Mr. Francis S.

Calubayan
SHS Teacher, Del Pilar Academy
 Content Standard:
The learner will be able to understand and appreciate the
elements and contexts of 21st century Philippine literature
from the Regions.
Performance Standard:
The learner will be able to demonstrate understanding and
appreciation of 21st Century Philippine literature from the
regions through a written close analysis and critical
interpretation of a literary text in terms of form and theme, with
a description of its context derived from research.

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 Lesson 5: Week 7
• analyze figure of speech and other
literary techniques and devices in
the text.
• value the contributions of local
writers to the development of
regional literary traditions ; and
• situate the text in the context of the
region and the nation

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At the end of the lesson:
 point out the elements that distinguish fiction from
other literary genres;
 read and discuss sample short stories and
excerpts from novels.
 critique the Panay’s Creation Myth “Tungkong
Langit at Alunsina” by analyzing the elements of
fiction discussed.

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Lesson 5: Week 7
What is Fiction?
Reading Fiction: Elements
In-class Analysis
Close Analysis of a Text

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Everyone is interested to know
something about someone and about
the experiences of other people. When
we hear a story that is all made-up and
is not presented as objectively as
possible, it is called fiction.

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Because fiction is not factual, we are transported
to a make-believe world. The world of fiction,
however, resembles our world for we can see real-
life characters that play roles in situations and
places almost similar to our conditions and
surroundings. Sometimes, we even see ourselves
in the characters or we relate them to some real-
life people we know.

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.
Since the beginning of time,
human beings have taken
. pleasure in following and
participating in the imaginary
adventures and experiences
.
of imaginary people.

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Any imaginative recreation and
reconstruction of life. It includes short
stories and novels. The novel and
short story differ from each other only
in length and complexity. The novel
is longer because of several
complications and twists to its plot.
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 .
Setting

• Setting refers to the time and location in

which the story takes place.
• These two elements together create the
entire social and environmental context of
the story. Closely related to the setting is
the Atmosphere, the aura or mood of the
story.
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 .
The Flowers by Alive Walker
It seemed to Myop as she skipped lightly from hen house
to pigpen to smokehouse that the days had never been
as beautiful as these. The air held a keenness that made
her nose twitch. The harvesting of the corn and
cotton, peanuts and squash, made each day a golden
surprise that caused excited little tremors to run up her
jaws.
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Local color is
the use of
superficial
elements of
setting, dialect,
and customs.
Foremost Local Colorist

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 .
Characters

Characters are the representations of a

human being – the complex combination of
both inner and outer self. For characters to be
true to life, an author must provide them with
sufficient reason to behave as they do. This is
referred to as a character’s Motivation.

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 .
Characters

WORLD

Elements
LITERATURE
(Fiction)

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 .
Five ways of revealing the Characters
• What the characters do along with the circumstances in
which they do it
• How the characters are described – both by their
persons and their environment
• What the characters say and think
• What other characters say about them
• What the author says about them
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 .
Type of Characters
• Round - is a multidimensional, dynamic, fully
developed character that recognizes changes and
adjusts to circumstances.
• Flat – is a one-dimensional and static character that
does not grow and remains the same throughout the
narrative.

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 .
Type of Characters
• Dynamic – a character who undergoes changes within
the narrative usually from ignorance to knowledge or
from innocence to maturity
• Static – a character that does not change from the start
of the narrative up to the end

Explore: https://literarydevices.net/dynamic-character/

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 .
Type of Characters
• Protagonist
• Antagonist/villain
• Confidant
• Foil
• Stock character

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 .
Stock Character
• Henpecked husband
• Evil stepmother
• An old-maid
• A cunning detective
• Submissive or nagging wife

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The thousand injuries of Fortunato I
had borne as I best could; but when he
ventured upon insult, I vowed
revenge....At length I would be
avenged; this was a point definitely
settled....I must not only punish, but
punish with impunity." Now Montresor
began to develop the perfect plan of
retribution.

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 .
Plot

Plot refers to the series of events that

occur in the story. The plot is the
underlying pattern of the story that gives
it unity and order. In traditional narrative,
the plot can be broken down into the
following elements:
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 .
Elements of Plot
• exposition- the introduction of the characters and the
situation
• rising action - the chain of events that build from the
conflict
• climax - the moment of crisis in which the outcome will
be determined
• denouement - the outcome or the conclusion - the
unraveling or the untangling of the conflict
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 .
Freytag’s Pyramid
1. Exposition: setting the scene. The writer introduces
the characters and setting, providing description and
background.
2. Inciting Incident: something happens to begin the
action. A single event usually signals the beginning of the
main conflict. The inciting incident is sometimes called
'the complication'.

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 .
Freytag’s Pyramid
3. Rising Action: the story builds and gets more
exciting.
4. Climax: the moment of greatest tension in a story.
This is often the most exciting event. It is the event that
the rising action builds up to and that the falling action
follows.
5. Falling Action: events happen as a result of the
climax and we know that the story will soon end.
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 .
Freytag’s Pyramid
6. Resolution: the character solves the main
problem/conflict or someone solves it for him or her.
7. Dénouement: (a French term, pronounced: day-noo-
moh) the ending. At this point, any remaining secrets,
questions or mysteries which remain after the resolution
are solved by the characters or explained by the author.
Sometimes the author leaves us to think about the
THEME or future possibilities for the characters.
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 .
Types of Plot

Linear – actions or events are arranged chronologically.

This is the most common plot because it follows the
natural order of events.

Long ago…then…next…afterwards…years
later…finally

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 .
Types of Plot
Circular – this type of development combines linear with
flashback. The opening scene will be repeated in the series
toward or at the end.

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 .
Types of Plot
En Medias Res – the story begins in the
middle part of the action.

IN THE MIDDLE
OF THE ACTION

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 .
Theme

• Theme refers to the general point that the story

attempt to make.
• The theme is not merely limited to the fictional reality
of the character’s lives, but often comments upon the
reality of our own existence as well.
• The theme is described as the significant truth about
life and human nature reflected in actions,
preoccupations, and decisions of the characters.
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 .
Principles in stating the theme
• It should be expressed in complete statements.
• It must be stated as a generalization about life.
• It must account for all major details of the story.
• It may be stated in more than one way.
• It should avoid statements that reduce the
theme to some familiar saying or moral.

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 .
Point of View

• the narrative technique or the vantage

point that the writer uses to tell the
story.
• There are three main Points of View
that a writer can use: First Person,
Second Person, Third Person.
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 .
Types of Points of View
First Person: A narrator who is a character in the story
& refers to him/her/itself as I. When First Person Point of
View is used, it is important to realize that the story is
being told from that character’s individual perception of
reality. Occasionally a story is told by a narrator who
cannot be trusted to tell the truth. This is called an
unreliable narrator.

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 .
Types of Points of View

First
Person

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 .
Types of Points of View
Second Person: A narrator who addresses “you”
directly. Reading a story that uses this point of view is
similar to the experience of reading a letter.

Perhaps you know that you also

feel the need vent your anger.

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 .
Types of Points of View
Third Person: A narrator who does not appear in the
story as a character. There are three types of third
person narrators:
• Omniscient: A non-participating narrator who sees
into the mind of all other characters, moving from
one to the other when necessary. This is often
referred to as an “all-knowing” narrator.

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 .
Types of Points of View

Third
Person
Omniscient

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 .
Types of Points of View

Third Person: A narrator who does not

appear in the story as a character. There are
three types of third person narrators:
• Limited: A non-participating narrator
who sees the events of the story through
the eyes of a single character.
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 .
Types of Points of View

Third
Person
Limited

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 .
Practice Questions
1. What point of view is employed in the narrative excerpt
below?
Miss Mijares was quite sure she had boarded the right jeepney
but the river, hoping to beat the traffic, had detoured down a
side alley, and then seeing he was low in gas, he took still
another shortcut to a filling station. After that, he rode through
alien country.
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 .
Practice Questions
2. What is being developed in the excerpt taken from
“Morning in Nagrebcan” by Manuel Arguilla?
Ambo was almost as tall as his older brother and he had a stout, husky legs. He ate
the banana without peeling it.
"You foolish boy, remove the skin," Baldo said.
"I will not," Ambo said. "It's not your banana." He took a big bite and swallowed it
with exaggerated relish.
"But the skin is tart. It tastes bad."
"You are not eating it," Ambo said. The rest of the banana vanished into his mouth.

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 .
Practice Questions
3. In what part of the pyramid plot structure should the
excerpt above belong?
Ambo was almost as tall as his older brother and he had a stout, husky legs. He ate
the banana without peeling it.
"You foolish boy, remove the skin," Baldo said.
"I will not," Ambo said. "It's not your banana." He took a big bite and swallowed it
with exaggerated relish.
"But the skin is tart. It tastes bad."
"You are not eating it," Ambo said. The rest of the banana vanished into his mouth.

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 .
Practice Questions
4. If this is the opening paragraph of the story, what type
of plot is used?
He was my uncle because he was married my aunt (even if he had not come home
to her these past ten years), so when the papers brought the news of his death, I
felt that some part of me had died too.
"The Chieftest Mourner" Aida Rivera Ford

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 .
Practice Questions
5. In the traditional pyramid plot structure, the news of the
death of the uncle could have been the:
He was my uncle because he was married my aunt (even if he had not come home
to her these past ten years), so when the papers brought the news of his death, I
felt that some part of me had died too.
"The Chieftest Mourner" Aida Rivera Ford

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 .
Practice Questions
6. Which point of view is used?
He was my uncle because he was married my aunt (even if he had not come home
to her these past ten years), so when the papers brought the news of his death, I
felt that some part of me had died too.
"The Chieftest Mourner" Aida Rivera Ford

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Close Analysis of the text
“Tungkong Langit and Alunsina.
• Divide the class into dyad/triad. Let them read/watch
the creation myth “Tungkong Langit at Alunsina”
• Have them analyze the structure of the text/story by
accomplishing the matrix below. (see the attached file)
• After accomplishing the matrix, the dyad/triad will write
their final close analysis in three paragraphs.
• They will be graded using the criteria attached.

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 Final 3-paragraph Close Analysis
Introduction – State a brief background of the
title and the author
Body – Write a condensed summary of your
matrix focusing on the essential story
elements and the meaning it reveals.
Conclusion – State the theme and how the
elements seen in the text contribute with the
meaning of the text

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• Lesson 1 – Lesson 5
• 34 items, 40 points
• Multiple Choice

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