakes. design load
combinations are also used.
Dead Load
The dead load includes loads that are relatively constant over time, including the
weight of the structure itself, and immovable fixtures such as walls, plasterboard or
carpet. The roof is also a dead load. Dead loads are also known as permanent or static
loads. Building materials are not dead loads until constructed in permanent position. Give
unit weight of building materials, parts, components. Loads consist of the weight of all
these material and fixed equipment incorporated into the building.
Self Weight of Looms Industry Structure considering density of Reinforced Cement
Concrete as 25 kN/m3, weight of floor finish as 0.8 kN/m2 and water proofing load on
terrace as 1.5 kN/m2.

DEAD LOAD

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1. Live Load
Live loads, or imposed loads, are temporary, of short duration, or a moving load.
These dynamic loads may involve considerations such as impact, momentum, vibration,
slosh dynamics of fluids and material fatigue. Live loads, sometimes also referred to as
probabilistic loads, include all the forces that are variable within the object's normal
operation cycle not including construction or environmental loads. Roof and floor live loads
are produced during maintenance by workers, equipment and materials, and during the life
of the structure by movable objects, such as planters and people.
Machine load of 10 KN is distributed evenly among its four floor supports. Along
with it, an additional live load of 2.0 kN/m2 is also applied to the floor.

LIVE LOAD
2. Time History Load
Harmonic Force is generated due to the movement of the Sley and the impact force
that propels the shuttle. The Harmonic Load caused by the Reciprocating Sley-movement is
applied

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CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
1. Victor Wowk, “A Brief Tutorial on Machine Vibration”, Machine Dynamics, Inc.
2. Bhatia K.G.,“Foundations For Industrial Machines And Earthquake Effects”, 28th
ISET Annual Lecture. Shamsher Prakash and Vijay K. Puri, “Foundations For
Vibrating Machines”, Special Issue, April-May 2006, of the Journal of Structural
Engineering, SERC, Madras. INDIA
3. George Gazetas “Analysis of Machine Foundation Vibration: State of Art”, Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 1983, Vol 2, No 1.
4. Srinivasulu P. And Vaidyanathan C.V, “Handbook of Machine Foundations”,
Tata Mcgraw –Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2003.
5. Cyril M. Harris, “Harris’ Shock and Vibration Handbook, 2002.
6. Hasmukhrai B., “Fabric Forming”, Co-operative Stores Ltd., 1996.
7. Barkan D. D., “Dynamics of Bases and Foundations”, Mcgraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc.
8. Ms. Aayillia. K. Jayasidhan1 Department of Civil Engineering, SSET, Mahatma
Gandhi University, Kottayam, India

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