positivism, interpretivism, rational choice theory, behaviouralism, structuralism, post-

structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism.

Teorias

- liberalism, political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual
to be the central problem of politics. Liberals typically believe that government is necessary to
protect individuals from being harmed by others, but they also recognize that government itself
can pose a threat to liberty. Laws, judges, and police are needed to secure the individual’s life
and liberty, but their coercive power may also be turned against him. The problem, then, is to
devise a system that gives government the power necessary to protect individual liberty but also
prevents those who govern from abusing that power.

- marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of

historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class
relations and social conflict as well as a dialectical perspective to view social
transformation.

- structuralism, in psychology, a systematic movement founded in Germany by Wilhelm Wundt

and mainly identified with Edward B. Titchener. Structuralism sought to analyze the adult mind
(defined as the sum total of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest
definable components and then to find the way in which these components fit together in
complex forms.

- Rationalist approaches argue that politics is essentially a matter of establishing laws and policies
whose authority is underwritten by some kind of reasoned argument. Such an argument might
reflect a set of shared metaphysical claims about how things in the world really are or, to the
contrary, might represent merely the fruits of an impartial, fair, and avowedly non-metaphysical
process of deliberation. But in either case, the goal is not mere agreement but rational
consensus. Efforts of this kind are thought by the rationalist to describe the basic intention of all
political activity; hence, to describe its fundamental, constitutive character.

- Positivism a theory that theology and metaphysics are earlier imperfect modes of knowledge
and that positive knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations
as verified by the empirical sciences. an approach to the study of society that relies specifically
on scientific evidence, such as experiments and statistics, to reveal a true nature of how society
operates

- Behaviouralism is an approach in political science which seeks to provide an objective,

quantified approach to explaining and predicting political behaviour. Its emergence in politics
coincides with the rise of the behavioural social sciences that were given shape after the natural
sciences. Behaviouralism is mainly concerned to examine the behaviour, actions, and acts of
individuals rather than the characteristics of institutions such as legislatures, executives, and
judiciaries individuals rather than the characteristics of institutions such as legislatures,
executives, and judiciaries.