Name: Armel V. Esquelito Teacher: Mrs.

Jencel Cruz-Reyta
Year&Section: BSE-ENG 1B Subject: People & the Earth's Ecosystem

ACTIVITY#2: LITHOSPHERE
1. A student is trying to determine which mineral is most hard. He scratches the three
minerals, Quartz, Feldspar and Apatite and sees the following results:
a- Quartz scratched Apatite
b- Quartz scratched Feldspar
c- Apatite did not scratch quartz
d- Apatite did not scratch Feldspar
e- Feldspar scratched Apatite
f- Feldspar did not scratch Quartz
Which of the three minerals is the hardest?
The hardest mineral is Quartz because Quartz did not scratch by Feldspar or even the Apatite.

2. At first glance, pyrite looks very much like gold. What tests could you conduct to try and
distinguish one mineral from the other?
The test that I could conduct to try and distinguish one mineral from the other is by its streak,
it is a more helpful way to identify a mineral.

3. What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

Rocks are naturally occurring substances which are made up of one or more minerals. While,
a mineral is a naturally occurring substance with distinctive chemical and physical properties,
composition and atomic structure.

4. A teacher takes an enormous rock from her garden and shatters it into small pieces. She
gives each of her students a piece, and they must analyze its hardness, colour and streak.
Will all the students obtain different results? Explain your answer.
Yes, it is because the enormous rock experienced weathering, erosion, and deposition so it
has the potential to became sedimentary rock or became dust, and if time fast the dust or the
sedimentary rock will become metamorphic rock which forms by different dust that hardens.
Or in any case, maybe the enormous rock is Organic Rocks which form when traces of
animals and plants accumulate and harden, therefore in conclusion I will say that students will
surely get different results.

5. Read the statements below and classify them as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic
rocks.
a- Transformed rock due to heat and pressure -
Metamorphic rocks.
b- Rock with accumulated debris -Sedimentary
Rocks
c- Occurs in or outside a volcano-Igneous rocks
6. Name each layer of soil
 1. What are the 2 types of crust found on Earth’s surface?
Continental Crust/ Continental Lithosphere
Oceanic Crust/ Oceanic Lithosphere

2. How many major tectonic plates on Earth’s surface?

There are seven major plates: African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, North American,
Pacific and South American.

3. What causes the movement of the plates?

The movement of tectonic plates is possible partly due to internal forces.
Or in simple way the cause of the movement of the plates is because of the heat from the
Earth's interior, wherein if heat inside can’t longer to hold, then the magma will flow and it will
cause the movements of the plates.

4. The layer of the earth that is made up of the crust & upper mantle is called the .
Lithosphere

5. What is caused by the action of hot material rising and cool material sinking?
The cause of hot material rising and cool material sinking is because of Convection
currents.

6. Which layer of earth includes the crustal plates? Is it the lithosphere or the asthenosphere?
Lithosphere

7. Where do convection currents take place? Is it in the lithosphere or the asthenosphere?

Asthenosphere

8. What scientist proposed the continental drift theory in 1912?

Proposed by a German Meteorologist, Alfred Wegener.

9. How far do scientists estimate the plates move in a year?

14 centimeters annually.

10. The supercontinent formed when all the continents were together was called .
Pangaea

11. There are 2 main reasons geologists think the continents were once connected. One

reason is that some coastlines share similar fossils. What is the other reason?

The fit of the continents. The continents look like a puzzle piece.
 12. Most volcanoes and earthquakes take place in a belt that surrounds the Pacific Ocean called
the Pacific Ring of Fire

13. Evidence that the plates move can be found at spreading centers. New rock is found at

spreading centers, and temperatures are hotter at spreading centers. What is the 3 rd

observation at spreading centers that geologists make?

14. What type of plate boundary is formed when the plates grind past each other?
Transform boundary

15. What type of plate boundary is formed when the plates move away from each other?
Divergent Boundary

16. At what type of boundary would you observe subduction?

Convergent boundary

17. In subduction, what determines which plate will be on top and which will be on bottom?
Continental plate will be on top and oceanic plate will be on bottom.

18. What type of boundary is found at the San Andreas Fault?

Transform boundary

19. What type of boundary would be found at spreading centers?

Divergent boundary

20. Draw a diagram of the 3 types of plate boundaries and label each. Include arrows to show how
they move.