General Physics 2

What is Physics?
Physics is the fundamental science of the world of nature.
• It deals with the study of matter and energy, and how they
interact with each other.
• It explains and describes the physical happenings in the
universe.
• It can also be defined as a science of measurement.
Grading Components
General Physics 2
(Specialized Subject for STEM)
25% - Written Work
45% - Performance Tasks
30% - Final Exam
Written Work:
Unit Tests, other Written
Work
Performance Tasks:
Quizzes, Performances,
Group Works, and other
Alternative Assessment
Final Exam:
Midterm Exam, Finals Exam
Electricity
ELECTRIC CHARGE
ELECTRIC FIELD
Electric Charge
Charge is the fundamental quantity of electricity.
Electric charge (often just called charge) comes in two types:
• The electric and magnetic interaction between subatomic
particles (Protons+, Neutronso, and Electrons-)
• Other charged particles (electromagnetism)
Classical Study of Electricity
It is divided into the following:
• Electrostatics – the study of the forces acting between
charges
• Electric current – the study of the forms of energy
associated with the flow of charge
• Electromagnetism – the study of the forces acting between
charges in motion
Two Types of Electric Charge
POSITIVE (+) PROTON
• Stable subatomic particle that
has a positive charge equal in
magnitude to a unit of electron
charge, and a rest mass of
1.67262 x 10-27, which is 1836
times that of an electron’s
NEGATIVE (-) ELECTRON
• Lightest stable subatomic
particle known; it carries a
negative charge, which is
considered the basic unit of
electric charge, and a rest mass
of 9.10938356 x 10-31
Two Types of Electric Charge
POSITIVE (+) PROTON
• In 1911, Ernest Rutherford
performed an experiment in
which he discovered that the
atom must have a
concentrated positive center
charge which contains most of
the atom’s mass.
NEGATIVE (-) ELECTRON
• In 1897, J.J. Thomson was
investigating cathode rays
during which he discovered
electrons (which he originally
named corpuscles) and
revolutionized knowledge of
atomic structure.
Neutral Charge
The term “neutral” does not actually refer to a third type of
charge, but rather to the presence of equal amounts of
positive and negative charge resulting in a net zero charge.
Protons and electrons create electric fields, which exert force
called the Coulomb force, radiating outwards in all directions.
When positive and negative Coulomb forces act on an object
with the same magnitude, this results in a sum of 0, making
the particles electrically neutral.
Methods of Charging
• Tribo-electricity – different materials originally in contact
are separated; one side becomes positive, while the other
becomes negative. This is how electricity was first
discovered, and often mistakenly called “charging by
friction”
• Conduction – transfer of electrical energy by contact with
an already charged object
Methods of Charging
• Dielectric breakdown (sparks): with enough stress, even an
insulator can be forced to conduct electricity
• Induction: separation of charge when near an already
charged object.
• Like charges move away from the charged object
• Opposite charges are attracted towards the charged object
• The electromagnetic field produced by one charged object/circuit
influences the charges in a nearby circuit
Methods of Charging (Chemistry)
• Electrochemical: production of electricity through chemical
reactions, such is in electric eels or batteries
• Polarity: separation of charges akin to Tribo-electricity, but
on a molecular scale
Methods of Charging (Mechanical)
• Piezoelectricity: charge separation in materials under
uniform stress (compression or stretching)
• Flexoelectricity: charge separation in materials under non-
uniform stress (bending)
• Pyroelectricity: charge separation brought about by
heating
Coulomb’s Law
It is the mathematical description of the electric force
between charged objects, formulated by 18th-century French
physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. It follows four rules:
1. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract
2. The repulsion/attraction acts along a straight line
between the two objects
3. The size of the force is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between the two charges
4. The size of the force is directly proportional to the value
of each charge
Coulomb’s Law
The equation for Electrostatic force according to the four
principles of Coulomb’s Law is as follows:
q1q2
F =k 2
r
F is the electrostatic force
q1 and q2 are the magnitudes of the two charges
r is the distance between the charges
k is the proportionality constant, 8.988 x 109 Nm2/C2
Example Problems:
1. What is the electrostatic force of attraction between a
-6.0 x 10-6 C charge and 4.0 x 10-6 C charge if they are
separated by a distance of 3 meters?

2. Two identically charged one-peso coins are 1.5m apart on

a table. What is the charge of one of the coins if each of
them experiences a repulsive force of 2.0 N?
Example Problems:
3. Compute the force of attraction between a 1.60 x 10-19 C
charge and a -2.09 x 10-18 C charge if they are 4.01 x 10-10 m
apart.

4. Calculate the repulsive force between a -1.15 x 10-9 C charge

and a -1.49 x 10-8 C charge if a distance of 2.01 x 10-20 m
separates them.

5. Two ball bearings with opposite charges are 1.11 m apart on

the floor. What are their charges if they are attracted to each
other with a force of 5.11 N?
Superposition Principle
When two or more forces are applied on a body at the same time, the
body will experience the net effect of all the forces applied.
Example:
Consider the following three point charges arranged along the x-axis
a.) Q1 has a charge of -8.0 μC and is located at x = -3.0 m
b.) Q2 carries a charge of 3.0 μC and is located at the origin
c.) Q3 has a charge of -4.0 μC and is located at x = 3.0 m
What is the overall force experienced by Q2?
Superposition Principle
Three point charges are arranged along the y-axis in a vacuum. The
topmost charge bears a charge of -4.0 μC charge 1 meter above the
middle charge, the middle charge has a charge of +3.0 μC, and the
bottom one carries a -7.0 μC charge 1 meter below the middle
charge.

What is the magnitude and direction of the net electrostatic force

that the middle charge experiences?
Electric Field
These predict the behavior of the charges present in any
location in space and coexists with every electrostatic
charge. The unit used to measure electric field is Newton per
Coulomb (N/C)
• Source charge (Q) refers to the charge from which the
electric field comes from
• Test charge (q) refers to a single charge within the
influence of the source charge
Electric Field
𝒌𝑸
Formula: E =
𝒓𝟐
E – Electric Field
k – the proportionality constant, 8.988 x 109 Nm2/C
Q – Source Charge
r – the distance from the source charge where the
electric field is being measured
Electric Field
𝒌𝑸
Formula: E =
𝒓𝟐
Example:
Calculate the electric field that a test charge will experience
on the following distance from source charge of
5.02 x 10−13 C.
a. Distance from source charge: 2.04 x 10−3 m
b. Distance from source charge: 1.55 x 10−12 m
Electric Field
𝑭
Formula: E =
𝒒
E – Electric Field
k – the proportionality constant, 8.988 x 109 Nm2/C
F – Electrostatic Force
q – test charge’s electrostatic charge
Electric Field
𝑭
Formula: E =
𝒒
Example:
A charge of +3.0 x 10−8 C experience an electrostatic force of
6.0 x 10−8 N. Compute the force per coulomb that the
charge experiences.
Electric Field
𝒌𝑸 𝑭
Formula: E = 𝟐 =
𝒓 𝒒
Example:
Compute the electric field experienced by a test charge
q = 0.80 μC from a source charge q = +15 μC in a vacuum
when the test charge is placed 0.20m away from the other
charge.
 You can check the following links to delve deeper into
this topic

https://youtu.be/TFlVWf8JX4A - Electric Charge by

CrashCourse

https://youtu.be/mdulzEfQXDE - Electric Fields by

END OF LESSON CrashCourse

https://youtu.be/4ubqby1Id4g - Introduction to
Coulomb’s Law by Flipping Physics

https://youtu.be/VFbyDCG_j18 - Electric Charge and

Electric Fields by Professor Dave Explains