DYEING OF

FABRICS.
AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT FOR
CLASS-12, CHEMISTRY.

Tagore public school

PREPARED BY:Varun Verma

TEACHERS NAME: Mrs. preeti Bhardwaj
Session : 2021-2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my class teacher Mrs. Preeti
Bhardwaj as well as our principal Mrs.
Kapila Indu who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic , which also helped me in doing a
lot of Research and i came to know about
so many new things I am really thankful to
them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.
 TAGORE PUBLIC SCHOOL , PALWAL
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that VARUN VERMA, a student of class XII O of
TAGORE PUBLIC SCHOOL has successfully completed his project
report in chemistry on the topic “ Dyeing of Fabrics....” for the partial
fulfillment of Chemistry Practical Exmanination as prescribed by the
CBSE in the year 2021 - 2022.

Signature of Chemistry Teacher

 CONTENTS

SL.N0. TOPIC
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. INTRODUCTION

3. TYPES OF DYES

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF
DYES.
5.
OBJECTIVES AND
REUIREMENTS
6. PROCEDURE
7. OBSERVATIONS
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
9. THANKYOU.
 INTRODUCTION
Dyes are coloured substances which can adhere
to the surface of materials and are used to give
colours to paper, food stuffs and various other
textiles such as cotton, wool, synthetic fibres,
silk, etc. Chemically a dye contains:
1)Some group which is responsible for the
colour of the dye.
2)Some group which makes the dye stick to the
fabric by formation of some salt.
The dyed fabrics appear to be coloured because
a particular dye absorbs radiations of some
specific wavelengths from the visible spectrum
of light. The remaining radiations of light are
reflected.
TYPES OF DYES.
1. Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such
as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dye
baths. Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt
formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the
fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibers. Most synthetic
food colors fall in this category.Examples of acid dye are Alizarine Pure
Blue B, Acid red 88 etc.
2. Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied
to acrylic fibers, but find some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic
acid is added to the dye bath to help the uptake of the dye onto the
fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.
3. Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or
slightly alkaline dye bath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of
either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather,
wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and
as biological stains.
4. Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the
dye against water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is very
important as different mordants can change the final color significantly.
Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large
literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important
mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for
wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are
especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant, potassium
dichromate, is applied as an after-treatment. It is important to note that
many mordants, particularly those in the heavy metal category, can be
hazardous to health and extreme care must be taken in using them.
5. Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres
directly. However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water-
soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco form, has an
 affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original
insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to indigo, the original vat dye.
6. Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to a substituent that is
capable of directly reacting with the fiber substrate. The covalent bonds
that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make them among the most
permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibacron
F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied
at room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for
dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the art studio.
7. Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose
acetate, and are water-insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the
presence of a dispersing agent and sold as a paste, or spray-dried and
sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye polyester, but they can also
be used to dye nylon, cellulose triacetate, and acrylic fibers. In some
cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 °C (266 °F) is required, and a
pressurized dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large
surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fiber. The
dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing
agent used during the grinding.
8. Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble Azo dye is produced
directly onto or within the fiber. This is achieved by treating a fiber with
both diazoic and coupling components. With suitable adjustment of
dyebath conditions the two components react to produce the required
insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final
color is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling
components. This method of dyeing cotton is declining in importance
due to the toxic nature of the chemicals used.
9. Sulfur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors.
Dyeing is effected by heating the fabric in a solution of an organic
compound, typically a nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide or polysulfide.
The organic compound reacts with the sulfide source to form dark colors
that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1, the largest selling dye by
volume, does not have a well defined chemical structure
CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE:
1. It must have a suitable colour.
2. It must be capable of being fixed to the
material.
3. When fixed, it must be fast enough to
detergents, soaps, water, dry cleaning
solvents, light and dil. Acids.
OBJECTIVE AND THEORY:
To dye wool and cotton clothes with malachite
green.
Requirements:
500 ml beakers, tripod stands, wire gauze, glass
rod, spatula, wool cloth, cotton cloth.
Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic
and malachite green.
Procedure:
1. PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
SOLUTION- Take about 0.5g of solid
Na2CO3 and dissolve it in 250ml of water.
2. PREPARATION OF TARTAREMETIC
SOLUTION- Take about 0.2g of
tartaremetic and dissolve in 100ml of
water by stirring with the help of a glass
rod.
3. PREPARATION OF TANNIC ACID
SOLUTION- Take 100ml of water and add
about 1g of tannic acid to it. Heat the
solution.
4. PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION- Take
about 0.1g of malachite green dye and
add to it 400ml of water. On warming a
clear solution of the dye results.
5. DYEING OF WOOL- Take about 200ml of
dye solution and dip it in the woolen cloth
 to be dyed. Boil the solution for about 2
minutes. After that remove the cloth and
wash it with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze
and keep it for drying.
6. DYEING OF COTTON- Cotton doesn’t
absorb malachite green readily. So it
requires the use of mordant. For dyeing a
cotton cloth, dip it in NA2CO3 solution for
about 10 minutes and then rinse with
water. Then put the water in hot tannic
acid solution for about 5 minutes. Now
take out the cloth from tannic acid
solution and keep it in tartaremedic
solution for about 5 minutes. Remove the
cloth and squeeze it with spatula to
remove the excess solution. Now place
the cloth in boiling solution of the dye for
about 2 minutes. Remove and wash the
 dyed cloth thoroughly with water,
squeeze and keep it for drying.

OBSERVATION:
1. The colour of the wool cloth dyed directly
by dipping in the hot solution of malachite
green is fast.
2. The colour of the cotton cloth dyed
indirectly by using mordant and then by
dipping in the hot solution of malachite
green is fast to washing and of high
intensity.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Practical chemistry by laxmi
publications.
2. Wikipedia
3. Google
4. Chemlab.com
5. Chemistry ncert book of class
12th.
6. Fellow students and teachers.