‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‬

‫اﻟﻔﻬﺮس‬
‫• ‪ 1‬اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫• ‪ 2‬اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‬
‫‪ 2.1 -‬اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬
‫‪ 2.2 -‬اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬
‫▪ ‪ 2.2.1‬أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬
‫▪ ‪ 2.2.2‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬
‫• ‪ 3‬ﻃﺮق ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‬
‫• ‪ 4‬اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟ‪‬ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‬
‫• ‪ 5‬اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫ﺗُﻌﺮ‪‬ف اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘ‪‬ﻮن ﻛﻞ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ‪‬‬
‫ﺗ‪‬ﻮن ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﺷ‪‬ﻞ ذرات ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻧﺎت‪ ،‬وﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﺎت‪ ،‬وإﻟ‪‬ﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‪ ،‬وﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‪ ،‬أو ﺑﻮز‐ آﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ ،‬إذ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﺗﻤﺘﺼﻬﺎ أو ﺗﻄﻠﻘﻬﺎ‪ [1]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺎدة إﻟ‪ ‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺮوع وﻓﻘﺎً‬
‫ﻟ‪‬ﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻴـﻊ اﻟـﺬرات ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬـ‪ ‬ﺗﺤـﺪد ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼـﻬﺎ اﻟ‪‬ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫـﺬه اﻟﻔـﺮوع ﻫـ‪ ‬اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[2‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺮ‪‬ف اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط اﻟ‪‬ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋ‪ ‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎدﺗﻴﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻤ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟ‪‬ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺗ‪‬ﺴﻴﺮ أو ﺗ‪‬ﻮﻳﻦ ﻷي رواﺑﻂ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎت ﻫﺬا اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺴـﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺗ‪‬ـﻮن اﻟﻨﺴـﺐ اﻟﺨﺎﺻـﺔ ﺑ‪‬ـﻞ ﻣـﺎدة ﻓـ‪ ‬اﻟﺨﻠﻴـﻂ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮة‪ ،‬وﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴـﻂ ﻧـﻮﻋﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴـﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﻫﻤـﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[3‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻛﻞ أﺟﺰاﺋﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‪ ،‬وﻓ‪ ‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤ‪‬ﺬاﺑﺔ واﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻳ‪‬ﻮن ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺻﻐﻴﺮاً ﺟﺪاً‪،‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤ‪‬ﺬﻳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤ‪‬ﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻋﻠ‪ ‬أي ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎت‪،‬‬
‫]‪[4‬‬

‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[5‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﺴ‪‬ﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ اﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎه اﻷﻣﻄﺎر‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻞ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺗُﻌﺮ‪‬ف اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻻ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔً ﻣﻮﺣﺪة‪ ،‬إذ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸ‪‬ﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوٍ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻴ‪‬ﺎﻧﻴ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻐﺮﺑﻠﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[6‬‬
 ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺗُﻘﺴ‪‬ﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ إﻟ‪ ‬ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[6‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﻠﻘﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﻠﻘﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﻳ‪‬ﺔ‪ (suspension :‬ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻻ ﺗﺬوب ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫وﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ دون ﻋﺎﺋﻖ أو ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻐﺮوﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط اﻟﻐﺮوي‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﻳ‪‬ﺔ‪ (emulsions :‬ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﺧﺎﺻﺎً‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﻴﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ دﻣﺠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ أو اﻻﻫﺘﺰاز‬
‫)اﻟﺮج(‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﺷ‪‬ﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻮق ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ دون وﺟﻮد أي ﻋﺎﺋﻖ‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[6‬‬

‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻞ ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺒﻮب‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺴ‪‬ﺮ‪ ،‬وﻧﺸﺎ اﻟﺬرة‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺪم‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺪﺧﺎن‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﺎرة ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮق ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‬

‫ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ دوراً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت ﻛﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺌ‪ ،‬واﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺰل اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺪة ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﺬﻫﺐ‪ ،‬وﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت‪ ،‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗ‪ ‬ﻋﺪداً ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‪:‬‬
‫]‪[7‬‬

‫اﻟ‪‬ﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﺟﺮاﻓﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟ‪‬ﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﺟﺮاﻓﻴﺎ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﻳ‪‬ﺔ‪ (Chromatography :‬إﺣﺪى ﻃﺮق ﻓﺼﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻓ‪ ‬ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬أو ﺑﺨﺎر ﻋﺒﺮ وﺳﻂ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻤ‪‬ﻮﻧــﺎت اﻋﺘﻤــﺎداً ﻋﻠــ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬــﺎ ﺑﻤﻌــﺪﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺘــﺒﺮ ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﺟﺮاﻓﻴــﺎ اﻟﻄﺒﻘــﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘــﺔ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﻳ‪‬ﺔ‪ (Thin-layer chromatography :‬ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﺧﺎﺻﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
 ‫ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔً اﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﻳ‪‬ﺔ‪ (Filtration :‬إﺣﺪى ﻃﺮق ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤ‪‬ﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻮن ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻔ‪ ‬ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠ‪‬‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓ‪ ‬ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺒ‪‬ﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻘﻬﻮة‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﻧﻮع واﺣﺪ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻼح ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤـﺔً ﻟﻔﺼـﻞ اﻟﻤـﻮاد اﻟﺼـﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠـﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑـﺎن ﻓـ‪ ‬اﻟﺴﺎﺋـﻞ‪ ،‬وﻣـﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ﻋﻠـ‪ ‬ﻓﺼـﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻓ‪ ‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻛﺄداة ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤ‪‬ﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﻳﺘـﻢ ﺗﺒﺨﻴـﺮ ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧـﺎت ﻣﺨﻠـﻮط اﻟﺴﻮاﺋـﻞ ﺛـﻢ ﺗ‪‬ﺜﻴﻔﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬وﻋﺰﻟﻬـﺎ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬وﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺗُﺴﺨّﻦ ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻟﻴﺘﺒﺨﺮ اﻟﻤ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ن اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﺎﻳﺮاً ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫أﻗﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳ‪‬ﺜّﻒ إﻟ‪ ‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة‬
‫ﺑﺸ‪‬ﻞ أﻛﺒﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺧﺎﺻﺔً ﻓ‪ ‬ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ اﻟﻤ‪‬ﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ذات ﻧﻘﺎط‬
‫ﻏﻠﻴﺎن ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟ‪‬ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮوق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟ‪‬ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ أﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗ‪:‬‬
‫]‪[8‬‬

‫ﺗﺘ‪‬ﻮن اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎً‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﺧﻠﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺄي‬
‫ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻛـﺎﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﺗﺘ‪‬ـﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒـﺎت اﻟ‪‬ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮﻳﻦ أو أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎً ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗ‪‬ﻮن ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟ‪‬ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬إذ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻓﻬ‪ ‬ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ذﻟﻚ إﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮق اﻟ‪‬ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺎً‪،‬إذ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺘ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ اﻟ‪‬ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬
Andrew Zimmerman Jones (2018-7-28), “What Is the Definition of ↑ .1
“Matter” in Physics?”، www.thoughtco.com, Retrieved 2018-11-22.
.Edited
Prof. N. De Leon, “Elements, Compounds and Mixtures”، www.iun.edu, ↑ .2
.Retrieved 2018-11-21. Edited
Mary Lougee (2018-5-11), “What is a Mixture in Chemistry?”، ↑ .3
.www.sciencing.com, Retrieved 2018-11-21. Edited
Anne Helmenstine (2018-4-22), “What Is a Mixture in Chemistry? ↑ .4
Definition and Examples”، www.thoughtco.com, Retrieved 2018-11-22.
.Edited
Anne Helmenstine (2018-9-24), “The Difference Between ↑ .5
Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Mixtures”، www.thoughtco.com,
.Retrieved 2018-11-22. Edited
‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬
An Introduction to Heterogeneous Mixture and Its Common“ ^ .6
Examples”, www.sciencestruck.com,2018-2-20، Retrieved 2018-11-22.
.Edited
Methods for Separating Mixtures”, chem.libretexts.org,2016-7-20، :2.8“ ↑ .7
.Retrieved 2018-11-22. Edited
Differences Between Compounds and Mixtures”, sciencestruck.com,“ ↑ .8
.Retrieved 2018-11-22. Edited

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