Prepared by: Sir Jorge T.

Jader, MIT
 Data Modeling
Data Modeling
The first step in designing a
database, refers to the process of
creating a specific data model for
a determined problem domain
(Coronel & Morris (2019).
According to the IBM cloud
education (2020), the process of
creating a visual representation
of either a whole information
system or parts of it to
communicate connections
between data points and
structures.
Data Model
is a relatively simple
representation, usually graphical,
of more complex real-world data
structures (Coronel & Morris
(2019).
is the graphical system used to
capture the nature of and
relationships among data and are
used at different levels of
abstraction as a database is
conceptualized and designed
(Hoffer, J. A, (2019)).
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Data Model Basic Building
Blocks
◎ Entity. Some examples of each of
these kinds of entities follow:
￮ Person: EMPLOYEE, STUDENT, PATIENT
￮ Place: STORE, WAREHOUSE, PROVINCE
￮ Object: MACHINE, BUILDING, AUTOMOBILE
￮ Event: SALE, REGISTRATION, RENEWAL
￮ Concept: ACCOUNT, COURSE, WORK CENTER

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Data Model Basic Building
Blocks
◎ An attribute. An examples of attributes:
StudID, LName, FName, MI so on
◎ Relationship. is an association representing
an interaction among the instances of one
or more entity types that is of interest to the
organization.
◎ Constraints. For example; a student’s GPA
must be between 1.00 and 5.00,

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Business Rules
◎ A business rule is "a statement that
defines or constrains some aspect of
the business. It is intended to assert
business structure or to control or
influence the behavior of the business
rules prevent, cause, or suggest things
to happen" (GUIDE Business Rules
Project, 1997).
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Examples
✓ A customer may generate many invoices.
✓ An invoice is generated by only one customer.
✓ A training session cannot be scheduled for
fewer than 10 employees or for more than 30
employees.

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Data Name and Data
Definitions
◎ Data Names. It will provide specific
guidelines for naming entities, relationships,
and attributes as we develop the entity-
relationship data model.
◎ Data Definitions. is considered a type of
business rule . It is an explanation of a term
or a fact. Term. is a word or phrase that has
a specific meaning for the business.

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Database Design
◎ As stated by Guru99 (2020), Database
Design is a collection of processes that
facilitate the designing, development,
implementation, and maintenance of
enterprise data management systems.

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Design Method
1. Identify the entities (objects) involved, and name the entities.

2. Identify the unique identifiers for the entities you identified.

3. Identify the attributes for all the entities. These attributes become the
columns in the tables. It is possible for two or more entities to contain the
same attributes.

4. Identify the functional dependencies that exist among attributes.

5. Use the functional dependencies to identify the tables by placing each

attribute with the attribute or minimum combination of attributes on
which it is functionally dependent.

6. Identify any relationships between tables

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SUMMARY
◎ A data model must be conceptually simple without risking the semantic
completeness of the database. A data model must be as accurate as feasible in
representing the real world. (Semantics deals with dynamic data behavior,
whereas data representation is engaged with the static element of a real-world
event.) In other words, the model should be precise and complete—all necessary
data should be included and accurately represented.

◎ Data modeling. The process of creating a specific data model for a

determined problem domain. The data modeling notation most frequently used
today is the E-R data model. E-R model is a detailed, logical representation of the
data for an organization. The E-R model was introduced by Peter Chen in 1976.

◎ Entity-relationship diagram (ER-Diagram or ERD). A graphical

representation of an entity-relationship model.

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SUMMARY
◎ Data model. A representation, usually graphic, of a complex "real-world" data
structure.

◎ Good Business Rules. are ones that are declarative, precise, atomic, consistent,
expressible, distinct, and business oriented. Examples of basic business rules are data
names and definitions.

◎ Attribute is a property or characteristic of an entity type that is of interest to

the organization, Thus, an attribute has a noun name.

◎ Database designer. Database designers design, test and implement databases

applying knowledge of database management systems, guarding the protection and
security of the database(www.123test.com) website.

◎ Constraint. A rule that cannot be violated by database users.

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REFERENCES
Coronel, C., Morris, S., (2019). Database principles: Fundamentals of design, implementation and
management (13th ed.). Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
Elmasri, R., & Navathe, S. B., (2011). Fundamentals of database systems (6th ed.). Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley.

ONLINE REFERENCES
Guru99 (2020). What is data modeling? conceptual, logical, & physical data
models. https://opentextbc.ca/dbdesign01/chapter/chapter-1-before-the-
advent-of-database-systems/
123test.com (2021). Profession database designer.
https://www.123test.com/professions/profession-database-designer/

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