@RO]O@AH G^REAH RNZONV

KI.TNRAVA]AE MAE ]A]A

ROAP RAKB^]

JCRK^HAPO MAE IARAI]NROPAPO PAKTC KOE_AI AHKCEM

PICR EOHAO 7

^E]^I RAKB^] INROEF ( LATT_ PN]_A,241:)

TNEFAR^L TNEFF^EAAE B^AL AHT^IA]

MAE ZORFOE @C@CE^] COH (Z@C)

 ]NRLAMAT TNRAVA]AE RAKB^] RCE]CI (P_AEAW,241?)

MOP^P^E CHNL

AEOP LAR]AE]O 7 >1?01==42=

GOLAE JAMMOHHA 7 >1?01==41:

]LNRNPA KARFARN]L 7 >1?01==422

MCPNE TNEFAKT^ 7 RCLAEA ARO]CEAEF/ MOAE KA_A PARO

TRCFRAK P]^MO P1 TNEMOMOIAE ]A]A ROAP

JAI^H]AP ]NIEOI 

^EOZNRPO]AP ENFNRO KNMAE

2424
 IA]A TNEFAE]AR 

  Tugo mae syuiur pneuhos u`apiae inlamorat ]ulae _aef Kala Nsa atas bnriat mae ralkateya

snloeffa iako kasol mobnroiae insnkpatae uetui mapat kneynhnsaoiae `roto`ah gureah rnvonw

oeo.@roto`ah gureah rnvonw oeo iako buat uetui knkneulo pneynhnsaoae tufas pama kata iuhoal

Tnrawatae mae tata roas rakbut, snkcfa `roto`ah gureah rnvonw oeo mapat kneakbal wawasae mae
 pnefntaluae bafo para pnkba`a.

  Mahak pneuhosae `roto`ah gureah rnvonw oeo,iako tnetu tomai mapat kneynhnsaoiaeeya snemoro taepa

baetuae maro polai haoe.Chnl iarnea otu iako knefu`apiae tnrokaiasol inpama7 craef tua yaef snhahu

knemcaiae,tnkae tnkae yaef snhahu knkbnro muiuefae mae kneyukbaefiae

 poioraeeya mahak pnkbuatae `roto`ah gureah rnvonw oeo.

  Iako kneyamaro balwa `roto`ah gureah rnvonw oeo kasol gaul maro iata snkpurea mae.Chnl

iarnea otu mnefae snfaha inrnemalaae lato pneuhos knkoeta kaaj mae kneflarapiae irotoi mae sarae oeo

knkbaefue fuea pnrbaoiae mae pneynkpureaae inmnpaeeya

Knmae,Karnt 2424

  Tne

uhos
o
MAJ]AR OPO

oo
 BAB O

TNEMAL^H^AE

A. Hatar Bnhaiaef

@roto`ah Gcureah Rnvonw (@GR) knrupaiae suatu lah yaef pnetoef bafo kalasoswa,

iarnea knkpnrkumal mahak knkbalas oeto lasoh pnenhotoae yaef tnhal ama. ]nrmapat

 bnbnrapa lah pnetoef snbnhuk iota knrnvonw gureah, snpnrto knenkuiae gureah yaef snsuao mnefae

tcpoi yaef moaefiat, knkba`a insnhurulae maro oso gureah mae kne`cba uetui kneuhosiae

inkbaho mnefae balasa snemoro pnefnrtoae maro gureah tnrsnbut. Gureah knkohoio

 bnbnrapa `oro-`oro, snpnrto mobataso snsuao intnetuae yaef motntapiae chnl crfaeosaso yaef

knkuat gureah ohkoal9 knkohoio gumuh mae eaka pneuhos snrta ahakat nkaoh mae asah

crfaeosaso pneuhos, tnrmapat abstra`t yaef bnroso roefiasae maro oso gureah, oetrcmu`toce,

kntcmchcfo yaef mopaiao snbnhukeya mae kntcmchcfo yaef mousuhiae, okphnknetaso,

insokpuhae mae majtar pustaia.

Haefial pnetoef mahak knrnvonw snbual gureah, yaotu knefnkuiaiae bafoae

 pnemaluhuae, knefnkuiaiae bafoae mosiuso, knefnkuiaiae bafoae insokpuhae. Lah-lah yaef

pnrhu motakpohiae mahak `roto`ah gcureah rnvonw, yaotu knefuefiapiae bnbnrapa haemasae

tncro yaef mofueaiae chnl pnenhoto snbafao a`uae mahak pnenhotoaeeya mae tuguae apa yeaf oefoe

mo`apao, knefuefiapiae kntcmn yaef mofueaiae, subgni pnenhotoae, tnieoi 

 pnefukpuhae mata, ahat pnefukpuhae mata, mae aeahosos mata yaef mofueaiae, knefakboh lasoh

maro pnenhotoae yaef tnhal mohaiuiae mnefae knkbnroiae mnsiropso sn`ara soefiat, gnhas,

mae pamat snrta kneyokpuhiae oso maro gureah.

B. ]uguae Tneuhosae @roto`ah Gcureah Rnpcrt (@GR)

Knefirotoi Gureah (`roto`ah gcureah rnvonw) oeo mobuat snbafao sahal satu rnjnrneso ohku yaef

bnrkaejaat uetui kneakbal wawasae pneuhos kaupue pnkba`a mahak knefntaluo inhnbolae

mae iniuraefae suatu gureah, knegamo balae pnrtokbaefae, mae gufa kneynhnsaoiae

sahal satu tufas oemovomu kata iuhoal Tnrawatae mae ]ata Roas Rakbut mo

^eovnrsotas Enfnro Knmae.

@. Kaejaat Tneuhosae @roto`ah Gcureah Rnpcrt (@GR)

1.Knkbaetu pnkba`a knefntaluo fakbarae mae pneohaoae ukuk mae snbual gukah

atau lasoh iarya tuhos ohkoal haoeeya sn`ara roefias.

 0

2. Knefntaluo inhnbolae mae inhnkalae gureah yaef moirotoi.

0. Knefntaluo hatar bnhaiaef mae ahasae gureah tnrsnbut mobuat.

=. Knefntaluo iuahotas gukah

>. Knkbnro kasuiae inpama pneuhos gureah bnrupa irotoi mae sarae tnrlamap `ara

 pneuhosae, oso, maesubstaeso gureah.

 =

BAB OO
TNKBALAPAE
A. OEMNE]O]AP
G^REAH Gureah 1

 Eaka Gureah 7Jcrkuhaso mae iaraitnrostoi sakpc koeyai ahkcem

uetui rakbut Inroef

Nmoso ] nrbot 7-

Tnefaraef Artoinh 7 Lappy Pntya

Tnenrbot 7 n - g cureah

Icta ]nrbot 7 Pnkaraef

 Eckcr OPPE 7-

Gureah 2

 Eaka Gureah 7 Tnefarul pneffueaae bual ahpuiat mae vorfoe `c`ceut coh

(Z@C) tnrlamap pnrawatae rakbut rcetci 

Nmoso ] nrbot 7-

Tnefaraef Artoinh 7 Pyaleaz Rozia

Tnenrbot 7 ^ ET

Icta ] nrbot 7 T amaef

 Eckcr OPPE 7 2>=?-?<20

TNEMAL^H^AE
 Rakbut amahal kalicta sntoap kaeusoa, baoi waeota ataupue proa yaef larus mogafa
inoemalaeeya. Vaeota yaef knkohoio rakbut oemal aiae kneoefiatiae rasa pnr`aya moro,
inaeffueae, mae tnetueya pnscea in`aetoiae maro huar. Pnknetara proa yaef rakbuteya
oemal, hurus, mae takpai bnriohau aiae knkbnroiae insae rapo mae nhnfae (]raeffcec,
2446).

Baeyai jaitcr yaef knkbuat rakbut oemal knegamo rusai snintoia. Apahafo bafo
kasyaraiat yaef toeffah mo enfara bnroihok trcpos snpnrto Oemcensoa, soear katalaro amahal kusul
bafo sntoap lnhao rakbut Aema. Rakbut yaef insnroefae tnrinea soear katalaro aiae knefahako
ininroefae (]yas, 241=). Rakbut inroef amahal kasahal ihasoi yaef moahako chnl tua, kuma, proa,
waeota. Inamaae rakbut yaef inroef tnriamaef mosnrtao mnefae knefnkbaef, snloeffa
rakbut suhot uetui mouraoiae, in`uaho snbnhukeya tnhal mobasalo atau snlabos kaemo mnefae
kneffueaiae koeyai rakbut (Zae, 1?<:). Tneynbab utaka rakbut

>

inroef amahal soear katalaro, snmaefiae kneurut bnbnrapa artoinh rakbut inroef mopo`u
iarnea rnemaleya toefiat inhnkbabae rakbut (Zae, 1?<:)

Koeyai ahkcem knrupaiae nkchone yaef saefat baoi mae mofueaiae snbafao sahal lae
satu utaka maro hctoce, sakpc, mae prcmui pnrawatae tubul haoeeya (Aeota, 244<).
Koeyai ahkcem gufa saefat baoi uetui pnrawatae rakbut, tnrutaka bnrkaejaat mahak
 pnefcbatae mae pne`nfalae rakbut rcetci (]yas, 241=). Koeyai ahkcem knefaemuef
aetocisomae snpnrto votakoe N, asak stnarat mae asak chnat mae zat haoeeya yaef kakpu
kneutroso, knkpnrbaoio snh iuhot snloeffa kakpu kaefataso intckbn pama iuhot inpama mae
knhnkbabiae rakbut snloeffa mapat moatur mnefae kumal. Iaemuefae votakoe N snrta asak hnkai
snpnrto asak chnat, Cknfa-? mae Cknfa-: saefat knkbaetu mahak knkpnriuat aiar rakbut. Iaya
aiae asak hnkai pnetoef, iarbclomrat mae prctnoe mae knefaemuef votakoe mae koenrah yaef
toeffo (Wnnslae, 244?). ^raoae moatas knemcrcef pnenhoto uetui knhaiuiae Jcrkuhaso mae
iaraitnrostoi tnrlamap snmoaae sakpc koyai ahkcem mnefae bnrbafao icesnetraso
mofueaiae snbafao pnhnkbab uetui rakbut inroef.

KN]CMN

1. Tnefakbohae Pakpnh

Tnefakbohae sakpnh mohaiuiae sn`ara purpcsovn. Pakpnh yaef mofueaiae amahal

koeyai ahkcem yaef mopnrchnl maro Pwahayae Brastafo, Icta Knmae, Pukatnra ^tara, mnefae knrni
swnnt ahkcem coh nx Lnery Hakcttn.

2. Tnhaisaae Tnenhotoae

Kntcmn pnenhotoae oeo amahal nispnroknetah. Tnenhotoae mohaiuiae mo Habcratcrouk

^eovnrsotas Kushok Eusaetara Knmae. Tnenhotoae knhoputo jcrkuhaso snmoaae mae
 pnknroisaae kutu josoi snmoaae.

0. Ahat-ahat
 Ahat- ahat yaef mofueaiae mahak pnenhotoae oeo amahal spatnh, enra`a hostroi, `awae
 pcrsnhne, popnt tntns, pnegnpot tabuef, cbgni fnhas, pL kntnr (Laeea), ahat-ahat fnhas, pct
 phastoi, pneaefas aor, bataef pnefamui, mae ahat kcosturn `ln`inr (Arakc PF @ckpcenet O).
 =. Balae-balae

Balae-balae yaef mofueaiae mahak pnenhotoae oeo amahal koeyai ahkcem, iahouk lomrcisoma,
fhosnrch, ea `k`, eopafoe, asak asntat fhasoah mae aiuamns.

>. Tnkbuatae Pakpc Kneffueaiae koeyai ahkcem mahak bnrbafao icesnetraso

Kcmojoiaso jcrkuha mnefae kneakbaliae ickpcene yaotu lomrciso prcpoh kntoh

snhuhcsa, asak asntat, eopafoe mae parjuk mae kneflohaefiae chovn coh, `astcr coh mae
 pctasouk `arbceatn iarnea mahak pnenhotoae oeo laeya kneffueaiae balae masar
koeyai ahkcem snbafao pneffaeto `c`ceut coh.

Kneurut Mn Tchc (1??<), balae pnefnetah yaef mapat mofueaiae mahak snmoaae
sakpc yaotu eatrouk ihcroma, mnrovat snhuhcsa snpnrto iarbcisokntoh snhuhcsa, lomrciso prcpoh kntoh
snhuhcsa boasaeya mofueaiae sakpao 4- 14%, mae mahak pnenhotoae oeo mofueaiae 2% sntnhal
mohaiuiae cronetaso 4-2,>%. Lomrciso prcpoh kntoh snhuhcsa mapat kneoefiatiae

stabohotas josoi snmoaae sakpc, kne`optaiae talaeae mahak knefahor snloeffa sakpc kumal
mofueaiae mae knestabohiae busa snloeffa kneoefiatiae eohao nstntoia mae psoichcfos
icesukne. Eopafoe mofueaiae snbafao pnefawnt snbaeyai 4,4>-4,1>%, mae mahak pnenhotoae oeo
mofueaiae snbaeyai 4,1%.

Trcsnmur pnkbuatae sakpc

Mopaeasiae aiuamns pama sulu :4-644@, sngukhal 04 kh. Hahu mokasuiiae lomrciso
 prcpoh kntoh snhuhcsa snmoiot mnko snmoiot, sakboh moamui mnefae kafento` stornr (`akpurae A).
Motokbaef koeyai ahkcem mahak bnainr fhass hahu mopaeasiae pama sulu 64 c@. Mo wamal yaef haoe
mopaeasiae iahouk lomrcisoma pama sulu 0>c@. Hahu mo`akpuriae koeyai ahkcem mae iahouk
lomrcisoma yaef tnhal mopaeasiae. Amui tnrus loeffa tnrbnetui sabue atau iora- iora ± 1 gak.
Motakbaliae fhosnrch mae eopafoe amui loeffa lckcfne. Hahu motakbaliae snmoiot aiuamns mae
moamui tnrus loeffa lckcfne. Hahu motakbaliae `akpurae A, moamui 

tnrus loeffa lckcfne. Hahu motakbaliae sosa aiuamns sakboh mturueiae sulueya. Motakbaliae
pnwaefo mae moamui lckcfne. Motakbaliae asak asntat fhasoah sakboh mo`ni 
 pL sakpao pL 6.

:. Tnknroisaae Kutu Josoi Pnmoaae

1. Tnknroisaae tnfaefae pnrkuiaae

]nfaefae pnrkuiaae sakpc mouiur mnefae kneffueaiae ]nesockntnr Mu Ecuy @ara7

Pnbaeyai 04 kh sakpc mokasuiiae in mahak `awae. Inkumoae `awae tnrsnbut mohntaiiae
pama knga pnefuiurae yaef molubuefiae mnefae snbual tlnrkcstat. Knga
 pnefuiurae moeaoiiae mnefae lato-lato sakpao `oe`oe tnrhntai mo tnefal-tnefal `aorae
inkumoae moiue`o. @aorae moboariae snbnetar uetui knkboariae pnrkuiaae tnrbnetui.
Pnirup pneurue knga pnefuiurae moputar mae mopnrtalaeiae afar pneuegui tntap tnrhntai moaetara
bafoae lotak maro `airak taema, snknetara snirup pama pneuegui siaha moputar 
 bnrhawaeae mnefae putarae garuk gak sakpao `oe`oe tnrhnpas maro pnrkuiaae harutae. Piaha
yaef motueguiiae pama ahat mo`atat (Kartoe, nt ah, 244<).

2. Tnknroisaae maya pnkbnrsol

Pnbaeyai ± > f pctcefae rakbut (± 6 `k) yaef tnhal bnrsol motokbaef, inkumoae mooiat,
moboariae rakbut tnrsnbut snhaka 0-= laro motnkpat tnrbuia, inkumoae motokbaef inkbaho. In
mahak bnainr fhass >44 kh mokasuiiae aor 244 kh, motakbal mnefae 1f sakpc mae amui,
pnhaepnhae sakpao lckcfne. Inkumoae mokasuiiae pctcefae rakbut yaef tnhal ictcr tnrsnbut,
amui snhaka = kneot. Tctcefae rakbut tnrsnbut moaefiat mnefae poesnt mae

m ob o ha s m n e f ae a o r s n m o i o t m n k o s n m oi o t. P nt n h a l o tu p c
  pn e f n ro e f ra k b u t , m a e m ot o k b a ef i n k b a h o. ^ e t u i s n to a p
t c ef a e r a k b u t m o i ro e f i a e m n e f ae
s a k p n h m o i nr ga i a e snb a e y a i 0 0 i a h o.

0. Tnknroisaae maya pnkbasal

Pnbaeyai 4,1 f sakpc motokbaef pama `awae pnefuap, inkumoae moharutiae mahak
aiuamns sn`uiupeya mae mokasuiiae in mahak habu tnetuiur >44 kh, hahu mone`nriae mnefae aor
suhoef sakpao faros taema. Harutae mopoemaliae in mahak fnhas uiur >44 kh. Moakboh ±
>,4 frak bneaef wcch yaef sumal mopctcef-pctcef mnefae paegaef ? oe`o mooiatiae in
 pnefaot (bnrateya 1,> f). Tnefaot mooiatiae in suatu bnbae popol (bnrateya 1,> f) mnefae
 baetuae bneaef snpaegaef µ oe`o (± 2 `k). Ptcp wat`l molomupiae saat bneaef wcch kneynetul
harutae mae mokatoiae saat uguef pnefaot kneynetul bnbae popol mo masar fnhas

uiur. Vaitu yaef tnr`atat moeyataiae snbafao maya pnkbasal harutae ugo. Tnknroisaae maya
 pnkbasal sntoap sakpnh mohaiuiae snbaeyai 0 iaho (Kartoe, nt ah, 244<).

=. Tnknroisaae maya pnkbusa mae instabohae busa

Pnbaeyai 1,4 f sakpc motokbaef pama `awae pnefuap mae moharutiae mahak aor suhoef
sn`uiupeya. Mokasuiiae in mahak habu tnetuiur 144 kh mae mo`uiupiae mnefae aor suhoef sakpao
faros taema, inkumoae harutae mopoemaliae in mahak fnhas uiur >44 kh. Hahu kuhut fnhas uiur
tnrsnbut motutup mae moic`ci snhaka 14 kneot. ]oeffo busa yaef tnrbnetui mouiur saat tutup mobuia
mae momoakiae snhaka > kneot. ^etui sntiap sakpnh mohaiuiae snbaeyai 0 iaho.

:. Tnknroisaae pL

Tnefuiurae pL snmoae mohaiuiae mnefae kneffueaiae pL kntnr. @ara7 Ahat tnrhnbol

maluhu moiahobraso mnefae kneffueaiae harutae mapar staemar entrah (pL 6,41) mae harutae mapar pL
asak (pL =,41) loeffa ahat kneueguiae larfa pL tnrsnbut. Inkumoae nhnitrcma
mo`u`o mnefae aiuamns, hahu moinroefiae mnefae tosu. Pakpnh mobuat mahak icesnetraso 1% yaotu
motokbaef 1 f snmoaae mae moharutiae mahak 144 kh aiuamns. Pntnhal otu nhnitrcma mo`nhupiae
mahak harutae tnrsnbut. Moboariae ahat kneueguiiae larfa pL sakpao icestae. Aefia yaef
motueguiiae pL kntnr knrupaiae pL snmoaae (Rawhoes, 2440).

6. Tnknroisaae bcbct gneos

Bcbct gneos mouiur mnefae kneffueaiae poieckntnr. @ara7 Mofueaiae poieckntnr yef

bnrsol, inroef. Moatur sulu zat ugo hnbol iuraef 24c@ mae kasuiiae in mahak
 poieckntnr. Atur sulu poieckntnr yaef tnhal mooso loeffa sulu 2>c@, buaef inhnbolae zat ugo

mae tokbaef. Moiuraefiae bcbct poieckntnr icscef maro bcbct poieckntnr yaef tnhal mooso.
<. Tnknroisaae vosicsotas

Tnknroisaae mohaiuiae mnefae kneffueaiae vosickntnr Brccijonhm. @ara7 Mosoapiae

snpnraefiat vosickntnr brccijonhm. Tasaef spoemhn :=. Hahu atur spnnm yaef mooefoeiae. Hahu
hntaiiae sakpnh mo bawal batas taema yaef ama pama spoemhn. Hahu lomupiae ahat mae `atat lasoh
yaef tnrholat pama ahat.

?. Tnknroisaae stabohotas snmoaae

Tnefakatae tnrlamap amaeya pnrubalae bnetui, warea, mae bau maro snmoaae sakpc
mohaiuiae tnrlamap kasoef-kasoef snmoaae snhaka pneyokpaeae pama sulu iakar pama : koeffu
(Iartoeoefsol, 244<).

0. LAPOH MAE TNKBALAPAE

1. Lasoh Tnkbuatae Pnmoaae Pakpc

Bnrmasariae jcrkuha pama ]abnh 1. yaef mofueaiae snbafao basos fnh amahal Ea
@K@. Tnkbuatae fnh mnefae basos Ea @K@ bnrjuefso snbafao balae pnefnetah, mnefae tuguae
uetui knkbnetui sostnk mospnrso ichcom mae kneoefiatiae vosicsotas. Mnefae amaeya
 Ea-@K@ oeo kaia partoinh-partoinh yaef tnrsuspneso aiae tnrpnraefiap mahak sostnk tnrsnbut atau
tntap toeffah motnkpateya mae tomai knefnemap chnl pnefarul faya fravotaso.
Tneakbalae ICL bnrsojat hnbol kumal harut mahak aor.

<

Tneakbalae ICL aiae bnpnefarul tnrlamap lasoh ugo pL, bcbct gneos mae iamar ahiaho
bnbas pama snmoaae sakpc. Asak asntat knkohoio `oro ilas aetara haoe tomai bnrwarea, mae
baueya ilas. Tneffueaae asak asntat mahak pneataae rakbut amahal knkbuat rakbut kumal mososor
mae moatur snrta uetui knefiohapiae rakbut. Baeyaieya iaemuefae aor mahak fnh bnrpctneso uetui
knemuiuef pnrtukbulae koirccrfaeoskn, lah tnrsnbut moiarneaiae taeakae knrupaiae eutroso
atau kaiaeae bafo koirccrfaeoskn. Pnhaoe otu, amaeya icetakoeaso sniuemnr kakpu
kneakbal icetakoeaso snmoaae snpnrto maro taefae mae hoefiuefae sniotar.

Tama jcrkuhaso pnrhu motakbaliae pnefawnt afar mapat kne`nfal mae kneflakbar 
 pnrtukbulae koirccrfaeoskn mahak pneffueaae haka. Tama jcrkuha oeo yaef mogamoiae snbafao
pnefawnt amahal eopafoe.

2. Lasoh Tnknroisaae Pakpc

 a. Lasoh pnknroisaae tnfaefae pnrkuiaae

Bnrmasariae ]abnh 0 mo bawal oeo, mapat moholat balwa snmoaae yaef mobuat mnefae
 balae masar koeyai ahkcem. Pakpc yaef mobuat maro koeyai ahkcem kneueguiae balwa
 pneurueae tnfaefae pnrkuiaae tnrgamo mnefae snkaioe kneoefiateya icesnetraso koeyai 
ahkcem yaef mofueaiae. Maro in > snmoaae yaef mobuat tnreyata snmoaae N yaef knkohoio tnfaefae
pnrkuiaae yaef hnbol rnemal boha mobaemoefiae mnefae snmoaae yaef haoeeya. Lah oeo kneueguiae
balwa snkaioe rnemal tnfaefae pnrkuiaae sakpc kaia sakpc tnrsnbut knkpueyao inkakpuae
yaef bnsar uetui knefaefiat ictcrae yaef ama mo iuhot inpaha mae rakbut snloeffa sakpc
tnrsnbut snkaioe baoi. Kneurut Iartoeoefsol (244<), tnfaefae
 pnrkuiaae mopnefarulo chnl surjaitae yaef mofueaiae. Pahal satu irotnroa sakpc yaef baoi amahal
mapat kneurueiae tnfaefae pnrkuiaae aor maro 6< myen/`k knegamo =4 myen/`k pama
rnetaef icesnetraso 4,1-4,2%, atau kaisokuk knkpueyao tnfaefae pnrkuiaae 26-=:
myen/`k pama icesnetraso 1%.

 b. Lasoh pnknroisaae maya pnkbnrsol

Lasoh pnknroisaae maya pnkbnrsol maro snmoaae sakpc yaef mobuat mapat
moholat pama ]abnh 0. Bnrmasariae ]abnh 0. mapat moholat balwa lasoh pnknroisaae maya
pnkbnrsol sakpc kneueguiiae balwa snmoaae N yaef knkohoio inkakpuae yaef hnbol
bnsar uetui kneflohaefiae ictcrae, snhaeguteya snmoaae M. Lah oeo
iarnea snmoaae N mae M knkohoio tnfaefae pnrkuiaae yaef rnemal mae
knefaemuef icesnetraso koeyai ahkcem yaef hnbol baeyai. Pojat mntnrfne oeo
tnrfaetuef pama paegaef raetao iarbce yaef mofueaiae.

Lckchcf rnemal snpnrto @12 (hauroh) mae @1= (korostoh) knkohoio sojat yaef hnbol
baoi mobaemoefiae mnefae lckchcf yaef hnbol toeffo snpnrto @1: (pahkotoh) mae @1<
(stnaroh) mahak lah knkbnroiae busa mae pnkbasal mnefae sojat pnkbnrsol yaef baoi,
knsiopue sulu rnemal. ]ntapo yaef patut mopnrlatoiae, pneflohaefae hnkai rakbut yaef
snkpurea mapat knraefsaef snirnso hnkai bnrhnbolae, hafopuha sntnhal tnrgamo pneflohaefae
hnkai, rakbut aiae knegamo inroef, kumal iusut, suiar moatur mae eakpai iusak (Motgne
TCK, 1?<>).

`. Lasoh pnknroisaae maya pnkbasal

Lasoh pnknroisaae maya pnkbasal maro snmoaae yaef mobuat mapat moholat pama
]abnh = balwa maya pnkbasal snmoaae sakpc yaef mobuat kneueguiiae eohao yaef
 bnrvaroaso, laeya snmoaae A hnbol rnemal boha mobaemoefiae mnefae snmoaae sakpc yaef
haoe. Lah oeo kuefioe mosnbabiae iarnea bnrbnmaeya icesnetraso koeyai ahkcem yaef
mofueaiae bnrbnma. Pnkaioe toeffo icesnetraso koeyai ahkcem yaef mofueaiae harutae
snkaioe pniat snloeffa waitu yaef mobutuliae uetui knkbasalo bneaef wch snkaioe haka.

Pnkaioe rnemal maya pnkbasal suatu sakpc kaia sakpc tnrsnbut snkaioe kumal
knkbasalo rakbut, snloeffa hnbol kumal bnricetai mnefae ictcrae yaef ama moiuhot inpaha
mae rakbut. Harutae surjaitae larus mapat knkbasalo ictcrae pama substrat mahak lah
oeo iuhot inpaha mae rakbut mnefae kneurueiae tnfaefae
 pnrkuiaae. Harutae surjaitae kneurueiae sumut icetai aetara pnrkuiaae mae `aorae
 pnkbasal mae knkoemaliae jasn umara pama pnrkuiaae mae kneffaetoiaeeya
mnefae suatu jasn `aor. Kchniuh-kchniuh umara mo sniotar rakbut aiae tnrfaetoiae chnl
harutae mntnrfne snloeffa aetarkuia rakbut mae harutae mntnrfne knegamo turue mae rakbut
tnrbasalo (Rcsne, 1?6<).

m. Lasoh pnknroisaae maya pnkbusa mae instabohae busa

Tama ]abnh >. mapat moholat balwa snmoaae sakpc yaef tnrbuat maro koeyai ahkcem
kneflasohiae busa. Vahaupue bnfotu snmoaae tnrsnbut knkohoio busa yaef staboh, Maro
in > snmoaae yaef mobuat snmoaae @ knkohoio busa yaef hnbol baeyai mae
staboh. Baeyai harutae-harutae yaef knefaemuef balae-balae aitoj pnrkuiaae yaef kneflasohiae
busa yaef staboh boha mo`akpur mnefae aor. Busa amahal suatu stuitur 
yaef rnhatoj staboh yaef tnrmoro maro iaetcefiaetcef umara tnrbuefius mahak haposae topos
`aorae, mospnrso fas mahak `aorae yaef molasohiae chnl suatu zat pnkbusa (Kartoe,
nt ah., 244<). Pojatmntnrfne yaef tnrutaka moinlnemaio uetui sakpc amahal inkakpuae
knkbaefiotiae busa.

Lasoh pnefuiurae toeffo busa kne`nrkoeiae inkakpuae suatu mntnrfne

uetui kneflasohiae busa. Tnefuiurae toeffo busa knrupaiae sahal satu `ara uetui 
 pnefnemahoae kutu suatu prcmui mntnrfne afar snmoaae knkohoio inkakpuae yaef snsuao
mahak kneflasohiae busa. ]omai ama syarat toeffo busa koeokuk atau kaisokuk
uetui suatu snmoaae sakpc, iarnea toeffo busa tomai kneueguiiae
inkakpuae mahak knkbnrsoliae. Lah oeo hnbol tnriaot pnrsnpso psoichcfos mae
nstntoia yaef mosuiao chnl icesukne. Tarakntnr toeffo busa saefat tnrfaetuef pama
surjaitae yaef mofueaiae, insamalae aor, sulu ruaef saat pnefuiurae, waitu
 pnemoakae, mae icesnetraso lomrciso prcpoh kntoh snhuhcsa mahak jcrkuha sakpc, yaef
 gufa bnrjuefso snbafao pnestaboh busa (Iartoeoefsol, 244<).

n. Lasoh pnknroisaae pL

Lasoh pnknroisaae pL maro snmoaae sakpc yaef mobuat mapat moholat pama
]abnh :. Bnrmasariae ]abnh 6, mapat moholat balwa pnknroisaae pL mnefae pL
kntnr kneueguiiae eohao pL yaef bnrvaroaso. Lah oeo kuefioe mosnbabiae chnl pneakbalae
asak asntat fhasoah yaef tomai saka. Eakue eohao pL kasol mapat motnroka mae snsuao

mnefae syarat snmoaae sakpc. Kneurut BTCK (2414), pnrsyaratae pL sakpc yaef
 baoi yaotu >,4-?,4. Rakbut yaef tnrinea harutae asak mnefae pL 1 aiae kneyusut

14

snmnkoioae rupa loeffa lae`ur. Pnbahoieya, rakbut yaef tnrinea harutae basa mnefae
 pL 1= aiae knefnkbaef snmnkoioae rupa snloeffa gufa knegamo lae`ur. Chnl snbab otu,
laeya mnragat inasakae mae inbasaae aetara pL 0-14 yaef akae mofueaiae uetui rakbut mae
iuhot inpaha (Baroqoea mae Omnawato, 2441).

Bnrmasariae ]abnh 6, lasoh pnknroisaae bcbct gneos kneueguiiae balwa

snmoaae sakpc yaef mobuat knkohoio eohao bcbct gneos yaef bnrvaroaso. Eakue, laeya snmoaae
B yaef tomai knkneulo syarat bcbct gneos snmoaae sakpc. Kneurut Ptaemar 
  Easoceah Oemcensoa (1?<4), pnrsyaratae bcbct gneos uetui snmoaae sakpc yaef baoi 
yaotu koeokah 1,42.

6. Lasoh pnknroisaae vosicsotas sakpc

Bnrmasariae ]abnh <, mapat moholat balwa snmoaae yaef mobuat kneueguiiae
vosicsotas yaef bnrvaroaso. Eohao vosicsotas maro snmoaae yaef mobuat knkohoio sojat ahor 
 psnumcphastos, yaotu vosicsotas kneurue mnefae kneoefiateya faya/fnraiae. Lah oeo snsuao
mnefae sojat Eatrouk @arbcxy Kntlyh @nhhuhcsn yaef mofueaiae. Eatrouk @arbcxy
Kntlyh @nhhuhcsn yaef knkpueyao sojat ahor psnumcphastos. mapat bnrjuefso snbafao
pnefnetah mae pnestaboh busa mnefae `ara fnhatoeaso.

Ptuitur Eatrouk @arbcxy Kntlyh @nhhuhcsn knefnetahiae mae knkpnriuat moemoef

snloeffa knkpnrhakbat in`npatae knefahor. Pnhaoe otu hnbol gnreol maro

snhuhcsa haoeeya. Inhnbolae haoe maro Eatrouk @arbcxy Kntlyh @nhhuhcsn amahal
sojateya yaef tomai tnrpnefarul chnl nhnitrchot, mapat tnr`akpuriae mnefae pnefawnt,
mae iosarae pLeya yaef huas.

INPOKT^HAE

1. Koeyai ahkcem mapat mojcrkuhasoiae knegamo snmoaaesakpc `aor yaef knkneulo irotnroa josoi
yaef snsuao mae njnitojotas.

2. ]omai ama pnefarul pnrbnmaae icesnetraso tnrlamap iaraitnrostoi josoi snmoaae snmoaae sakpc
yaef knefaemuef koeyai ahkcem snbafao pnhnkbab uetui rakbut inroef

TNEFAR^L TNEFF^EAAE B^AL AHT^IA] MAE ZORFOE @C@CE^] COH (Z@C)

]NRLAMAT TNRAVA]AE RAKB^] RCE]CI 

Tnemaluhuae

Rakbut knkpueyao pnrae pnetoef mahak inlomupae kaeusoa, baoi proa kaupue
waeota. Rakbut bnrjuefso uetui kneuegaef pneakpohae mae kneakbal in`aetoiae, gufa
 bnrjuefso snbafao pneflaefat mae pnhoemuef iuhot inpaha (Rcstakaohos mii, 244?). Rakbut snlat
knkohoio `oro-`oro tnbah, bnwarea lotak, bnriohau, tomai iusut, mae tomai rcetci knegamo inbutulae
snkua craef. Eakue mnkoioae tomai snkua craef knkohoio rakbut snlat, iarnea mapat mopnefarulo
chnl bnrbafao jaitcr yaef mapat kneynbabiae rakbut knegamo tomai snlat (
Rcstakaohos mii, 244?71>).

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 Rakbut yaef tomai snlat knkohoio `oro-`oro aetara haoe rakbut iusak atau tomai 
 bnriohau, rakbut iusut atau suhot moatur, rakbut bnrkoeyai, rakbut bnrubae bafo craef yaef kasol
kuma, rakbut bnr`abaef, rakbut kumal patal mae rakbut rcetci. @oro rakbut tomai 
snlat yaef tomai molarapiae chnl inbaeyaiae craef yaotu rakbut rcetci. Rakbut rcetci yaef
moahako mapat knkbuat snsncraef knegamo iuraef rasa pnr`aya moro uetui takpoh mo mnpae pubhoi.
Kneurut ]raeffcec (244670:) knegnhasiae balwa7 ‘rakbut rcetci knrupaiae lah yaef wagar
tnrgamo pama kaeusoa snhaka rakbut rcetci tnrsnbut tnrgamo sniotar =4-144 lnhao toap laroeya‛.
Rakbut inpaha yaef paegaef aiae hnbol baeyai rcetcieya mo baemoefiae
rakbut inpaha yaef pnemni mo iarneaiae rakbut inpaha yaef paegaef hnbol bnrat loeffa knefaiobatiae
taroiae pama rakbut yaef bnrhnbolae.

Tneynbab rakbut rcetci mapat mosnbabiae chnl strnss, kneficesukso cbatcbatae,

intomaisnokbaefae lcrkce, knecpausn, pnkaiaoae zat iokoa yaef bnrhnbolae pama iuhot inpaha
mae rakbut, intckbn, sahal mahak pneffueaae slakpcc, pnkaiaoae `atci mae laormrynr
yaef tnrhahu snroef (Rcstakaohos mii, 244<7=>). Rakbut rcetci boasaeya moahako chnl snsncraef
yaef knkohoio gneos rakbut inroef. Kneurut Mahokarta(1??<7?) ‘lah tnrsnbut moiarneaiae pneyaiot
mnjosoneso atau iniuraefae votakoe B ickphnis, votakoe @, zat bnso, zoe` (snef) mae soho`a.
Bnrmasariae pnemapat moatas apaboha inrcetciae rakbut sumal knhnbolo maro =4-144 pnrlaro,
kaia larus `npat mo waspamao afar icemoso rakbut tnrsnbut tomai bnrtakbal rcetci yaef bosa
knefaiobatiae inbctaiae (ahcpn`oa).

Amapue `ara knefataso rakbut rcetci amahal mnefae mapat knhaiuiae pnrawatae maro mahak
kaupue maro huar. Tnrawatae maro mahak yaotu kneficesukso kaiaeae atau koeukae yaef
knefaemuef snkua zat-zat atau votakoe snpnrto mnefae bual-bualae mae sayur-sayurae. Pnmaefiae
pnrawatae maro huar mapat mohaiuiae snlaro-laro, bnriaha mnefae kneffueaiae icskntoi yaef
snsuao uetui pnrawatae yaef mohaiuiae. Tama proesopeya icskntoi tnrinhckpci inpama
bnbnrap gneos, snpnrto moinkuiaiae Rcstakaohos mii (244>7 1=-1>) yaotu a) icskntoi
tramosoceah, yaef mapat mobuat snemoro mnefae balae ahako, b) icskntoi snko tramosoceah, bnrbalae
ahako motakbal balaebalae pnefawnt, `) icskntoi kcmnre, yaef moprcmuiso sn`ara pabroi
(habcratcrouk). Kneurut ]raeffcec (24467>) kneyataiae balwa ‘slakpcc amahal sahal satu
icskntoi pnkbnrsol rakbut mae iuhot inpaha maro snfaha ka`ak ictcrae, baoi yaef bnrupa mnbu, snh-
snh yaef kumal kato mae snbafaoeya‛. Pnsncraef yaef knefahako rakbut rcetci larus bnrlato-lato
mahak knkohol icskntoi yaef tnpat mae bnear. Iarnea iahau tomai tnpat mahak knkohol icskntoi aiae
knkbuat rakbut bnrtakbal rcetci.

@ara ahtnreatoj mahak kneffueaiae icskntoia tnrsnbut mapat mofaetoiae mnefae

kneffueaiae balae icskntoia ahako yaef knefaemuef iaemuefae yaef lakpor saka
mnefae balae icskntoia pabroi afar knkohoi kaejaat yaef taepa kneokbuhiae
njni sakpoef. Pngahae mnefae lah tnrsnbut, icesnp lomup ba`i tc eaturn (inkbaho in ahak) kuhao
mokoeato mae mo muiuef puha mnefa knhokpaleya iniayaae ahak mo Oemcensoa. Bpalae-balae ahako
tnrsnbut bnrjuefso pneyubur rakbut mae kne`nfal inrcetciae rakbut snpnrto gnrui eopos, maue
snhnmro, bual ahpuiat mae koeyai inpaha kureo (Z@C). Kneurut Ralkamaeo, Layatueeujus mae
_uhoaea(2412) kneyataiae balwa ‘gnrui eopos tnhal mo ugo mae motnhoto sn`ara iokoa knkohoio
uesur sneyawa yaef mapat kneffaetoiae juefso cbat iokoawo uetui knefataso intckbn mae rakbut
rcetci. Hoseawato, Rcstakaohos mae _uhoaea (2410) gufa knegnhasiae balwa ‘ maue snhnmro gufa
tnhal mougo mae motnhoto uetui rakbut inroef mae rcetci yaef baeyai knefaemuef koeyai asro mae
jhavcecom.

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 Bnrmasariae cbsnrvaso mae wawae`ara yaef tnhal pnenhoto haiuaiae snbnhukeya pama taeffah
04 Karnt 241< inpama sninhckpci waeota mo hoefiuefae Tarai Hawnl In`akatae Hubui
Bnfahuef yaef bnrusoa 1<-2> talue, pneuhos knenkuiae kasahal rakbut rcetci. Pnbaeyai 12
craef knefnhul rakbut rcetci hnbol maro =4-144 lnhao pnrlaro pama saat rakbut mososor. Maro lasoh
cbsnrvaso yaef pneuhos haiuiae motnkuo jaita balwa pnrkasahalae rakbut rcetci knrupaiae
pnrkasahalae yaef pahoef baeyai moinhuliae chnl waeota, pama ukukeya knrnia kneyataiae
balwa7 rakbut rcetci saefat kneffaeffu mahak knrnsaliae aiobat
inrcetciae mahak gukhal `uiup bnsar sntoap laroeya kne`apao hnbol iuraef <4 lnhao.
Pnhaeguteya apa saga yaef knefaiobatiae rakbut rcetci sn`ara bnrhnbolae mae waeota mo
hoefiuefae Tarai Hawnl In`akatae Hubui Bnfahuef kneyataiae balwa mo aiobatiae chnl
 bnbnrapa lah snpnrto, pnrawatae rakbut yaef kneffueaiae icskntoia yaef knefaemuef
 balae iokoa, pneffueaae logab yaef tnrhahu haka mae suia kneffaeto-faeto pcha rakbut mnefae
pnkaiaoae ahat `atci, `urhy, laormrynr mae haoehaoe.

Bnrmasariae hatar bnhaiaef mae pnefakatae pnenhoto kneueguiiae balwa baeyaieya

 pnrkasahalae rakbut rcetci yaef moahako chnl waeota mo hoefiuefae Tarai Hawnl
In`akatae Hubui Bnfahuef. Lah oeo moiarneaiae bnhuk mohaiuiae toemaiae mahak knefataso
kasahal rakbut rcetci kneffueaiae balae ahako snpnrto bual ahpuiae mae koeyai inhapa kureo
(Z@C). Chnl iarnea otu tuguae pnenhotoae bnrkaisum amahal a) uetui knefaeahosos
 pnefarul rakbut rcetci taepa kneffueaiae ahpuiat mae koeyai inhapa kureo (Z@C) yaef mo
akato maro gukhal lnhaoae rakbut yaef tnrtaroi. b) uetui knefaeahosos pnefarul
 pneffueaae bual ahpuiat uetui pnrawatae rakbut rcetci yaef mo akato maro gukhal lnhaoae rakbut
yaef mo taroi sntnhal pnrhaiuae. `) uetui knefaeahosos pnefarul pneffueaae koeyai inhapa kureo
(Z@C) uetui pnrawatae rakbut rcetci yaef mapat mo akato maro gukhal lnhaoae rakbut yaef mo taroi
sntnhal pnrhaiuae. m) uetui knefaeahosos pnefarul pneffueaae bual ahpuiat mae koeyai inhapa
kureo (Z@C) sn`ara bnrsaka uetui pnrawatae rakbut rcetci yaef mapat mo akato maro gukhal
lnhaoae rakbut yaef mo taroi sntnhal pnrhaiuae.

Kntcmn

Tnenhotoae oeo mohaiuiae mnefae kntcmn quaso nispnrokne. Kntcmn quaso nispnrokne

knrupaiae pnenhotoae yaef knemniato kntcmn nispnrokne sueffulae (Hujro, 24467:2).

Mnsaoe pnenhotoae yaef aiae mofueaiae yaotu Ecenquovahnet @cetrch Frcup Mnsaofe yaotu
knegnhasiae pnefarul pneffueaae bual ahpuiat mae vofoe `c`ceut coh (Z@C) tnrlamap
 pnrawatae rakbut rcetci. Pakpnh mahak pnenhotoae oeo mobafo knegamo = inhckpci yaotu icetrch
(\), inhckpci nispnrokne 1 (\), inhckpci nispnrokne 2 (\) mae inhckpci nispnrokne
0 (\). Mahak pnrtaeyaae oeo pneuhos oefoe knholat pnefarul pnkaejaatae bual ahpuiat mae
vorfoe `c`ceut coh (Z@C) uetui knefataso rakbut rcetci. Cbgni pnenhotoae yaef aiae mofueaiae
mahak pnenhotoae oeo yaotu rakbut yaef ama mo inpaha mae gukhal lnhaoae rakbut yaef rcetci
sntnhal pnrhaiuae. ]nieoi Tnefakbohae mata pama pnenhotoae oeo knrupaiae mata proknr.
Mata proknr amahal mata yaef moakboh haefsuef taepa pnrnetara maro sukbnreya.

Lasoh mae Tnkbalasae

Lasoh pnenhotoae oeo kneueguiiae balwa toefiat inbnrlasohae pnrawatae rakbut
rcetci mnefae nkpat inhckpci pnrhaiuae yaef bnrbnma yaotu inhckpci icetrch (\c),
inhckpci pnrhaiuae pnrawatae kneffueaiae bual ahpuiat (\1), inhckpci pnrhaiuae
 pnrawatae kneffueaiae Z@C (\2) mae inhckpci pnrhaiuae pnrawatae kneffueaiae bual

10
ahpuiat mae Z@C (\ 0), yaef mohaiuiae mnefae ^go Aecva tnrmapat lasoh yaef sofeojoiae
mnefae lasoh Jlotuef  (=,462) ˀ J tabnh (1,<:). Pnhaeguteya mohaiuiae ^go Mue`ae mnefae lasoh tomai
tnrmapat pnrbnmaae yaef sofeojoiae aetara 0 inhckpci nispnrokne, tntapo tnrmapat
 pnrbnmaae yaef sofeojoiae tnrlamap inhckpci icetrch. Kneurut Tuspcenfcrc (2442711),
‘rakbut rcetci oahal bnriuraefeya rakbut tnrkoeah pama suatu manral yaef snlaruseya
 bnrakbut, mahak bnetui apapue mae mokaeapue asah kuha tnrgamoeya.

Mahak mueoa knmos atau inmcitnrae inrcetciae rakbut oeo moineah mnefae snbutae
‘njhuvouk‛. Pnmaefiae mahak mueoa in`aetoiae balasa uetui inrcetciae rakbut oeo moineah mnefae
laor hcss‛. ]raeffcec (1??2724) knegnhasiae,‘rakbut rcetci (Njhuvouk) amahal inlohaefae
rakbut tnrkoeah mahak bnetui apapue mokaeapue, asah kuha tnrgamoeya yaef
 bnriosar hnbol maro =4-144 lnhao pnr laro. Mapat tnrgamo mojus atau hciah. Inhaoeae sntnkpat mapat
bnrupa ueojciah atau kuhtojciah. Boha inrcetciae oeo bnrhagut mapat tnrgamo ahcpn`oa (inbctaiae)‛.
Bnrmasariae pnemapat ]raeffcec mo atas boha inrcetciae rakbut sumal knhnbolo maro 144
lnhao pnrlaro, kaia larus `npat mo waspamao afar icemoso rakbut tnrsnbut tomai bnrtakbal rcetci
yaef bosa knefaiobatiae inbctaiae (ahcpn`oa).

Tnkaejaatae pneffueaae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi) knrupaiae sahal satu gneos

 pnrawatae rakbut rcetci. Pnpnrto yaef moiataiae Eurhaoho (241071=) knegnhasiae balwa,‛
Kasinr (laor kasi) knrupaiae pnrawatae mnefae kneakbal eutroso pama rakbut mae iuhot
inpaha, knefuraefo strnss pama rakbut snrta iuhot inpaha mae knkohoio tuguae aetara haoe (a)
knefcbato inrusaiae rakbut yaef tnrgamo pama haposae icrtnis, (b) knefuraefo strnss pama rakbut
snrta iuhot inpaha, (`) knknholara inhnkbabae rakbut, (m) kneutroso rakbut inroef, (n) knkuholiae
snrta knkpnrbaoio icemoso rakbut, (j) knefaefiat snh-snh iuhot kato mo iuhot inpaha knraefsaef
pnrtukbulae rakbut, (f) kneoefiatiae nhastosotas pama bataef rakbut, (l) knefuatiae aiar
rakbut‛. ]nrholat pama pnenhotoae balwa tnrgamoeya pneoefiatae inbnrlasohae gukhal
inrcetciae rakbut sntnhal mobnro pnrawatae kneffueaiae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi) bual
ahpuiat mae Z@C.

Lah oeo mapat mosnbabiae iaemuefae balae iokoa yaef tnrmapat pama bual ahpuiat mae

Z@C. Bual ahpuiat knrupaiae bual yaef saefat bnrfozo, knefaemuef 0-04 pnrsne koeyai mnefae
ickpcsoso yaef saka mnefae koeyai zaotue mae baeyai knefaemuef votakoe B
(Aemo,2410). Bual ahpuiat gufa knefaemuef asak hnkai tai gneul tueffah (asak chnat). Asak
chnat bnrjuefso knkpnrhakbat inrcetciae mae knkpnr`npat pnrtukbulae rakbut. Pnmaefiae
Zorfoe @c`ceut Coh (Z@C) atau koeyai inhapa kureo tnrsusue atas sneyawa crfaeoi
`akpurae nstnr mae fnhosch, asak hnkai.Kneurut lasoh pnenhotoae asak hnkai tomai 
 gneul knrupaiae uesur-uesur nsnesoah uetui pnrawatae iuhot, tnrkasui iuhot inpaha iarnea mapat
bninrga snbafao pnhnkbut (nkchonet) pama iuhot inpaha mae rakbut.

Koeyai inhapa kakpu knefuraefo inlohaefae prctnoe pama rakbut rusai kaupue rakbut
yaef tomai rusai snloeffa knkbnroiae pneakpohae rakbut yaef snlat mae tomai inroef
(Ahksyal, 244>). Koeyai inhapa kureo atau Z@C gufa bosa snbafao pneynburae
rakbut yaef staboh mae mapat knefuraefo inrcetciae pama rakbut. Bnrmasariae aeahosos yaef tnhal
mohaiuiae, kaia pnrawatae rakbut rcetci taepa pnkaejaatae bual ahpuiat mae Z@C
 pama inhckpci icetrch yaef moeohao maro gukhal rakbut yaef rcetci tomai kneueguiae
 pnrubalae yaef sofeojoiae pama pnrawatae rakbut rcetci, yaotu sicr gukhal rakbut rcetci tomai ama
pnrubalae maro pnrhaiuae pnrtaka loeffa pnrhaiuae tnrailor mnefae sicr rata-rata
<4,>4. pama pnrawatae rakbut rcetci kneffueaiae bual ahpuiat yaef moeohao maro gukhal

1=

inrcetciae pama rakbut mapat moeohao maro lasoh mnsiropso mata yaef kneyataiae sicr tnrtoeffo
mopnrchnl molaro tnrailor pnrhaiuae yaotu pama sicr rata-rata :4,>4, pama pnrawatae rakbut rcetci
kneffueaiae Z@C yaef moeohao maro gukhal inrcetciae pama rakbut mapat moeohao maro lasoh
mnsiropso mata yaef kneyataiae sicr tnrtoeffo mopnrchnl molaro tnrailor pnrhaiuae yaotu pama sicr
rata-rata ><,<0, mae pnrawatae rakbut rcetci kneffueaiae bual ahpuiat mae Z@C yaef moeohao maro
gukhal inrcetciae pama rakbut mapat moeohao maro lasoh mnsiropso mata yaef kneyataiae sicr tnrtoeffo
mopnrchnl molaro tnrailor pnrhaiuae yaotu pama sicr rata-rata
><,:6.

Pokpuhae

Tnrawatae rakbut rcetci taepa pneffueaae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi) bual ahpuiat mae
Z@C pama inhckpci icetrch (\4) tomai ama pnrubalae yaef sofeojoiae, moholat maro lasoh chalae
mata kuhao maro pnrhaiuae pnrtaka (prntnst) kneueguiiae rata-rata <: loeffa
 pnrhaiuae in 12 (pcsttnst) kneueguiiae rata-rata <4,>4. Tnrawatae rakbut rcetci mnefae
kneffueaiae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi) bual ahpuiat pama inhckpci nispnrokne 1 (\1) mnefae
jrniuneso 2 iaho 6 laro tnrmapat pnrbnmaae yaef sofeojoiae, moholat maro chalae mata

kuhao maro pnrhaiuae pnrtaka (prntnst <:,6) loeffa pnrhaiuae 12 (pcsttnst :4,>4), pama
oemoiatcr inrcetciae rakbut tnrmapat pnrubalae yaef sofeojoiae. Maro lasoh chalae mata pama
inhckpci nispnrokne 1 kneueguiiae rata-rata prntnst <:,6 knegamo pcsttnst :4,>4.

Tnrawatae rakbut rcetci mnefae kneffueaiae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi) Z@C
 pama inhckpci nispnrokne 2 (\2) mnefae jrniuneso 2 iaho 6 laro tnrmapat pnrbnmaae yaef
sofeojoiae, moholat maro chalae mata kuhao maro pnrhaiuae pnrtaka (prntnst <6,0) loeffa
 pnrhaiuae 12 (pcsttnst ><,<0), pama oemoiatcr inrcetciae rakbut tnrmapat pnrubalae yaef
sofeojoiae. Maro lasoh chalae mata pama inhckpci nispnrokne 2 kneueguiiae rata-rata prntnst
<6,0 knegamo pcsttnst ><,<0. Tnrawatae rakbut rcetci mnefae kneffueaiae kasinr rakbut (laor
kasi) bual ahpuiat mae Z@C pama inhckpci nispnrokne 0 (\0) mnefae jrniuneso 2 iaho 6 laro
tnrmapat pnrbnmaae yaef sofeojoiae, moholat maro chalae mata kuhao maro pnrhaiuae

 pnrtaka (prntnst <6) loeffa pnrhaiuae 12 (pcsttnst ><,:6), pama oemoiatcr inrcetciae rakbut tnrmapat
pnrubalae yaef sofeojoiae. Maro lasoh chalae mata pama inhckpci nispnrokne 0
kneueguiiae rata-rata prntnst <6 knegamo pcsttnst ><,:6.

]nrmapat pnrbnmaae rata ‐ rata innkpat inhckpci, mnefae lasoh chalae ugo mue`ae mapat
moholat pnrbaemoefae lasoh rata-rata pcsttns pama sntoap inhckpci yaotu inhckpci icetrch
knkohoio rata-rata pcstnst (<4,>4), inhckpci nispnrokne 1 knkohoio rata-rata pcstnst (:4,>4),
inhckpci nispnrokne 2 knkohoio rata-rata pcstnst (><,<0), mae inhckpci nispnrokne 0
knkohoio rata-rata pcsttnst (><,:6). Maro innkpat pnrbaemoefae rata-rata
 pcsttnst innkpat inhckpci mapat moholat inhckpci nispnrokne 0 knkohoio ratarata pcsttnst tnrbnsar
(><,:6) yaef bnrarto pneffueaae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi) bual ahpuiat mae Z@C hnbol njosone
mofueaiae mnefae jrniuneso pnkaiaoae 2 iaho 6 laro.
 1>

  BAB OOO

INHNBOLAE MAE INI^RAEFAE

1. INHNBOLAE

Inhnbolae gureah oeo amahal mahak pneuhosae balasaeya mapat mo palako mnefae kumal.

knenrapiae inrapolae iata yaef tnpat mae baiu. Mae snsuao mnefae inrapolae mahak

pneuhosae.

2. INI^RAEFAE

]omai kneynmoaiae ruaef bafo kasyaraiat uetui knkbnroiae rnspce.

]omai knemcrcef mohaiuiaeeya pnenhotoae haegutae. Inhnefiapae maro gureah

tomai mopneulu/iuraef hnefiap
 1:

  BAB OZ

TNE^]^T

A. INPOKT^HAE

Koeyai ahkcem mapat mojcrkuhasoiaeknegamosnmoaaesakpc`aor yaef

knkneuloirotnroajosoi yaef snsuao mae njnitojotas.

]omaiamapnefarulpnrbnmaaeicesnetrasotnrlamapiaraitnrostoijosoisnmoaaesnmoaaesakpc yaef

knefaemuefkoeyai ahkcem snbafaopnhnkbabuetuirakbutinroef

Tnrawataerakbutrcetcitaepapneffueaae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi) bualahpuiat mae Z@C

pama inhckpciicetrch (\4) tomaiamapnrubalae yaef sofeojoiae, moholatmarolasohchalae mata

kuhaomaropnrhaiuaepnrtaka (prntnst) kneueguiiae rata-rata <: loeffapnrhaiuaein 12 (pcsttnst)

kneueguiiae rata-rata <4,>4. Tnrawataerakbutrcetcimnefaekneffueaiae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi)

bualahpuiat pama inhckpcinispnrokne 1 (\1) mnefaejrniuneso 2 iaho 6 larotnrmapatpnrbnmaae yaef

sofeojoiae, moholatmarochalae mata kuhaomaropnrhaiuaepnrtaka (prntnst <:,6)

 loeffapnrhaiuae 12 (pcsttnst :4,>4), pama

oemoiatcrinrcetciaerakbuttnrmapatpnrubalae yaef sofeojoiae. Maro lasohchalae mata pama

inhckpcinispnrokne 1 kneueguiiae rata-rata prntnst <:,6 knegamopcsttnst :4,>4.

 Tnrawataerakbutrcetcimnefaekneffueaiae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi) Z@C pama

inhckpcinispnrokne 2 (\2) mnefaejrniuneso 2 iaho 6 larotnrmapatpnrbnmaae yaef sofeojoiae,

moholatmarochalae mata kuhaomaropnrhaiuaepnrtaka (prntnst <6,0) loeffapnrhaiuae 12 (pcsttnst

><,<0), pama oemoiatcrinrcetciaerakbuttnrmapatpnrubalae yaef sofeojoiae. Maro lasohchalae mata

pama inhckpcinispnrokne 2 kneueguiiae rata-rata prntnst <6,0 knegamopcsttnst ><,<0.

Tnrawataerakbutrcetcimnefaekneffueaiae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi) bualahpuiat mae Z@C

pama inhckpcinispnrokne 0 (\0) mnefaejrniuneso 2 iaho 6 larotnrmapatpnrbnmaae yaef sofeojoiae,

moholatmarochalae mata kuhaomaropnrhaiuaepnrtaka (prntnst <6) loeffapnrhaiuae 12 (pcsttnst ><,:6),

pama oemoiatcrinrcetciaerakbuttnrmapatpnrubalae yaef sofeojoiae. Maro lasohchalae mata pama

inhckpcinispnrokne 0 kneueguiiae rata-rata prntnst <6 knegamopcsttnst ><,:6.

16

]nrmapatpnrbnmaae rata ‐ rata innkpatinhckpci, mnefaelasohchalae ugo

mue`aemapatmoholatpnrbaemoefaelasoh rata-rata pcsttns pama

sntoapinhckpciyaotuinhckpciicetrchknkohoio rata-rata pcstnst (<4,>4),

inhckpcinispnrokne 1 knkohoio rata-rata pcstnst (:4,>4), inhckpcinispnrokne 2 knkohoio rata-

rata pcstnst (><,<0), mae inhckpcinispnrokne 0 knkohoio rata-rata pcsttnst (><,:6). Maro

innkpatpnrbaemoefae rata-rata pcsttnstinnkpatinhckpcimapatmoholatinhckpcinispnrokne 0

knkohoiorataratapcsttnsttnrbnsar (><,:6) yaef bnrartopneffueaae kasinr rakbut (laor kasi)

 bualahpuiat mae Z@C hnbolnjosonemofueaiaemnefaejrniunesopnkaiaoae 2 iaho 6 laro.

B. Parae

Afar iniuraefae yaef tnhal mohakporiae moatas mapat knegamo pnrbaoiae uetui nmoso

 gureah bnroiuteya.