Extracted Neem(Azadirachtaindica) As Ingredients

for Alternative Scented candle,

Mosquito(Culicidae)Repellant

A RESEARCH PAPER

PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY

OF SAN RAFAEL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

TIGAON, CAMARINES SUR

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING CURRICULUM

BY:

CARLA M. DURANTE

ANDREA MAY O. LEUS

LEI MARIE F. AVILA

SAN RAFAEL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SAN RAFAEL TIGAON, CAMARINES SUR

S/Y 2019-202
 APPROVAL SHEET
IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING CURRICULUM
PROGRAM, THE RESEARCH ENTITLED: EXTRACTED NEEM
(Azadirachtaindica) AS INGREDIENTS FOR ALTERNATIVE
SCENTED CANDLE, MOSQUITO (Culicidae) REPELLANT. HAS
PREPARED BY CARLA M. DURANTE, ANDREA MAY O. LEUS AND
LEI MARIE F. AVILA WHO RECOMMENDED FOR ORAL
EXAMINATION.
HERIBERTO C. BACUD
RESEARCH ADVISER
APPROVED BY THE COMMITTEE ON ORAL EXAMINATION.

ZHANELLE C. CAPINIG
CHAIRMAN
CARLYN S. VILLANUEVA
ELSIE B. NARVAEZ
MEMBER
MEMBER RODOLFO A. PEMPEÑA II
MEMBER
JULIO B. GRANPIO
REYNALDO G. CARIÑO
MEMBER
MEMBER:

CLASS ADVISER:
CHERRY A. GRAJALVO AIZA JEAN B.
GRADE 7 GREJALVO AMATA
SHIELA C. PEÑA
GRADE 8 AMATA
GRADE 8 PENA

SILVA B. PLAZO DANTE B. NIETO

GRADE 10 PLAZO
GRADE 10 NIETO
ACCEPTED AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING CURRICULUM OF
SAN RAFAEL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, TIGAON CAMARINES SUR
S/Y 2019-2020.
BELEN B. AMATA
PRINCIPAL II
 Chapter I
Introduction

A. Background of the Study

Neem (Azadirachtaindica), commonly known as Neem
tree or Indian lilac, is a tree in the mahogany family
(Meliaceae). Neem (Azadirachtaindica) leaves a dried
in India and placed in cupboards to prevent insects
eating the clothes, and also in tins where rice is
stored. Researchers found out that azadirachtin and
selected semi-synthetic derivatives block the
development of the motile male malarial gamete in
vitro. Crude extracts of neem seeds showed significant
results as insecticides in Sudan where optimum doses
are recommended for several vegetable pests. Mosquito-
borne pathogens kill more than half a million people
year and make hundreds of thousands of people sick.
Dengue continues to have wide ranging impacts. Candles
are normally made from soy wax or paraffin wax both
waxes are solids that work as fuel for candle flames.
Articles warning against scented candles usually cite
a 2009 study by a South Carolina State university
researcher who claimed that paraffin wax gives off
injurious chemicals like toluene.
However, this study has been queried by the
National Candle Association (NCA) due to the fact that
it has no peer reviews, and has never been published
in a journal. Deeper inspection by the NCA revealed
that the researcher of the above study never confirmed
if the candles he examined were really paraffin or soy
candles. It was also found that that the harmful
chemicals claimed to be released during candle burning
could not have been produced during combustion. This
is because paraffin does not have the necessary
elements for its production. This independently
conducted study discovered that “all the main waxes
burned in an exceedingly alike way, and all the waxes
emitted similar combustion chemicals, and all waxes
 proved safe when used in standard candle burning
procedure.

B. Problem of the study

Can the scented candle with
Neem(Azadirachtaindica) extract serves as
Mosquito(Culicidae) repellant?

C. Objectives
General:
To evaluate the effectiveness of Neem
(Azadirachtaindica) as scented candle.

Specific:

1. To produce a mosquito(Culicidae) scented

candle that can terminate mosquito.
2. To develop a synthetic eco-friendly scented
candle that is safer to be inhaled.
3. To assess the effect of the
Neem(Azadirachtaindica) leaves as scented
candle to the Mosquito (Culicidae).

D. Hypothesis
Ho: The scented candle is not effective in eliminating
the mosquito.
Ha: The scented candle is effective in eliminating
mosquito.

E. Significance of the Study

Community-For the community it prevents diseases
brought by mosquito and to create a non-chemical
scented candle that can cause lung problems when
inhaled.
Environment-For the environment, it can reduce
pollutants caused by chemically made mosquito coil.
Student-For the student it is significant for future
researchers it can add up to their knowledge on how
 Neem(Azadirachtaindica) can be a pesticide or
repellant.
Health- It will help the people to lessen the
mosquitoes (Culicidae) in their surroundings thus
preventing an illness to happen such as dengue.

F. Scope and limitation

This study focused on making alternative scented
candle out of Neem(Azadirachtaindica) leaves. The
alternative scented candle using
Neem(Azadirachtaindica)leaves would help the
environment to lessen its mosquitoes. Besides, the
ingredients were eco-friendly too. The ingredients
needed are easy to find. This study aims to help the
people from dengue diseases using the scented candle
out of Neem(Azadirachtaindica) leaves. The scented
candle helps the environment to lessen its mosquitoes.
If the mosquito carrying diseases be controlled there
will be a big chance that the number of people who are
affected will be lessening every year. This study
focused only on the effect of the alternative scented
candle on the Mosquitoes.
G. Review of related literature
According to R.H Wright (Head, Division of
Chemistry, British Columbia Research Council
Vancouver, Canada), to produce an odor sensation, a
substance must be volatile and its molecules must come
into contact with the olfactory end organ which may
require some measure of lipoid solubility. This much
is generally agreed, but beyond this, there has been
no accepted theorem of the triggering process by which
the odorous molecule initiates discharge of the
olfactory nerve. In part, this ignorance has been due
to the lack of any secure correlation between the
odour of substances and the chemical constitution and
reactivity of the odorous molecules, on their physical
shapes or electrical properties. A correlation of
odour with molecular vibrational modes would be
consistent with most of the facts of olfactory
chemistry, but this hypothesis has failed to win
general acceptance until because, there has been no
direct evidence of a correlation between odor and
vibrational frequency, and there has been no
suggestion of a mechanism whereby a molecular
vibration could trigger a nervous discharge. Some
evidence bearing on both these objections has recently
been brought forward which is of considerable interest
in relation to the problem of insect attractancy and
repellency. Theory of Olfaction and the Action of
Mosquito Repellents.
According to R.H Wright (Head, Division of
Chemistry, British Columbia Research Council
Vancouver, Canada), to produce an odor sensation, a
substance must be volatile and its molecules must come
into contact with the olfactory end organ, which may
require some measure of lipoid solubility. This much
is generally agreed, but beyond this there has been no
accepted theorem of the triggering process by which
the odorous molecule initiates a discharge of the
olfactory nerve. In part, this ignorance has been due
to the lack of any secure correlation between the
odors of substances and the chemical constitution or
reactivity of the odorous molecules, or their physical
shapes or electrical properties. A correlation of odor
with molecular vibrational modes would be consistent
with most of the facts of olfactory chemistry, but
this hypothesis has failed to win general acceptance
up till now because, there has been no direct evidence
of a correlation between odor and vibrational
frequency, and, there has been no suggestion of a
mechanism whereby a molecular vibration could trigger
a nervous discharge. Some evidence bearing on both
these objections has recently been brought forward
which is of considerable interest in relation to the
problem of insect attractancy and repellency.

Review of related study

According to James E. Clark and Dr. John Heinze,
science consultant to NCA,a 2009 study out of South
Carolina State University also warns about chemicals
emitted into the air upon burning candles. The
researchers found that burning paraffin candles
produced "undesired chemicals," like alkanes, alkenes,
and toluene, which can have harmful effects on humans.
"For a person who lights a candle every day for years
or just uses them frequently, inhalation of these
dangerous pollutants drifting in the air could
contribute to the development of health risks like
cancer, common allergies and even asthma," said lead
researcher and chemistry professor Dr.
RuhullahMassoudi.
According to R.H Wright (Head, Division of Chemistry,
British Columbia Research Council Vancouver, Canada),
in the eye-opening study from the London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom, four
mosquito repellents were put to the test. One was a
mixture of several essential oils believed to have
repellant properties. Another repellent was based in
Neem essential oil, a natural plant compound. They
also tested a repellent containing 15 percent of the
controversial DEET chemical. The final product was a
lemon eucalyptus-based repellent containing 30% p-
methane-diol, a natural compound all repellents were
applied at the same dose.
Both the Neem(Azadirachtaindica) and the compound
essential oil mixture did not provide significant
protection from the Anopheles mosquitoes. DEET however
gave 84.81 percent protection in a four-hour period.
In the same amount of time the lemon eucalyptus-based
repellent provided 96.89% protection. This study
debunks the theory lemon eucalyptus is effective in
repelling mosquito.
In another study, researchers found similar
results. Lemon eucalyptus essential oil was just as
effective as DEET in repelling Anopheles gambiae and
Anopheles Funestus mosquitoes for at least six hours.
These studies prove that botanical mosquito repellents
can be used with confidence.
 Chapter II

Methods and Procedure

A. Research Design

In the experiment, the researchers used the CRD or

the Completely Randomized Design for comparative
experiments. Wherein we use the mosquito net with the
size of 2 as its length and 1 meter as its width, as
our experimental set-up. In Controlled set-up we use
scented candle as mosquito repellant. In controlled
set-up (commercial) we use scented candle with
citronellas as its scent. While in the experimental
set-up we put neem(Azadirachtaindica)as ingredients
for killing the mosquitoes inside the set-up.

Controlled Controlled Experimental

Set-up commercial Set-up

Legend:

-scented
- Mosquito net candle

- Mosquito
B. Experimental Procedure:

Preparing the set-up

Prepare a mosquito net with the measure of. A

mosquito net contains 15 mosquitoes. Label themosquito
with first, set-up A which is controlled. Next set-up
B which is the experimental 1, then the set-up C which
is the experimental 2.

Making scented candle

Collect Neem(Azadirachtaindica) leaves. After,

rinse the leaves until it’s already clean. Put the
Neem(Azadirachtaindica) leaves in a blender and add
5ml. of water to it. Put the blended leaves in a cloth
then squeeze it to gather the extract. Boil 50 grams
of Paraffin wax in a melting pot, when it turns into
liquid add now the extract of Neem(Azadirachtaindica)
leaves and 10 drops of citronella oil. Mix thoroughly.
Prepare the molder and slowly put the mixture to it
then put the wick. Wait until the product is already
solidified.

Testing the product

For the first trial put the alternative scented

candle inside the mosquito net with 15 mosquitoes,
make sure that no mosquito will escape. Set your timer
for about 2 minutes, 4 minutes, and 6 minutes. Record
the results for the first trial. Repeat the same
procedure for the 2nd and 3rd trial.
 C. Paradigm of the study

Input ProcessOutput
Neem(Azadirachtaind -Making of Number of
ica), Citronella, scented candles mosquitoes that
paraffin wax has been killed
- putting the
product in by the
contact with alternative
mosquitoes.

Extraneous
Variable

-windy area
D. Statistical Tool

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

- Is a strong statistical technique that is used to show

difference between two or more means of components
through significant tests. The ANOVA test is performed
by comparing two types of variation, the variation
between the sample means, as well as the variation
within each of the samples

Formula:

F= MST
MSE

Where:

F= ANOVA coefficient

MST= Mean sum of squares due to treatment

MSE= Mean sum of squares due to error

E. Pictures
g the leaves Blending the leaves with 30
ts stalk ml. of water

Placing the paraffin

Waiting until the
wax in the melting pot
paraffin wax melts
 Put citronella oil
Placing the extracted neem in
every 100 ml of
the mixture
mixture placing 5-
10 drops of
citronella

Placing the mixture

in the molder with Stirring until the bubbles
the wick are gone

Labeling the
finished product
mosquito net
ve as the set- Placing the control product
as its length as the first trial
as its width)

e alternative Placing the citronella

he second trial candle as the third trial

Chapter III

Results and Discussions

 A. Results

Table 1

The number of mosquitoes(Culicidae) killed in trials 1, 2

and 3 using the commercial scented candle. The set-up
contains fifteen (15) mosquitoes (Culicidae).

Minutes Commercial product Total

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

2 0 1 2 1
4 1 2 3 2

6 3 4 5 8.67
8 7 7 8 16.67

10 11 11 12 11.33

Tables 2

The number of mosquitoes (Culicidae)killed in trials 1, 2

and 3 using the alternative scented candle. The set-up
contains fifteen (15) mosquitoes (Culicidae).

Minutes Alternative scented candle Total

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

2 0 1 3 1.33

4 1 3 7 3.67

6 4 4 8 5.33

8 4 8 11 7.67

10 7 9 14 10

Table 3
 The number of mosquitoes (Culicidae)repelled in trials 1, 2
and 3 using the citronella scented candle. The set-up
contains fifteen (15) mosquitoes (Culicidae).

Minutes Control (citronella) Total

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

2 1 0 2 1

4 1 1 2 1.33

6 4 3 4 3.67

8 5 4 5 11.33

10 5 6 6 5.66

Table 4

Analysis of Variance Table

Sources of Degrees of Sum of Mean F-value

variation freedom squares squares
Computed Tabular
Between 2 52.6 26.3 3.84 6.94
Groups

Within 0 27.4 6.85

Group

Total 80 33.15

Graphs
 Commercial Product
14

12

10

0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

2 mins. 4 mins. 6 mins. 8 mins. 10 mins

Graph 1

The number of mosquitoes(Culicidae) killed in trials 1, 2

and 3 using the commercial scented candle. It is rated the
blue color symbol the highest number of killed mosquitoes
(Culicidae) in ten (10) minutes.

Alternative Scented Candle

16

14

12

10

0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
2 mins. 4 mins. 6 mins. 8 mins. 10 mins.

Graph 2
The number of mosquitoes(Culicidae) killed in trials 1, 2
and 3 using the alternative scented candle with the extract
of neem(Azadirachtaindica)in ten (10) minutes. It shows that
blue bar represent the highest number of mosquitoes
(Culicidae)killed ten (10) minutes.

Control (Citronella)
7

0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

2 mins. 4 mins. 6 mins. 8 mins. 10 mins.

Graph 3

The number of mosquitoes(Culicidae) repelled in trials 1, 2

and 3 using the citronella scented candle. It is rated the
blue color symbol the highest number of killed mosquitoes
(Culicidae) in ten (10) minutes.
B. Discussion

Table-1. Shows the number of killed mosquitoes in

trial 1 using the commercial product. In this trial it
indicates the number of mosquitoes (Culicidae) and in
ten (10) minutes are twelve (12), twelve (12),
thirteen (13) with the average of twenty-eight point
thirty-three (28.33).

Table-2. Shows the number of killed mosquitoes in

trial 1 using the alternative scented candle. In this
trial it indicates the number of mosquitoes
(Culicidae) and in ten (10) minutes are seven (7)),
nine (9), fourteen (14) with the average of ten (10).

Table-3. Shows the number of repelled mosquitoes in

trial 1 using the citronella candle. In this trial it
indicates the number of mosquitoes (Culicidae) and in
ten (10) minutes are five (5), six (6), six (6) with
the average of five point sixty-six (5.66).

Table-4. Are the computed one-way analysis of

variance, it shows that there is significant
difference between the results of commercial brand,
alternative scented candle and the controlled.
 Chapter IV

Summary and Conclusions

A. Conclusion

The researchers concluded that the alternative

scented candle with extracted
neem(Azadirachtaindica)is more effective compared to
the commercial product and citronella oil candle. With
the use of one-way analysis of variance there is a
significant difference between the commercial product,
alternative scented candle and the citronella candle.
So therefore the researchers concluded that the null
hypotheses and the alternative hypotheses at

B. Recommendation

After conducting the experiment, the researchers

would like to recommend making different colors of
scented candles and as well as try other scents such
as lavender. Also the researchers would like to tests
its chemical components.

Chapter V
 Bibliography

Books:

J C Kurian, (2010). “Amazing Healing Plants”

Websites:

https://www.google.com/search?
q=neem+leaves+introduction&oq=neem+leaves+introduction
&aqs=chrome..69i57.10438j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

https://www.discoverneem.com/neem-tree-as-insect-
repellent.html

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-
entomologist/article/theory-of-olfaction-and-of-the-
action-of-mosquito-repellents/
53AD34AD32F805B597C5FA8041693089

https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/
10603/7852/9/09_chapter%202.pdf

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-
entomologist/article/theory-of-olfaction-and-of-the-
action-of-mosquito-repellents/
53AD34AD32F805B597C5FA8041693089

https://sites.google.com/site/candleformosquito/
chapter-1/e-review-of-related-literature

Chapter VI
 Appendices

Appendix A. Definition of terms:

Pesticide: pesticide a chemical substance used to kill

harmful insects, small animals, wild plants, and other
unwanted organisms.

Repellant: repellant a substance that deters insects

or other pests from approaching or settling.

Scented candles: Scented candles create pleasing

psychological effects from the ambient aroma of
fragrances

Paraffin: paraffin a flammable, whitish, translucent,

waxy solid consisting of a mixture of saturated
hydrocarbons, obtained by distillation from petroleum
or shale and used in candles, cosmetics, polishes, and
sealing and waterproofing compounds.

Citronella: citronella a fragrant natural oil used as

an insect repellent and in perfume and soap
manufacture.

Wick: wick a strip of porous material up which liquid

fuel is drawn by capillary action to the flame in a
candle, lamp, or lighter.

Pollutants: pollutants a substance that pollutes

something, especially water or the atmosphere.

WHO:World Health Organizationprimary role is to direct

international health within the United Nations' system
and to lead partners in global health responses.

Mosquito:  any of a family (Culicidae) of dipteran

flies with females that have a set of slender organs
in the proboscis adapted to puncture the skin of
animals and to suck their blood and that are in some
cases vectors of serious diseases.

Appendix B. Raw Data

Appendix C. Statistical computation

 Appendix C

Statistical computation

10.67+2

t=
√[ 24.67+2 1 1
3+3−2 3 3
+ ][ ]
4.67❑

t=
√[ 26.67
4 ]
[ 0.67 ]

4.67

t=√ [ 6.67 ] [ 0.67 ]

4.67

t=√ [ 4.47 ]

4.67
t=
2.11

t=2.213

The t-computed value of 2.213 is greater than the critical

value of 4.303 at 0.05 level of significance with 2 degrees
of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted in favor of the
research hypothesis which means that there is no significant
difference in the results of the two set-ups alternative
scented candle made from extracted
neem(Azadirachtaindica)and commercial scented candle.

10.67+5.67
 t=
√[ 24.67+0.67
3+3−2 ][ ]
1 1
+
3 3

t=
√[ 25.34
4 ]
[ 0.67 ]

t=√ [ 6.34 ] [ 0.67 ]

t=√ [ 4.25 ]

5
t=
2.06

t=2.427

The t-computed value of 2.427 is lower than the critical

value of 4.303 at 0.05 level of significance with 2 degrees
of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted in favor of the
research hypothesis which means that there is no significant
difference in the results of the two set-up alternative
scented candle from extracted neem(Azadirachtaindica) and
citronella scented candle.

Appendix D. Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to acknowledge this people

who helped us and exerted their time and effort. Deepest
appreciation and heartfelt gratitude are extended to the
following:
To Mr. Heriberto C. Bacud our research teacher and
consultant, guiding us throughout our journey and for
supporting us.

To Mr. Rey Carino who helped us in checking the appropriate

statistical.

To our parents, Mr. and Mrs. Durante, Mr. and Mrs. Leus, and
Mr. and Mrs. Avila for their financial and moral support.

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Andrea May O. Leus

Nickname: Deng

Age: 17

Birthdate: May 23, 2003

Address: GingaroyTigaonCamarines Sur

School Last Attended: Tigaon Central Pilot School

Motto:” Every day is a second chance”

Hobby: Watching movies

Ambition: To become a Teacher

Parents

Mother: Eden O. Leus Occupation:

Father: Alfredo S. Leus Occupation:

Activities/Organization Participated grade 7-10

Yes-O camp (grade 8), STE Gift Giving (grade 7 and 10),
Coastal Clean-up Drive (grade 7), Mother Earth Day Activity
(grade 7), PamaskongHandog (grade 10), STE Open House
Exhibit (grade 8 and 10).

Message to Your Special Friend

To all my classmates, I would like to say thank you and

sorry to all of you. My High School life won’t be this
exciting and enjoying without you. Thank you my dear
classmate for the great moments I have shared with you.
Thank you for all your help and support, I really appreciate
it. You’re more than a high school classmate to me.

To my best friends, thank you for being my human diary.

Thanks for sharing an awesome and crazy friendship that
always makes me smile and never let me down.

To my Mama and Papa, thank you for everything. Without

you, I might not be the person I am today.

My Life in STE (Science Technology and Engineering)

This program taught me so many things. I learned to try

new things. It may be hard sometimes but in the end it is
worth it. Struggle is real but worth remembering. To all the
teachers and advisers thank you for the knowledge you’ve
shared to us. Thank SRNHS especially to the STE Curriculum
for the wonderful years.