READING PASSAGE 1 -- Types of Ports

According to the World Bank, there are five distinct types of seaports: service
ports, tool ports, landlord ports, corporatized ports and private ports. The basic
difference between the five models is the amount of government control.
Service ports are most often found in developing countries; the port of Dakar in
Senegal, for example, is a service port. At one time, most of the ports in the
world were service ports. A service port is controlled by the central government,
usually by the Ministry of Transportation or Communications. The government
owns the land and all the port's assets - all the infrastructure and tools. A port's
assets include roads, docks, terminal buildings, container facilities, vehicles and
cargo handling equipment. such as cranes and forklift trucks. The dock workers
who load and unload the ships in service ports are all government employees.
Some supplementary services, such as food for the workers, can be in the hands
of private companies. Economic inefficiencies have led to a decline in the
number of service ports in recent years.
In the tool port model, an agency, usually called the Port Authority, owns and
manages the land and assets on behalf of the city. However, the dock workers
are employed by private companies. All the ports in Portugal, many in Brazil,
and the French port of Le Havre are tool ports. For many ports, the tool port
model represents a transitional stage on the way to becoming a landlord port.
The transition generally requires that fundamental laws governing ports be
changed, and that process often takes some time.
The landlord port represents the dominant model today, and is the one
recommended by the World Bank. Landlord ports include the world's largest
port, Rotterdam, the port of New York in the USA, and, since 1997. the port of
Singapore. The city retains ownership of the land and the infrastructure, but
leases these to a private company or companies which actually operate the
port. The workers are employed by these private companies. The most common
form of lease is a concession agreement where a private company is granted a
long-term lease in exchange for rent. The firms that operate the port facilities
agree to maintain port equipment and keep it up-to-date.
 A corporatized port has been almost entirely privatized. The port authority is
essentially a private enterprise which owns and controls the port. However,
public agencies - either local or national - own a majority of the stock in the
company managing the port and can use their controlling interest to steer the
development of the port. As in the landlord model, the privatized port authority
must keep up and improve the infrastructure, but must agree only to develop
port activities. It could not, for example, turn a container storage yard into a
block of luxury apartments. Corporatized ports can be found in Poland, in
Australia, and elsewhere.
In the privatized port model, governments have no direct involvement in port
activities. The land and all the assets are owned and managed by private
companies, which likewise employ the dock workers. The government operates
just in a regulatory capacity, making sure laws are followed. However, public
entities can be shareholders. This model is in use in various ports in the United
Kingdom, such as Felix Stowe, and in several ports in New Zealand. The World
Bank does not in general approve of this system. The bank advises against
completely giving up public ownership, especially of the land.

Questions 7-9
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer
Type of port Role of government Role of private Comments
companies
Service port - owns and manages may only provide 1 fewer of these
all assets ..................... today due to 2.
- employees are ............. e.g. .....................
public workers catering ............
Tool port an agency known as employs the acts as a 4 .....
a 3 ...... ............ workers ·················
................ between two
- owns the land other models
- manages the
infrastructure
 Landlord - government owns
port the land and assets
- leases them out
long-term
- receives 5 ........
..................
Corporatized government
port agencies own most
of the port
authority's 7 ........
.............
Privatized government has a 9
port .............................
role
- operates the port - dominant model
- employs the today
workers - endorsed by the
- keeps 6 ................ World Bank
........ in good order
- owns the land and owner agrees to
assets restrict use to 8 ...
- manages the port ························
- owns the land and not recommended
assets by the World Bank
- management of
the port

QUESTIONS 10-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading
Passage?
Next to each question, 10-13, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
10. The power of government is fundamental difference in all ports.
11. Portugal just have a few tool ports.
12. The work of all landlord ports started from 1997.
13. The bank suggest that we should not let land to be converted into private
property.
PASSAGE 2
Staying cool ... naturally
With heatwaves gripping much of the planet every summer, electricity
companies worry that they may not be able to generate enough energy to meet
demand during the warmest months because air-conditioning systems use a
tremendous amount of energy. However, one group of forward-thinking
designers believe that they may be able to find the answer by studying the way
other creatures' function. Through a process known as biomimicry, they aim to
use designs inspired by the natural world to address human problems.
The idea is that over billions of years, nature itself has solved many problems
which are similar to those that humanity faces today. In natural systems,
nothing is wasted, since everything can be used by something else. Human
manufacturers, on the other hand, use large inputs of non-renewable energy,
produce toxic chemicals as by-products and then ship finished goods across the
globe. Nature makes what it needs, where it needs it, using water-based
chemistry. The following designs are examples of how this approach might be
applied to the issue of air-conditioning:

1 Ventilation inspired by termites

Perhaps the most famous example of biomimicry when it comes to heating and
cooling is ventilation inspired by termites. A few years ago, scientists observed
that big termite mounds in Africa stay remarkably cool inside, even in blistering
heat. The insects accomplish that feat by creating air pockets in strategic places
in the mounds they inhabit. This clever design creates a natural ventilation
system, driving air through the mound through the process of convection.
Architect Mick Pearce and engineering firm Arup borrowed that idea to build
the Eastgate Centre. a large office and shopping Centre in Zimbabwe that is
cooled with the outside air. The system uses only 10% as muci1 energy as
conventional air-conditioning.
2 Countercurrent heat exchange inspired by birds
Penguins that live in cold climates have an innovative adaptation that helps
them survive in frigid water. The veins and arteries in their feet have a
countercurrent configuration, which ends up warming the blood that is closer to
the animal's core and cooling the blood at its extremities. By keeping cooler
blood closer to the snow and icy water, suci1 birds lose less body heat overall.
Heat exchangers in industrial-scale heating and cooling systems use a similar
type of principle to maximize efficiency.

3 Moisture absorption inspired by ticks

A system called a liquid desiccant dehumidifier is designed to pull humidity from
the air inside a building (traditional air-conditioning also reduces humidity). It
uses a liquid salt solution -something similar to the liquid that a parasitic insect
called the brown dog tick secretes to absorb water from the air.

4 Efficient fans inspired by whales

In another take on better fan design, a company called Whale Power is
developing fan blades that produce greater lift. and therefore, move more air,
thanks to an idea inspired by the bumpy design of a humpback whale's flipper.
Whale Power says its fans move 25% more air than conventional fans while
using 20% less energy. The company is also working on more powerful wind
turbine blades.
Questions 14-19 Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
14. What name is given to the idea of taking ideas from nature to serve human
needs?
15. What do industrial processes consume in a wasteful way?
16. What do termites create in order to cool their mounds?
17. In which part of a penguin's body does warmer blood circulate?
18. What mechanisms used by air-conditioning units is inspired by penguins?
19. Which creature produces a fluid that can take moisture from the air?
20. Which feature of one species of whale do Whale Power fans copy?
21. How much more effective are Whale Power fans?

QUESTIONS 22-27
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading
Passage?
Next to each question, 22-27, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
22. Air-conditioning system using a lot of energy should be updated into a more
energy-friendly system.
23. Although natural system is good, it can waste a few resources.
24. Extremely intense heat cannot harm big termite mounds.
25. The surviving mechanism of penguin involves sending cooler blood to
farthest body parts and keeping heated blood in middle parts.
26. Moisture absorption liquid is the secretion of brown dog tick.
27. The whale power company focuses on making quality products by observing
whales.

PASSAGE 3
Do Animals Laugh?
A
According to a recent study, laughter and joy may not be unique to humans.
Ancestral forms of play and laughter existed in other animals long before they
did in humans. Jaak Panksepp, a professor of psychobiology at Washington
State University and the author of the study, says, 'Human laughter has robust
roots in our animal past.'
B
While humans are the only creatures that tell jokes, it's long been suspected
that some animals like to laugh. In his 1872 treatise, The Expression of the
Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin pointed out that 'very many
kinds of monkeys, when pleased, utter a reiterated sound, clearly analogous to
our laughter'. In an experiment Panksepp had performed earlier, he found that
when chimpanzees play and d1ase each other, they make noises strikingly like
human laughter, and that dogs have a similar response.

c
Panksepp notes that children who are too young to laugh at verbal jokes tend to
shriek and laugh during rowdy play. Panksepp found in his recent study that
when young rats are playing, they also make sounds - they chirp, although
people can't hear them. These chirps are ultrasonic sounds, far too high-pitched
for the human ear. Researchers must use special electronic receivers that
convert the d1irps to sounds that humans can hear. Rats also chirp when they
are playfully tickled by researchers. During the course of the experiment, it was
discovered that rats are especially ticklish in the area around the back of the
neck, which is also the area young rats tend to nip each other during chases and
play.

D
According to Panksepp, the chirps resemble our giggles, and are a primitive
form of laughter. Rats who have been tickled before seem to bond socially with
their human ticklers. The animals seek out specific human hands that had
tickled them previously and seek to be tickled more.

E
In studying laughter, scientists have focused mostly on related issues - humour,
personality, health benefits, social theory - rather than laughter itself. New
research, however, shows that circuits for laughter exist in very ancient regions
of the human brain. The capacity to laugh appears early in childhood, as anyone
who has tickled a baby knows. As humans have incorporated language into play,
we may have developed new connections to parts of our brains that evolved
before the cerebral cortex, the outer layer associated with thought and
memory. In separate experiments, scientists have scanned subjects' brains with
magnetic resonance imaging as they took part in activities that made them
laugh. The two types of humor - verbal and non-verbal - lit up different parts of
the brain. Non-verbal, physical humor apparently appeals to some of the brain's
more 'primitive' parts.

F
Indeed, some scientists say that other mammals. just like humans, are capable
of many feelings. 'The recognition by neuroscientists that the brain med1anisms
underlying pain, pleasure and fear are the same in humans and other mammals
underscores our similarity to other species and is extremely important: said
Tecumseh Fitch, a psychology lecturer at the University of St Andrews in
Scotland. Science has traditionally held that humor is exclusively a human trait,
and many scientists believe that more research is required before the rats'
d1irping sounds can be considered real laughter. Panksepp believes that,
through a study of laughter in rats. the human sense of humor can be more fully
understood.

Questions 28-34
The Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A-F. Which paragraph
contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F, next
to each statement.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
28. Examples of situations in which different animal species produce a kind of
laughter.
29. Mention of the point in human development when the ability to laugh
develop.
30. A description of the method used to capture certain noises.
31. A reference to earlier research conducted by the author of the new study.
32. The idea that humans were not the first species to develop laughter.
33. The animals remember whom they are touched by and wants the same
person to touch them again.
34. The idea that people and animals may share a range of emotional responses

QUESTIONS 35-38
Match each researcher with the correct findings
A. JACK PANKSEPP B. CHARLES DARWIN C. TECUMSEH FITCH

35. The one who pointed out the early stage of human laugh.
36. Found some animals closely copying our patterns of laugh.
37. The sense of human laugh cam be explored in depth by studying rats.
38. The brain mechanism same in feelings with other animals is significant.

Questions 39 and 40
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Which two are correct according to passage
A. It is known that rats can be tickled on their stomach.
B. The conventional views of science stated that only humans can laugh.
C. Chirps are really simple sounds for humans.
D. The trait of joke-telling is only is possession of humans.
E. The capacity of laugh only starts from adulthood.