Person 1 (bagalan magsalita para umabot sa 2min na minimun time)

Good day Maam! Today we will discuss the basic water chemistry.

Our focus today is to discuss these following topics; The Water Molecule, The Water Cycle,
Drinking Water Contaminants, and lastly the Aggressive Water. Let’s get started.

The Building Blocks of Everything!

Atoms - are the smallest unique particle of matter. An atom is composed of a nucleus
surrounded by electrons in various orbitals. Nucleus – is a central concentration of mass
consisting of protons and neutrons. Electrons – is a negatively charged particles of
relatively low mass. Protons – on the other hand is positively charged particles of relatively
high mass. Lastly, Neutrons – particles with no charge but mass similar to that of protons.

Elements – all of the atoms are the same. Any substance that cannot be decomposed into
simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes. Elements are distinguished by their
number # of protons.

Molecule – are two or more atoms chemically joined. It is an aggregation of atomic nuclei
and electrons that is sufficiently stable to possess observable properties — and there are
few molecules that are more stable and difficult to decompose than H2O.

Compound - are two or more atoms of different elements chemically joined. Water, which
is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio two hydrogen atoms for every
oxygen atom, contains H2O molecules.

Mixture – are two or more elements or compounds not chemically joined. This are the one
product of a mechanical blending or mixing of chemical substances. The components of a
mixture each keep their original properties.

Water Structure – Water can either be called a molecule or a compound. It is known as H2O
because it has two hydrogen atoms bonded to a one oxygen atom. The water molecule
carries no net electric charge, its eight electrons are not distributed uniformly.

Electrons Shells - is the outside part of an atom around the atomic nucleus. The name for
electron shells comes from the Bohr model, in which groups of electrons were believed to
go around the nucleus at certain distances, so that their orbits formed "shells" The
outermost layer of the electron shell can hold 8 electrons, while the innermost layer of the
electron shell can hold 2 electrons.

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 Person 2 (bagalan magsalita para umabot sa 2min na minimun time)

Now we will discuss the different kinds of chemical bonding.

Ionic Bonds – are formed between a cat-ion, which is usually a metal, and an an-ion, which
is usually a non-metal. The attraction of oppositely charged atoms and the transfer of
electrons leads to the formation of an ionic compound. In this example, is the formation of a
Sodium Fluoride. It is an electrostatic attraction in which one element transfer an outer
electron to another with an available slot in its outer shell.
Next is
Covalent Bonds – this bond is also called a molecular bond. It is a chemical bond the
involves the sharing of electrons pairs between atoms. Covalent bonds form when atoms
have similar tendency to gain electrons.

Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms “share” electrons.

Hydrogen has only one electron, while Oxygen has eight electrons (2 in the inner shell and
6 in the outer shell). Sharing of electrons forms a new bond.

Water Molecules are Polar

The shared electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom. This gives oxygen a slight
negative charge and each hydrogen a slight positive charge. As seen on this example.
Polar molecules tend to line up with each other. The hydrogen (positive) end of one water
molecule will bond with the oxygen (negative) end of another water molecule and that
positive end to the negative end of another molecule.

So why do we care if a bond is Ionic or Covalent?

- The physical and chemical properties of a compound depend on the character of the
bonds. The importance is the solubility of many constituents in water. Water is a
Polar covalent solvent.

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 Person 3 (bagalan magsalita para umabot sa 2min na minimun time)

Water plays a major role in our life thanks to its four important properties.
1. Adhesion and Cohesion,
2. Its Low Dense below 4-degree Celsius,
3. Being the “Universal Solvent” and,
4. Its High Specific Heat.

Cohesion – causes water molecules to be drawn together, which is why the drops of water
form beads on a smooth surface. It also produces surface tension, that is why we see some
insects and spiders that can walk on a pond’s surface. The water surface acts like an elastic
film that resists deformation when a small weight is placed on it. Cohesion is caused by
hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces.

Adhesion – it is an attraction between molecules of different substances. A strong adhesion

force causes the liquid to spread all over the surface.

Adhesion and cohesion are water properties that affect every water molecule on
Earth and also the interaction of water molecules with molecules of other substances.
Essentially, cohesion and adhesion are the "stickiness" that water molecules have for each
other and for other substances.

For you to remember it easily you can follow this simple rule,
Cohesion: Water is attracted to water, while
Adhesion: Water is attracted to other substances.

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 Person 4 (bagalan magsalita para umabot sa 2min na minimun time)

Next is the
Density of Water
Density is just the weight for a chosen amount (volume) of the material. A common
unit of measurement for water's density is gram per milliliter (1 g/ml) or 1 gram per cubic
centimeter (1 g/cm^3).
The density of water is roughly 1 gram per milliliter but, this changes with
temperature or if there are substances dissolved in it.
It is most dense at 4-degree Celsius, contracts until 4-degree Celsius, and it expands
from 4-degree Celsius to 0-degree Celsius. Ice is less dense than liquid water which is why
your ice cubes float in your glass.
The density of water
1. It prevents water from freezing from the bottom up. Water freezes from the top
down.
2. Ice forms on the surface first, the freezing of the water releases heat to the water
below creating insulation.Tthat is why we see ice to freeze from the top first.
3. It makes transition between season less abrupt. It helps regulate the rate at which
air changes temperature, which is why the temperature change between seasons is
gradual rather than sudden, especially near the oceans.

When water reaches 0-degree Celsius, water becomes locked into a crystalline lattice
(symmetrical three-dimensional structural arrangements of atoms, ions or molecules) with
each molecule bonded to the maximum of four partners.
As soon as ice starts to melt, some of the hydrogen bonds break and some water molecules
can slip closer together than they can while in the ice state. Ice is about 10% less dense
than water at 4-degree Celsius.

As we can see in the picture,

In the ice state, the hydrogen bonds are more stable because it turns into a solid
water. While, in the liquid water, the hydrogen bonds constantly keep breaking and re-
forming.

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 Person 5 (bagalan magsalita para umabot sa 2min na minimun time)

Specific Heat of Water

The specific heat is the amount of energy that is needed to increase the temperature
of an element. Water has a really high specific heat capacity (4.184 joules per gram degree
Celsius). It also takes a lot of energy for water to increase its temperature because of the
strong attraction between water molecules. The specific heat of water has a huge role to
play in the Earth's climate and helps determine the habitability of many places around the
globe.

The Universal Solvent

We need to take the statement “Water is the universal solvent” with a grain of salt.
It cannot dissolve everything, but it does dissolve more substances than any other liquid.
Water is known as the “universal solvent” but water is a poor solvent for nonpolar
compounds.
Whenever water goes, through the air, the ground, or in our bodies, water takes along
valuable chemicals, mineral, and nutrients.

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The Water Cycle

There are four main stages in the water cycle. They are evaporation, condensation,
precipitation and collection. Let's look at each of these stages.
Evaporation - This is when warmth from the sun causes water from oceans, lakes, streams,
ice and soils to rise into the air and turn into water vapor (gas). Water vapor droplets join
together to make clouds!
Condensation - This is when water vapor in the air cools down and turns back into liquid
water.
Precipitation - This is when water (in the form of rain, snow, hail or sleet) falls from clouds
in the sky.
Collection - This is when water that falls from the clouds as rain, snow, hail or sleet, collects
in the oceans, rivers, lakes, streams. Most will infiltrate (soak into) the ground and will
collect as underground water.

The water cycle is powered by the sun's energy and by gravity. The sun kickstarts
the whole cycle by heating all the Earth's water and making it evaporate. Gravity makes the
moisture fall back to Earth.

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 Person 6 (bagalan magsalita para umabot sa 2min na minimun time)

Sources of Drinking Water

There are two main sources of water: Surface water and Groundwater. Surface
Water is found in lakes, rivers, ponds, streams and reservoirs. Groundwater can be found in
dug wells, drilled wells, and springs.

Groundwater
What is groundwater?
It lies under the surface of the land, where it travels through and fills openings in the
rocks.
How is it transported below earth's surface?
Over time, water from rain and rivers migrates through the ground and is stored in
porous soils and rocks.
The rocks that store and transmit groundwater are called aquifers. Groundwater
must be pumped from an aquifer to the earth's surface for use.

Consumers receive their water from one of two sources: a private well, or a city
water system. A household well pumps groundwater for household use. The source of a city
water system may be either surface water or groundwater.

Groundwater Flow
There are two types of groundwater flow: Infiltration and Percolation.

Infiltration – it is a downward movement of water through the surface of the soil. It occurs
closer to the soil surface and near the plant’s root zones. It helps to replenishes soil
moisture deficiency. On the other hand,
Percolation – is a process of filtering infiltered water through soil particles and porous
materials. It occurs between unsaturated zone and the saturated zone of the soil. It helps to
replenishes underground aquifers.