Unit I RWSOSS VIII Sem CE6 Class Note Material

RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ONSITE
SANITATION SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
Lecture slides by
Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia
Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT
Total Course Contents
1
RWS: Course Objectives
Identify the problems pertaining to rural water supply and
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sanitation.
Be conversant about water treatment and sanitation system for

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rural community.
Understand wastewater treatment collection and treatment units in

3
rural areas.
Get educated on Industrial hygiene, sanitation and occupational

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hazards.
Design low cost waste management systems for rural areas, plan
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and design an effluent disposal mechanism.
Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student will be able to
CO1 solve the issues related to rural water supply and sanitation.
relate the needs for water treatment and develop different stages of
CO2
water treatment and sanitation system for rural community.
plan wastewater collection system in rural areas and identify

CO3
compact wastewater treatment units.
develop occupation related onsite sanitation and hygiene system and

CO4
identify occupational hazards.
design an effluent disposal mechanism; develop solid waste

CO5
management system in rural areas.
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All units:
Unit – I
Rural Water Supply
Issues of rural water supply, various techniques for rural water

supply- merits, National rural drinking water program, rural water
quality monitoring and surveillance, operation and maintenance of
rural water supplies, relationships between diseases and water
quality, hygiene and sanitation.
All units:
Unit – II
Water Treatment:
Need for water treatment, point of use water treatment systems,

filters, bio-sand filters, disinfection systems for rural areas,
chlorination, solar disinfection systems, removal of arsenic, fluoride
and iron; hygiene and sanitation, epidemiological aspects of water
quality methods for low cost water treatment – specific contaminant
removal systems.
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All units:
Unit – III
Rural Sanitation:
Introduction to rural sanitation, community and sanitary latrines,

planning of wastewater collection system in rural areas, treatment
and disposal of wastewater, compact and simple wastewater
treatment units and systems in rural areas.
All units:
Unit – IV
Onsite sanitation system:
Nexus between water quality and sanitation, importance of

hydrogeology on selection of onsite sanitation systems, Industrial
hygiene and sanitation, occupational hazards in schools, public
buildings and hospitals; Industrial plant sanitation.
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All units:
Unit – V
Septic tanks:
Design of septic tanks, single pit and double pit toilets, small bore
systems, bio digesters, reed beds, constructed wetlands,
sludge/seepage management systems, stabilization ponds; Solid
Waste Management: Biogas plants, rural health, other specific issues
and problems encountered in rural sanitation.

SANITATION SYSTEM
UNIT-I
Lecture slides by
Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia
5
Syllabus
Unit – I
Rural Water Supply

Introduction
SANITATION SYSTEM
• Billions of people are still striving to access the most basic human
needs which are food, shelter, safe drinking water and sanitary
systems.
• According to the human rights, adequate water is a right to everyone.
• Generally, governments are responsible to provide water to meet basic

human needs and to improve the water supply system to meet
standards of reliable, efficient, and equitable management (Gleick,
2005).
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Introduction
• Water is life.
• Mismanaged source.
• 3.2 billion rural population.
• Rural safe water supply- priority task.
• Population growing rapidly.
Water Sources
7
Health, Water And Sanitation
• https://youtu.be/QsiYlGWGcxw
India's water and sanitation crisis
• https://youtu.be/B75sDSgMpCk
8
Continued…
Countries With The Most Renewable Fresh Water

Resources
9
World Bank Water Statistics
• Every year insecure water and a lack of basic sanitation kills a minimum
of 1.6 million children under the age of 5.
• In 2017, 71% of the global population (5.3 billion people) used a safely
managed drinking-water service – that is, one located on premises,
available when needed, and free from contamination. 90% of the global
population (6.8 billion people) used at least a basic service
• In 2020, 6% of the world population did not have access to an improved

water source.
• 5 times more rural than city dwellers lack safe water.
Main aim of rural water supply and sanitation project
The objectives of the project are
• to increase sustainable access to improved water services and

promote improved sanitation and hygiene practices in rural areas;
develop and implement a long-term support mechanism to
promote the sustainability of water supply schemes in selected
districts
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Project Map: RECENTLY APPROVED PROJECTS by
World Bank
Water supply and sanitation in India

• While entire population of India has access to toilets, however, many
people lack access to clean water and sewage infrastructure.
• Various government programs at national, state, and community level
have brought rapid improvements in sanitation and the drinking water
supply. Some of these programs are ongoing.
• The water supply and sanitation in India has improved drastically
since 1980s.
• In 1980 rural sanitation coverage was estimated at 1% and it reached
95% in 2018.
• The share of Indians with access to improved sources of water has
increased significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008.
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WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
1. Centralised water supply system
2. Decentralised water supply system
CENTRALISED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
• Centralised water treatment plants
• Extensive pipe network
• Larger municipalities or water board
CENTRALISED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
LIMITATIONS OF CENTRALISED SYSTEM

• High initial cost
• Lack of skilled and trained people
• Does not reach rural areas
• High energy consumption
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DECENTRALISED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
• Safe drinking water
• Small scale purification and distribution
• Treatment and reuse close to source of generation
• Small conveyance network
• Sources: lakes, rivers, groundwater, rainwater etc.
ADVANTAGES
• Maintained and designed
• Reduces pollution
• Reduces consumption of fresh water
• Reduces requirement of pipe networks.
DISADVANTAGES
• Need to control various treatments
• Time consuming daily operation.
What is Distributed Wastewater Treatment?

The Benefits of Decentralization
• https://youtu.be/MVYd0tJfouc
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Demand-driven approaches in rural water supply
• Most rural water supply schemes in India use a centralised, supply-driven
approach, i.e. a government institution designs a project and has it built with little
community consultation and no capacity building for the community, often requiring
no water fees to be paid for its subsequent operation.
• Since 2002 the Government of India has rolled out at the national level a program to
change the way in which water and sanitation services are supported in rural areas.
• The program, called Swajaldhara, decentralises service delivery responsibility to
rural local governments and user groups.
• Under the new approach communities are being consulted and trained, and users
agree up-front to pay a tariff that is set at a level sufficiently high to cover operation
and maintenance costs.
• It also includes measures to promote sanitation and to improve hygiene behaviour.
• The national program follows a pilot program launched in 1999.
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES RURAL WATER SUPPLY
• Water problems are diverse and serious.

• Natural scarcity of drinking water as well as contamination of rivers and
large dams.
• Contaminants present in the water
-metals including iron
- organic matter
- salts
- viruses, bacterias etc.
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RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN INDIA
• Long faced the challenge of providing safe drinking water to over 700
million people (1.5 million villages).
• 1972- GOI began to improve rural water supply.
• 1980- issue declared as national priority.
• People lacked sense of ownership and maintenance was neglected.
• Growing population lead to mounting demand of water.
• 1991-1996: shifted the responsibility of rural water supply from state govt to
the local communities
CASE STUDY MARATHWADA of

MAHARASHTRA
MARATHWADA
• Homely to 30% of states below poverty

line families.
• Frequent anomalies in rainfall during

Monsoon season.
• Total 8535 villages- 3577 villages are

effected(41%).
• Scarcity of basic resources.
• Of the 153 days of the monsoon in

Fig : Marathwada (Source: www.wikipedia.com
Marathwada last year, 94 days were dry.
• Availability of ground water is limited.

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CASE STUDY MARATHWADA of
MAHARASHTRA
MAJOR ISSUES FACED
• Recurring droughts and water quality problems are major issues.
• 82% of drinking water schemes depend on groundwater.
• Over exploitation of ground water.
• Pipelines are exposed – frequently damaged
FIG: RECURRING DROUGHTS IN MARATHWADA *660 farmers have committed suicide in marathwada
(SOURCE: HTTPS://WWW.DNAINDIA.COM/)
CASE STUDY MARATHWADA of MAHARASHTRA

RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN MARATHWADA JALSWARAJYA OBJECTIVE
• Improved and sustainable drinking water.

• Institutionalize decentralization.
FINANCES STRUCTURES
• Total project cost - Rs 1254.52 CR • World bank credit - Rs 930.93 CR • State

govt share - Rs 230.45 CR • Community share - Rs 93.14 CR
MANAGEMENT OF GROUND WATER JALSWARAJYA
• Information education communication.

• Roof rain water harvesting.
• Repairs of tanks and ponds.
• Ground water monitoring.
• Reduction of water loss in domestic supply
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According to the World Bank that partly funded the project, the development
objectives of the Jalswarajya project were
(i) increasing rural households’ access to improved and sustainable drinking water
supply and sanitation services;
and (ii) institutionalizing decentralization of rural water supply and sanitation
(RWSS) service delivery to rural local governments and communities.
BENEFITS FROM JALASWARAJYA
• 3219 (out of 3908) piped water supply schemes operational.

• 8 lakh households gained access to safe drinking water.
• 981 villages have become tanker free.
• Focus on providing 100% individual house connections -achievement till
today 60%.

RESULT OF JALSWARAJYA PROJECT
• The project has also received the World Bank’s Social Development unit’s “People
First Award for the year 2010”, for its excellence in inclusion, innovation and results.
• “The project has shown remarkable achievements in improving the water and sanitation
services in the villages of Maharashtra, by involving the community in the decision
making process. We faced numerous challenges during implementation – the geographical
spread across 26 districts of Maharashtra, covering a milieu of regions from hilly terrains
to drought prone plains. Despite this, the Government of Maharashtra and the World Bank
took on the challenges to ensure that even the last tribal person on a remote hill had access
to sustainable water and sanitation services,” says N.V. V. Raghava, senior infrastructure
specialist and the World Bank team leader for the project.
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Concluding Remark
• Water quality has become a major issue.
• Rapid rise in extraction of ground water has led to major concerns.
• Communities abilities to plan, construct and implement water supply

schemes need to be improved.
• Ability to manage ground water in a sustainable manner
• Need greater technical capacity
• Support from local governance institution is needed
Syllabus
Unit – I
Rural Water Supply

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Issues of rural water supply
• According to the United Nations Resolution 64/292: “The human right to
water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible
and affordable water for personal and domestic uses”
• One of the primary differences between rural and urban housing is that much
infrastructure that is often taken for granted by the urban resident does not
exist in the rural environment. Examples range from fire and police protection
to drinking water and sewage disposal.
• The major issues on rural water relate to: (i) sustainability of water
availability and supply, (ii) poor water quality, (iii) centralised versus
decentralised approaches, and (iv) financing of operation and management (O
and M) costs.
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Example framework of good water governance principles

To address these issues, following measures are suggested:
i. The conjunctive use of groundwater, surface water and rooftop rain water
harvesting systems will be required to be encouraged as a means of ensuring
sustainability of water usage in general and water security in particular.
• While convergence of various programmes for funds and physical sustenance

is most important, states should put in place an effective coordinating
mechanism.
• In its absence, the vicious cycle of unsustained usage of water scarcity would
continue.
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Continued…
ii.The Finance Commission awards for maintaining the water supply systems
by local bodies must be implemented and schemes should be transferred to
Panchayats.
• States can share a part of the О and M cost of such panchayat as a hand-
holding support for first few years till the local bodies become self-
sustainable.
• To enable, local bodies attain that state an effective Management Information

System (MIS) for assessing the status of water supply in every habitation in
the State should be put in place with every. State earmarking funds for this
purpose.

Continued…
iii. It needs to be isolated from agriculture and industrial uses wherever possible
in order to universalise access to safe drinking water.
• To prevent lowering of water tables due to excessive extraction, co-operation

with agricultural and industrial users becomes necessary.
• A cooperative body of water users and panchayat representatives has to

regulate the limits of average annual water rechargeable level.
• All groundwater-based resource should be provided with a recharge structure

that would help keep the usage sources alive.
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Continued…
iv. Where groundwater quality and availability is unsatisfactory, surface water

sources need to be developed.
• Restoration and building of tanks and other water bodies along- with
rainwater harvesting structures for recharge and for direct collection at
community and household levels constitute an attractive option in this regard.
Various techniques for rural water supply- merits

• Traditionally, the people in rural areas have obtained water from unprotected
ponds or tanks, wells, cisterns and sometimes streams and rivers.
• These water sources are frequented daily for collecting drinking and cooking
water, washing clothes, bathing, livestock washing, etc.
• Mostly, these waters are unsafe for consumption due to contamination by
fecal matters as well as by their heavy use. Consequently, the populations
suffer from frequent epidemics.
• To supply potable water to all such communities by an ideal comprehensive
water supply system that supplies water with a quality matching international
standards, is not feasible.
• Water quality standards which have less bearing on health (such as hardness
of water, or the presence of iron and manganese or chlorides normally
included in any drinking water of quality standards) can possibly be relaxed
unless this causes technical problems, and so long as the rural population
finds the water acceptable.
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• This will help to minimize financial constraints in providing safe drinking
water.
• Water supply to such rural communities can be sourced from rainwater,
groundwater or spring/surface water.
• Through simple rainwater harvesting techniques, household as well as
community needs for water in arid and semi-arid regions, where no other
water sources are available or feasible, can be met.
• Considering the present situation of rural communities, where water from
polluted sources is carried over long distances and used directly, any simple
improvement in service and water quality could be expected to have a large
beneficial impact on health.
• That is to say that what is needed is an effective short-term alternative to the
ideal situation. Such an alternative to achieve an overall low-cost water
supply scheme consists of:

• an appropriate water source;
• an appropriate water extraction method from the source;
• low-cost water treatment systems, wherever required;
• an appropriate water distribution system.
The Types of Water Supply Schemes/techniques Implemented by the dept.
are:
• Ring Well
• Spring Tapped Chamber
• Deep Tube Well (DTW) with India marked-II Hand Pump
• D.T.W. with Power Pump
• Gravity Feed Water Supply Scheme
• Pumping Schemes with Diesel or Electricity from river or stream source
• The schemes are implemented giving preference in the above-mentioned
order to make it economically viable.
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• The sanctioned projects are priority projects and hence executions of all the
sanctioned projects were taken up immediately after sanction. However, with the
limited Plan Resources, it is not possible to provide sufficient fund for completion
of all the schemes.
• While hand pumps are the primary source of drinking water in rural areas (42.9
per cent), piped water was the primary source in urban India, as per the Drinking
Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition.
• The process of choosing the most suitable source for water supply largely
depends on the local conditions.
• A source of water supply can be identified at any of the above stages of water
cycle, provided it can supply in sufficient quantities for most periods of the time
in a year. Thus, water supply for rural communities can be organized with use of
rainwater, groundwater, and, spring and surface water.

• Rainwater-based Rural Water Supply Systems
 Roof Catchment and Storage
 Ground Catchment and Storage
• Groundwater-based Water Supply Systems
 Extraction Devices
 Sanitary Rope and Bucket System
 Bucket Pumps
 Chain Pumps
 Hand Pumps
• Surface Water Supply Systems
 Water Intake Systems
 Fixed Level Intake
 Floating Level intake
 Infiltration Galleries
 Water Treatment Systems
 Slow sand Filtration
 Alternative Filtration Technologies
 Selection of Treatment Systems
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Rainwater-based Rural Water Supply Systems
Groundwater-based Water Supply Systems
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Groundwater-based Water Supply Systems
Background and trends in rural drinking water supplies

The 2011 Census of India presents a marked shift towards improved water sources
and also opens-up new questions for policy planners.
1. Hand pumps as the main source of drinking water:
• More than half of rural households depend upon hand pumps as their main
source of drinking water. This increased between 2001 and 2011 to make hand
pumps the preferred source of drinking water. There has been an increase of 3%
of rural households using hand pumps. Low cost and simple technology offer the
potential for quick intervention under public programs.
2. Decline in households using well water:
• 22.2% of households were dependent on wells in 2001. This declined to 13.3%
in 2011.
3. Increasing access to the tap water:
• During 2001, 24.3% of rural households reported tap water as the main drinking
water source. This increased to 30.8% in 2011.
4. Decline in dependence on ‘Other Sources’:
• Census 2011 reports a decline of 0.5% of households dependent on “Other”
drinking water sources since 2001.
• The evidence clearly demonstrates the increasing prevalence of improved
technology between 2001 and 2011.
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National rural drinking water program
• In 2009, the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme was modified as the
National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) with major emphasis on
ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of potability, adequacy,
convenience, affordability and equity, on a sustainable basis, while also adopting
decentralized approach involving PRIs and community organizations.
National rural drinking water programc

National Goal
• To provide every rural person with adequate safe water for drinking, cooking
and other domestic basic needs on a sustainable basis. This basic
requirement should meet minimum water quality standards and be readily
and conveniently accessible at all times and in all situations.
Vision, Objectives and Goals
Vision
• Safe and adequate drinking water for all, at all times, in rural
India.
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Objectives
In rural areas of the country, to
a) enable all households have access to and use safe and adequate drinking water and
within reasonable distance;
b)enable communities to monitor and keep surveillance on their drinking water
sources;
c) ensure potability, reliability, sustainability, convenience, equity and consumers
preference to be the guiding principles while planning for a community based
water supply system;
d)provide drinking water facility, especially piped water supply, to Gram Panchayats
that have achieved open defecation free status on priority basis;
e) ensure all government schools and anganwadis.

• The first government-installed rural water supply schemes were implemented in
the 1950s as part of the Government policy to provide basic drinking water
supply facilities to the rural pupulation.
• The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India submitted its report on
‘National Rural Drinking Water Programme’ on August 7, 2018.
• National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) was launched in 2009.
• It aims to provide safe and adequate water for drinking, cooking and other
domestic needs to every rural person on a sustainable basis.
• The audit was conducted for the period 2012-17.
• Key findings and recommendations of the CAG include:
1. Underperformance of the scheme:
• By 2017, NRDWP aimed to achieve certain objectives.
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• It aimed to provide all rural habitations, government schools, and anganwadis
access to safe drinking water. Of this, only 44% of rural households and 85% of
government schools and anganwadis were provided access.
• It also aimed to provide 50% of rural population potable drinking water (55 litres
per capita per day) by piped water supply. Of this, only 18% of rural population
was provided potable drinking water.
• It also sought to give household connections to 35% of rural households. Of this,
only 17% of rural households were given household connections.
2. Planning and delivery mechanism:
• The CAG noted deviations from the programme guidelines in the planning and
delivery framework established at the centre and states.
• 21 states had not framed water security plans.

• Deficiencies were found in the preparation and scrutiny of annual action plans
such as: (i) lack of stakeholder and community participation, (ii) non-inclusion of
minimum service level of water in schemes, and (iii) absence of approval of
State Level Scheme Sanctioning Committee for schemes included in the plans.
• The apex level National Drinking Water and Sanitation Council set up to co-
ordinate and ensure convergence remained largely non-functional.
• State level agencies important for planning and execution of the programme,
such as the State Water and Sanitation Mission, State Technical Agency, and
Block Resources Centres were either not set up or were under-performing.
• The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation should review the feasibility and practicality of the
planning and delivery mechanisms to ensure that they serve the intended purposes. It also suggested
that the water security plans and annual action plans must be prepared with community participation.
This will ensure that schemes are aligned to community requirements and utilise water resources in
an optimum and sustainable manner.
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3. Fund management:
• Between 2012-17, total allocation of Rs 89,956 crore (central share of 43,691
crore and state share of Rs 46,265 crore) was provided for the programme. Of
this, Rs 81,168 crore (90%) was spent during this period. The availability of
funds declined during 2013-14 and 2016-17 due to reduced central allocation
and inability of states to increase their own financial commitment.
• The CAG noted delays of over 15 months in release of central share to
nodal/implementing agencies in states. It recommended that allocation of
resources should be dynamic and based on a clear assessment of requirements
and achievements under each component of the scheme.

4. Programme implementation:
• NRDWP failed to achieve its targets due to deficiencies in implementation, such
as: (i) incomplete, abandoned and non-operational works, (ii) unproductive
expenditure on equipment, (iii) non-functional sustainability structures, and (iv)
gaps in contractual management, with a total financial implication of Rs 2,212
crore.
• There was inadequate focus on surface water based schemes and 98% of the
schemes, including piped water schemes continued to be based on ground water
resources. This led to schemes becoming non-functional. The CAG
recommended that focus should be placed on effective works and contract
management to ensure that works are completed in time as per the contractual
terms. Delays attributable to contractors should be penalised and accountability
should be enforced. Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT
30
Rural water quality monitoring and surveillance
WQM & S:
• Under the National Rural Drinking Water Programme the issue of Water Quality
Monitoring & Surveillance has been given due emphasis. The monitoring and
surveillance results from the habitations are also to be put on the database of the
Department and monitored to ensure drinking water security at the household
level.
• The National Rural Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Programme
launched in February 2005 has now been merged with NRDWP.
Broadly, the programme is as follows:
• The approach, strategy and mode of implementation of the WQM&S programme
as detailed in the “Implementation Manual on National Rural Water Quality
Monitoring & Surveillance Programme” issued by RGNDWM, Department of
Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India
(November 2004) needs to be adopted.

• All drinking water sources should be tested at least twice a year for
bacteriological contamination and once a year for chemical contamination.
• Under NRDWP, States may establish Water Testing Laboratories at the Sub-
Division level with a provision of testing few selected chemical parameters (need
based) and biological parameters. Under NRHM there is a provision of testing
water quality (biological parameters) at the Primary Health Canters. Such
facilities, along with any other labs like college/school labs, in the area, may be
used for the programme.
• The existing Field Testing Kits (FTK) may continue to be used for primary
detection of chemical and biological contamination of all the drinking water
sources in the villages. Fund provided for procurement of FTKs under National
Rural Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Programme launched in February
2005 should be fully utilized. Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT
31
• IEC and HRD for WQM&S are to be taken up as part of the CCDU activities.
• The services of five GP level persons who have been trained under National
Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance programme since
February 2006 i.e. ASHA, Anganwadi Workers, School Teachers, GP members,
Social Workers etc. will continue to be utilized for the surveillance programme.
• Monitoring is to be done by entering the test
• results of all sources tested by the designated labs on the IMIS of DDWS. The
habitation and household data must be collected by two village level members
• VWSC member selected in the Gram Sabha and fully accountable to the
Panchayat and
• ASHA of NRHM. They will also authenticate the test results of Field Test Kits
used in the village.

• A Water Quality Surveillance and Response System (SRS) is a framework
designed to support monitoring and management of distribution system
water quality. The system is comprised of one or more components that enhance
a drinking water utility's capability to quickly detect and respond to water quality
issues.
• The six main indicators of water quality are: dissolved oxygen, turbidity,
bioindicators, nitrates, pH scale, and water temperature.
• Quality surveillance is the continuous monitoring and verification of the status of
procedures, methods, conditions, processes, products, and services, and analysis
of records in relation to stated references to ensure that specified requirements for
quality Opens in new window are being met.
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Field Test Kit
National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring

and Surveillance Programme
Ministry of Rural Development
Department of Drinking Water Supply

National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring

& Surveillance Programme
• Launched in February 2006
• For the balance period of 10th Five Year Plan
• State-wise projects sanctioned on the basis of norms
Components of the programme

• IEC
• HRD
• Monitoring & Surveillance activities, which includes field test kits (chemical
and bacteriological), strengthening of labs and administrative expenses
• Community Contribution for O&M

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Total Estimated Cost of the programme
in balance 10th FYP
• Total estimated cost for the remaining 10th Five Year Plan Period
= Rs.269.88 crore
• Funds released = Rs. 57.84 crore
• Funds for IEC activities = Rs 24.00 crore
• For HRD activities = Rs 15.32 crore
• Cost of procurement of field test kits (14539 demo
kits and 35,000 operational kits) @ Rs 2500 per kit = Rs 12.38 crore
• bacteriological test kits @ Rs 18 per ki = Rs 5.46 crore
• Honorarium to district surveillance co-ordinator = Rs 0.26 crore
• SRI fees = Rs 0.42 crore
Variables involved in arriving Cost Norms and

their sources
• Rural Population – As per Census 2001
• Number of Drinking water sources – As per unvalidated Habitation Survey-2003
• Number of GPs, blocks and districts – As per unvalidated Habitation Survey- 2003
Objectives of the Programme

• Monitoring and Surveillance of all drinking water sources in the country by the
community.
• Decentralization of water quality monitoring and surveillance of all rural
drinking water sources in the country.
• Institutionalization of community participation and involvement of PRIs for
WQM&S.
• Generation of awareness among the rural masses about water quality problem
and water borne diseases.
• Building capacity of Panchayats to own the field test kit and take up full O&M
for WQM&S of all drinking water sources.
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Concept of Monitoring & Surveillance (M&S)
• Monitoring – Laboratory and / or Spot Testing of water samples collected
from different locations in the water supply system including sources, water
treatment plants, distribution system and house reservoirs.
Key components of Surveillance

• A continues and systematic programme of sanitary inspection and water
quality testing
• Monitoring
• Sanitary survey
• Data processing
• Evaluation
• Remedial and preventive action, and
• Institutional analysis
Responsibilities for M&S

S.No Functionaries Monitoring Surveillance
1. Grass root level Grass root level Grass root level

workers/GP/VWSC workers/GP/VWSC
•
2. District level District labs of water District labs of
supply agencies Health Departments
3. State level State labs/SRI State Health

Department
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Strategy
• Constitution of National Rural Drinking Water Quality Advisory
Committee
• Identification of National Referral Institute - NICD
• Entering into MoU with NRI
• Training for State officials
• Identification of State level Referral Institute
• Linkages of water quality monitoring and surveillance at all the levels –
NRI, SWSM/SRI, DWSM and GP/VWSC
• Identification/Registration of safe drinking water sources in all rural
habitations (GP wise)
Strategy (contd..2..)
• Taking up State and Region specific IEC activities involving PRIs, Co-
operatives, Women groups, SHGs, NGOs by CCDU/SWSM
• HRD-Training at district, block and gram panchayat levels
• 10 % sample testing – At State level and surveillance by State Health

Departments
• 30 % testing – At District level labs and surveillance by District Health

Departments
• Sanitary surveys
• 100% testing of all sources at village level by grass root level workers.
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Institutional Mechanism
• At the Grass root level, the VWSC/GP will identify 5 workers and a Co-
ordinator for testing drinking water using simple field testing kits
(ASHA/Anganwadi/Science teacher/VWSC member/Panchayat
member, etc.)
• Positive samples to be brought to District laboratory by the GP Co-

ordinator
• DWSM and the District laboratory would administer IEC and HRD
activities in the district involving PRIs, reputed NGOs and in active co-
ordination with Health authorities at all levels.
Institutional Mechanism (contd..2)

• Necessary restructuring of PHED may be done by States like JE’s getting
trained on water quality testing is suggested in case chemists are not
available.
• The State Lab/SRI will cross-verify at least 10% samples and also
address complicated cases (Pesticides, Insecticides, radio-active pollution
etc.)
• The SWSM would monitor the overall scenario and administer IEC and
HRD activities through the CCDU.
37
Role and Responsibilities Department of
Drinking Water Supply (DDWS)
• The entire programme will be monitored by DDWS as per the
Implementation manual and guidelines issued for this programme.
• Advisory role - National Rural Drinking Water Quality Advisory

Committee.
• Consultancy by National Referral Institute – NICD, to act as

consultants
• Providing training modules at all levels
• Evaluation of Field test kits

Role and Responsibilities of National level Referral

Institute (NRI)
• An MoU has been signed between NICD and DDWS.
• Technical consultancy would be provided by NICD for this

programme.
• Establishing linkages between water quality monitoring and

surveillance.
• Processing, interpreting and evaluating all data pertaining to drinking

water quality.
• Training of State level functionaries.
38
Role and Responsibilities of State / State Water and
Sanitation Mission (SWSM)
• Identification of SRIs.
• Entering into MoU with SRIs – Model MoU circulated to States.
• Guide district level laboratories in successful implementation of the programme.
• Provide feed back date on water quality along with information related to quality
consciousness and awareness
• Plan, execute and monitor the collection, testing and reporting of water samples
by state and district level laboratories.
• Data reporting as per the MIS provided by DDWS
• Promote people’s participation by involving target groups, educational
institutions, voluntary organizations, women etc.
• To consider the technical policy inputs referred by SRI.
• To refer complex and nationally important water quality problems to DDWS.
• IEC and HRD activities – Training for District level key trainers
• Identification of suitable resource institutions for imparting training , if required
• Procurement of Field test kits
Role and Responsibilities of State level Referral Institute

(SRI)
• Entering into MoU with State Govt.
• SRI would advise PHEDs/ Water Boards in setting up District level Water
Quality Testing labs.
• Identification and assessment of present facilities and needs including financial
requirements
• Strengthening of labs at district level
• Arrangement of hardware and other requirements
• Establishing linkages between Water quality monitoring and surveillance
activities
• Programme for training and development of human resources
• Guide the DWSM in the planning and implementation activities of the
programme.
• To refer the complex and nationally important water quality problems to NRI
39
Role and Responsibilities of District Water and Sanitation
Mission (DWSM)
• Provide facilities for routine analysis of physico-chemical and
bacteriological parameters relating to drinking water.
• Implement the action plan decided by State Government/ SRI
• Implementing the programme at village level
• Procurement of Field test kits, if desired by the State govt.
• Supervise the operation of field test kits supplied to GPs under their
jurisdiction and ensuring timely supply of chemicals and glassware's
• Arrange periodical monitoring of bacteriological quality of water from the
sources in villages and report to State PHED for remedial measures.
• To refer complex water quality problems beyond their control to
SRI/SWSM.
• IEC and HRD activities – Training for Block level key trainers
• Supervision of surveillance activities by District level surveillance
coordinators
Role and Responsibilities of GP/ Village Water and

Sanitation Committee (VWSC)
• Monitoring of all drinking water sources

• Sanitary survey
• Disinfection
• Recording keeping
• Communication to District labs/ Health authorities for remedial
action.
40
Operational Aspects of National Rural Water
Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme
• Drinking water quality standards, epidemiological and health
aspects of water quality, sampling procedures, specifications of
labs, role and responsibilities of different functionaries could be
followed as per the Implementation Manual.
• Sampling frequency, IEC Action Plan, HRD activities and Cost

norms shall be followed as per the Guidelines only.
Implementation Manual may be referred for directional aspects
only.
Parameters for testing

• At the State/District Lab :-
• Colour, odour, taste, pH, turbidity, hardness, TDS, alkalinity, chloride,
fluoride, nitrate, iron, arsenic, selenium, pesticides, MPN and faecal
coliforms, etc. in reference to IS-10500.
• Testing procedures as per Standards Methods /IS-2488, IS 3025.
• May initially examine all parameters and set only key parameters for
routine analysis.
• At GP using Field Test Kits
• As given at item-10.2.2 in the Implementation manual
• Includes analysis of turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, iron, nitrate,
fluoride, residual chlorine, arsenic and bacteriological quality (only
for qualitative analysis)
• May restrict later on to region-specific elements only.
41
Sampling Frequency
• Quarterly for bacteriological parameter – as per Implementation Manual.
• Once a year for chemical parameters – as per guidelines
• Once a year – Sanitary survey
Sampling Frequency – Sanitary Inspections

Frequency depends on the types of sources
• Once in a year for wells, springs and piped water supplies by GRW
• Once initially and there after once every five years or as situation demands
by surveillance agency
• Quarterly for covered dug wells and shallow and deep tube wells
with hand pumps by GRW
• Once initially and there as situation demands by surveillance agency
• Once in a month for open well by GRW
• Once initially and there after as situation demands by surveillance agency
Procurement of Field Testing Kits

• Procurement action may be decided by the SWSM.
• Field test kits for Demo purpose
• NICD =7, DDWS =3, State/SRI = 1, District = 3, Block=2
nos.
• Field test kits for regular monitoring at GP level
• Chemical FTK would be provided one per GP. At least one
time sampling in a year.
• Bacteriological test kits would be provided for all sources and
testing should be done 4 times in a year.
• Maximum cost for chemical FTK – Rs.2500 per kit
• For bacteriological test kit – Rs.18/- per kit
42
Monitoring
• Monitoring through regular field inspection by the State and District officials
• Monitoring by Review Missions of GoI
•WATER
•Warrants Adequate Testing Effective for
Regulation of quality
43
44
Relationships between diseases and water quality, hygiene

and sanitation.
45
Continued…
Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)
• Safe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene are crucial to human health and
well-being. Safe WASH is not only a prerequisite to health, but contributes to
livelihoods, school attendance and dignity and helps to create resilient
communities living in healthy environments.
• Drinking unsafe water impairs health through illnesses such as diarrhea, and
untreated excreta contaminates groundwaters and surface waters used for
drinking-water, irrigation, bathing and household purposes.
• Chemical contamination of water continues to pose a health burden, whether
natural in origin such as arsenic and fluoride, or anthropogenic such as
nitrate.
• Evidence suggests that improving service levels towards safely managed
drinking-water or sanitation such as regulated piped water or connections to
sewers with wastewater treatment can dramatically improve health by
reducing diarrheal disease deaths.
Continued…
• 8,29,000 people die each year from diarrhea as a result of unsafe
drinking-water, sanitation, and hand hygiene.
• Poor WASH services also weaken health systems, threaten health
security and place a heavy strain on economies.
• This primer aims to guide health professionals on engaging with WASH-
related issues. It gives an overview of WASH interventions and the
status of WASH services globally and outlines key linkages with health.
• It provides examples of key actions that health actors can take to ensure
WASH efforts effectively protect public health and highlights World
Health Organization (WHO) activities to support those actions.
46
Continued…
• Water is an indispensable natural resource for the survival and well being
of human kind.
• It is also essential for production of food, energy that contributes to the
economic and industrial development of a society.
• Safe and reliable supply of water is therefore essential for individual
welfare and for community development.
• The first and foremost consequence of lack of safe water for community
consumption is diseases.
Continued…
Infectious diseases, affected by the availability or the lack of protected water
supply systems, may take the following forms:
• Infections spread through water supplies (water-borne diseases such as typhoid,
cholera, gastroenteritis).
• Infections transmitted through living carriers found in water bodies (water-based
diseases such as schistosomiasis, which is through an aquatic snail that burrows
through skin).
• Infections spread by insects that depend on water (water-related diseases such as
malaria, yellow fever spread through mosquitoes).
• Infections due to the lack of sufficient water for personal hygiene (water-washed
diseases such as scabies, trachoma
• Improved water supply reduces diarrhea morbidity by between 6% to 25%, if

severe outcomes are included. Improved sanitation reduces diarrhea morbidity by
32%. Hygiene interventions including hygiene education and promotion of hand
washing can lead to a reduction of diarrheal cases by up to 45%.
47
Continued…
• Many studies have reported the results of interventions to reduce illness through
improvements in drinking water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene practices in less
developed countries.
• Hygiene interventions were those that included hygiene and health education and
the encouragement of specific behaviours, such as handwashing. Hygiene
interventions could include measures as diverse as keeping animals out of the
kitchen to advice on the correct disposal of human feces.
• Sanitation interventions were those that provided some means of excreta disposal,
usually latrines (either public or household).
• Water supply interventions included the provision of a new or improved water
supply, or improved distribution (such as the installation of a hand pump or
household connection). This could be at the public level or household level.
• Water quality interventions were related to the provision of water treatment for
the removal of microbial contaminants, either at the source or at the household
level.
Thank You
48

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RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ONSITE

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Total Course Contents

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Be conversant about water treatment and sanitation system for

Understand wastewater treatment collection and treatment units in

Get educated on Industrial hygiene, sanitation and occupational

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

plan wastewater collection system in rural areas and identify

develop occupation related onsite sanitation and hygiene system and

design an effluent disposal mechanism; develop solid waste

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Rural Water Supply

Issues of rural water supply, various techniques for rural water

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Need for water treatment, point of use water treatment systems,

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Introduction to rural sanitation, community and sanitary latrines,

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Onsite sanitation system:

Nexus between water quality and sanitation, importance of

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ONSITE

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Rural Water Supply

Issues of rural water supply, various techniques for rural water

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

• According to the human rights, adequate water is a right to everyone.

• Generally, governments are responsible to provide water to meet basic

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

• 3.2 billion rural population.

• Rural safe water supply- priority task.

• Population growing rapidly.

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

India's water and sanitation crisis

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Countries With The Most Renewable Fresh Water

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

• In 2020, 6% of the world population did not have access to an improved

• 5 times more rural than city dwellers lack safe water.

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Main aim of rural water supply and sanitation project

The objectives of the project are

• to increase sustainable access to improved water services and

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

Water supply and sanitation in India

2. Decentralised water supply system

CENTRALISED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

• Centralised water treatment plants

• Extensive pipe network

• Larger municipalities or water board

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia, CED CBIT

CENTRALISED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM