tro I

Yli Modern Power System Analysis of Power SystemComponents

Representation 99
iI t
4.3 ONE.IINE DIAGRAM AND IMPEDANCE OR REACTANCE The impedancediagramon single-phasebasisfor use under balancedoperating
DIAGRAM conditionscan be easilydrawn from the one-linediagram.For the systemof
Fie. 4.5 the impedancediagramis drarvnin Frg. 4.6. Single-phasetranstbrmer
A one-linediagramof a power system shows the main connectionsand equivalents are shown as ideal transformers with transformer impedances

showrrdependingon the information required in a system study, e.g. circuit
breakersneednot be shown in a load flow study but are a must for a piotection
study. Power system networks are representedby one-line diagrams using
suitable symbols fbr generators,motors, transformersand loads. It is a
convenient practical way of network representationrather than drawing the
actual three-phasediagram which may indeed be quite cumbersome and
confusing for a practical size power network. Generator and transformer
connections-star, delta,and neutralgrounding are indicatedby symbols drawn
by the side of the representationof these elements.Circuit breakers are
representedas rectangularblocks. Figure 4.5 shows the one-line diagram of a
simple power system.The reactancedata of the elementsare given below the
diagram.
T1 T2
have been neglected.This is a fairly good approximationfor most power system
studies.The generatorsare representedas voltagesourceswith seriesresistance
(synchronous machinemodelwill be discussed in Sec.
and inductivereactance
4.6). The transmissionline is representedby a zi-model(to be discussedin
Chapter5). Loads are assumedto be passive(not involving rotatingmachines)
and are representedby resistanceand inductive reactancein series.Neutral
grounding impedancesdo not appearin the diagram as balancedconditions are
assumed.
Three voltagelevels(6.6. I 1 ancl33 kV) are presentin this system.The
Y r

(( ' Y
I o ft -fl
.tF
laFt ' t l i
l
L __'l v--
r-YA
r l
q throughout this book.
A- r
4.4 PER UNIT (PU) SYSTEM \
, Fig. 4.5 One-linerepresentationof a simple power system
It is usual to express voltage, current, voltamperes and impedance of an
G e n e r a t oN
r o . 1 : 3 0 M V A ,1 0 . Sk V ,X ' = 1 . 6o h m s
electricalcircuit in per unit (or percentage)of baseor ret'erencevaluesof these
1 G e n e r a t oNr o .2 : 1 5 M V A ,6 . 6k V ,X ' = 1 . 2o h m s
G e n e r a t oN
r o .3 : 2 5 M V A ,6 . 6k V ,X ' = 0 . 5 6o h m s quantities. The per unit* value of any quantity is defined as:
Transformer 11(3 phase): 15MVA,33/11 kV,X = 15.2ohmsper phaseon hightensionside the actualvaluein anYunits
TransformerTr(3 phase):15 MVA,3316.2 kV,X= 16 ohmsper phaseon frigntensionside
Transmission line:20.5ohms/phase the baseor referencevaluein the sameunits
LoadA : 15 MW, 11 kV, 0.9 laggingpowerfactor The per unit method is particularly convenientin power systemsas the various
L o a dB : 4 0 M W ,6 . 6 k V ,0 . 8 5 l a g g i npgo w e rf a c t o r sections of a power system are connectedthrough translormersand have
Note: Generators are specifiedin three-phase MVA,line-to-linevoltageand per phase different voltage levels.
reactance(equivalent star).Transformers are specifiedin three-phaseMVA, line-to-line
transformation ratio,and per phase(equivalent Consider first a single-phasesystem.Let
star)impedanceon one side.Loads are
specifiedin three-phaseMW,line-to-line voltageand powerfactor. Base voltamPerss= (VA)s VA
--i--t '-litr-d-'r,n'rq J-'rn,A,n-?fi-d\
I- r_-1 I--ntrn^'"1'"rr' f- I 1 r- i , I Basevoltage= Vu V
Then
Basecurrent/u = -[4)e A (4.2a)
\v/B

-J;-ffi *Per
- > F r - F .T r a n s f o r m e r l+l '
Genl'
:L :i n e- - , F' r _
' T .r a
. -n :s f o r m e r T 2- - t C ; / C " ' S cent value = per unit value x 100.
I Per cent value is not convenient for use as the factor of 100 has to be carried in
Load A Load g computations.
Fig. 4.6 lmpectancediagram of the power system of Fig. 4.5
 I
tir.n' l
.,rvq..il MooernHowersystem Analysis
I

Vi Z (oltrns)x (MVA)' (4.e)

z, = Y-4-:
Baseimpedance ohms 'er unit imPedanceZ (Pu) =
" (VA )"
(4.2b) @
IB
If the actual impedanceis Z (ohms), its per unit value is given by Z(ohms)x (kVA),
,r trt2 -, i n^n

Z(ohms)x (vA)'
z(pu) = J--- (4.3) to (MVA)a' n'*' andtV base
ZB V; when MVA baseis changecltrom (MVA)r, oto
nt* p"t unit impedancefrom Eq'
s changedfrom (kv)r, orotJ (kV)n, new'the
For a power system,practical choice of base values are:
.4.9) is given bY
Base megavoltamperes= (MVA)B
or
=z(pu)o.,.
Z(pu)n"* ffi"ffi
(4.10)

Base kilovoltamperes= (kVA)B

Per Unit Representation of a Transformer
Base kilovolrs = (kv)a
transformer forming part of
It has been said in Section 4.2 that a three-phase
1,000x (MVA)u ty a single-phasetransformer in
Base current 1, a three-phase system can be represented
(4.4) The deltaconnectedwinding of the
(kV)a obtaining per phasesolution of the system'
so that the transformationratio of
transformer is replacedby an "quiuaient star
1'ooq] GV)r is always the line-to-line voltage ratio
Baseimpedance - __Ia
z-,u_ the equivalent single-phasetransformer
of the three-Phasetransformer'
Fi gure4. Tar cpr esent sasingle- phaset r ansf gr m lr int er m sof pr im ar yand
andan ideal transformer of ratio 1 : a'
_ GV)3 _ 1,000x (kv)1 secondary leakagi reactancesZp artdZ,
ohms (4.s) Let us choose-avoltamperebase of
(MVA)B (kvA)8 The magnetizing impedanceis neglected.
the transformer in the ratio of
(vA)a and voltage bases on the two sides of
Z (ohms)x (MVA), transformation,i.e.
Per unit impedancez (pu) - (4.6)
(kv)" V r s- ! (4.11a)
Z(ohms)x (kVA)u Vt, a
-{_J--->
(kV)?x 1,000 zs 12
In a three-phasesystemrather than obtaining the per unit valuesusing per phase
base quantities,the per unit valuescan be obtained directly Uy u.ing three-
phase base quantities.Let
Three-phasebase megavoltamperes= (MVA,)B
Line-to-line base kilovolts = (kV)B (a) transformer
of single-phase
'-' Representation
Assuming star connection (equivalentstar can always be found), impedance
(mignetizing neglected)

l'ooox(MVA)u
BasecurrentIr- o (4.7)
Jr 1rv;u
l'ooox(kv)u
Baseimpedance7o -
" J3rB
transformer
circuitof single-phase
(b) Perunitequivalent
_ x (kv)2,
GD3 _ 1,ooo ^L_-
: onms
(MVA)' (4.8) Fig. 4.7
G"Ab
 -W I todern Power Srrstem -A-nalr-rsie
Y- vr v.vr.; , rr rqt ystr

I Representationof Power System Uomponents [,.t'ff.

Therefore = a (as (VA)a is common) (4.1i b) l-
'I 2 8

Vrn z Vza
zz(pu)=
' +-++o'1'
zzu zB zru
. LaD - --
(4.11c)
1,, 1,,
From Fig. 4.7a we can write
Thus the per unit impedanceof a transformeris the samewhethercomputed
Vz=(Vt-Iflp)a-lrZ, (4.12) from primary or secondaryside so long as the voltage baseson the two sides
are in the ratio of transformation(equivalentper phaseratio of a three-phase
We shall convertEq. (4.12) into per unit form
transformer which is the same as the ratio of line-to-line voltage rating).
Vz(pu)Vzn= [Vr(pu) Vw - I r(pu)I The pu transformerimpedanceof a three-phasetransformeris conveniently
6Zo(pu)Zru]a obtained by direct use of three-phaseMVA base and line-to-line kV base in
-Ir(pu)IruZ,(pu)Z*
relation (4.9). Any other impedanceon either side of a transformeris converted
Dividing by vzn throughout and using base relations (4. rra, b, c), we get to pu value just like Zo or Zr.

Vz(pu)= Vr(pu) - I,(pu)Zr(pu)_ Ir(pu)Z,(pu) Per Unit Impedance Diagram of a Power System
(4.13)

Now From a one-line diagramof a power systemwe can directly draw the impedance
+=+=, diagramby following the stepsgiven below:
1. Choosean appropriatecommon MVA (or kVA) basefor the system.
Ir 12
or 2. Consider the system to be divided into a number of sections by the
I'o I'u transfbrmers.Choose an appropriatekV base in one of the sections.
I r ( p u ) = 1 2 ( p u ) =1 ( p u ) Calculate kV bases of other sectionsin the ratio of transformation.

Equation (4.13) can thereforebe written as 3. Calculateper unit valuesof voltagesand impedancesin eqch sectionand
connectthem up as per the topologyof the one-linediagram.The result
Vz@u)= Vr(pu)- (pu)Z(pu) (4.r4) is the single-phaseper unit impedancediagram.
where The above stepsare illustrated by the fallowing examples.
Z(pu)=Z,,(pu)+ Z,(pu)
Equation (4.I4) can be representedby the simple equivalent circuit j Example4 1
of Fig.
4'7b which doesnot requirean idealtransfurmet.Coniia.rablesimplification
has thereforebeenachievedby the per unit method with a common voltampere
base and voltagebaseson the two sidesin the ratio of transformation. Obtain the per unit impedance(reactance)diagram of the power system of Fig.
Z(pu) can be determineddirectlyfrom the equivalentimpedanceon primary 4.5.
or secondaryside of a transformerby using the appropriaie impedancl Solution The per phaseimpedancediagramof the power system of Fig. 4.5
base. has been drawn in Fig. 4.6. We shall make some further simplifying
On primary side:
assumptions.
Zr=Zp+ Z,/a2
1. Line capacitanceand resistanceare neglectedso that it is representedas
a series reactanceonly.
Z ( p' =
u+) :!-+L*I 2. We shall assumethat the impedancediagram is meant for short circuit
zru Zro z,o"a2
studies.Current drawn by static loadsunder short circuit conditions can
But a2Ztn = Zzr be neglected.Loads A and B are thereforeignored.
Zr(pu)= Zo(pu)+ Z,(pu)- Z(pu) Let us convert all reactancesto per unit form. Choosea common three-phase
(4.1s)
MVA base of 30 and a voltagebaseof 33 kV line-to-lineon the transmission
On secondary
side: line. Then the voltagebasein the circuit of generator1 is 11 kV line-to-line and
zz= Z, + o2zo that in the circuits of generators2 and 3 is 6.2 kV.
The per unit reactancesof various componentsare calculatedbelow:
 of power System eomponents
Flepresentation I iliffij
I-
Transmission
line: 2o.5x3o Example 4.I, we now calculatethe pu values of the reactancesof transfonners
= 0.564
GT2 and generatorsas per relation (4.10):
Transform
er T,: -l-!,?I l_0_= 0 . 4 1 8
Transformer Z : 0.209 x

TransformerTt: 16x30
= 0.44 Transformet Tr: x ff =0.++
0.22
aiT
Generator1: 1 . 6x 3 0
(10'5i1
u t7- = o'396 Generator1: 0.43sx =0.3e6
(ll)'
Generator2: 1 . 2x 3 0
= o'936
tazr Generator2: 0 . 4 1 3r * *(6'612- =0.936
Generator3: 0.56x 30 I) 6.2)'
= 0'437
AZI-
The reactancediagramof the system (6'6)1
is shown in Fig. 4.g. Generator3: 0.3214 * i9 x = 0.431
/.r 6.21'
-_"
{-)frL_/-X-fX-)<1
JU U000._--J--
obviously these values are the same as obtained already in Exampre 4.r.
64 0.44 I i
4.5 Complex Power

Consider a single-phaseload fed from a source as in Fig. 4.9. Let

v -tvt16
r _tn t (6_0)
Fig.4.9 Reactancecriagramof the
systemof Fig. 4.5 (roadsneglected)
Et' Ez and E, are per unit values
of voltagesto which the generators
in ashort are
circuitstudy,
these
wil beraken
ui t /.,"pu (no Source
iJ"',ltl3;3llllrlt""
Example4.2
(a)
The reactanccdata of gencrators
and transtbrmersare usually specified Fig. 4.9 Complexpowerflow in a single-phase
load
(or per cent) values, based on in pu
equiprnentratings rather than in
valuesasgiven in Example 4.7; *iit" actual ohmic
rhetransmirr;;; hne irnpedances When d is positive, the current lags behind voltage.This is a convenient
nray be
us rc-sotve
rJxarnpre
4.1b; assuming choice of sign of 0 in power systemswhere loads have mostly lagging power
;"";:,[J:Ti]#?l-et rherbuowing
factors.
TransformerT,: 0.209 Complex power flow in the direction of current indicatedis siven bv
TransformerT): 0.220 S=VI*
GeneratorGr: 0.435 =lVlllll0
GeneratorGr: 0.413 = l V l l 1 lc o s d + j l v l l 1 l s i n 0 = P + i e @.17)
GeneratorG3: 0.3214
or
With a baseMVA of 30. base volta_ee
of I I kV in the circuit of generator t S l= ( p 2 + e \ t , ,
I md b:isevoltageof 6.1 k\; in the
circuit of generators2 and 3
,r; i;
";