1

Summary of differentiation rules

𝑑𝑓 ′ ′′
𝑑2 𝑓
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) → 𝑦 = → 𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Properties of differentiation Exponential function
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′(𝒙) 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒖 𝒚′ = 𝒂𝒖 . 𝒍𝒏𝒂 . 𝒖′
′
𝒚 = 𝒌 (𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕) 𝒚 = 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒖 𝒚′ = 𝒆𝒖 . 𝒖′
𝒚=𝒖±𝒗 𝒚′ = 𝒖′ + 𝒗′
𝒚 = 𝒖. 𝒗 𝒚′ = 𝒖′ 𝒗 + 𝒖𝒗′
𝒖 𝒖′ 𝒗 − 𝒗′𝒖 Logarithmic function
𝒚=𝒗 𝒚′ =
𝒗𝟐 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒖 𝟏
𝒚′ = . 𝒖′
𝒖 . 𝒍𝒏𝒂
Power function 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒖 𝟏
𝒏 𝒚′ = . 𝒖′
𝒚=𝒖 𝒚’ = 𝒏 𝒖𝒏−𝟏 . 𝒖’ 𝒖
Inverse of trigonometric function
Trigonometric function 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒖 𝟏
𝒚′ = . 𝒖′
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 ′
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖 . 𝒖′ √𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒖 −𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖 𝒚′ = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝒚′ = . 𝒖′
√𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖 𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒖
𝒚. = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒖 𝒚′ = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝒚′ = . 𝒖′
𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖 𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖 . 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒖 −𝟏
𝒚′ = . 𝒖′
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖 𝒚′ = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖 . 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒖 𝟏
𝒚′ = . 𝒖′
Inverse of hyperbolic function |𝒖|√𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄−𝟏 𝒖 −𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉−𝟏 𝒖 𝟏 𝒚′ = . 𝒖′
𝒚′ = . 𝒖′ |𝒖|√𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
√𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
𝟏 hyperbolic function
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉−𝟏 𝒖 ′
𝒚 = . 𝒖′
√𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒖 𝒚′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 . 𝒖′
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉−𝟏 𝒖 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒖 𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒖 . 𝒖′
𝒚′ = . 𝒖′
𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝒖 𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖 . 𝒖′
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉−𝟏 𝒖 𝟏
𝒚′ = . 𝒖′ 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒖 𝒚′ = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖 . 𝒖′
𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉−𝟏 𝒖 −𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒖 𝒚′ = −𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒖 . 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝒖 . 𝒖′
𝒚′ = . 𝒖′ 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒖 𝒚′ = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒖 . 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒖 . 𝒖′
𝒖√𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉−𝟏 𝒖 −𝟏
𝒚′ = . 𝒖′
|𝒖|√𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
 2

Summary of integration Rules

Properties of integration trigonometric

∫ 𝒌 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖 + 𝒄

∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 + 𝒄
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) . 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ` ≠ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 . ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

∫
𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 ` ≠
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖 + 𝒄
𝒈(𝒙) ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒖 + 𝒄

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖 + 𝒄

Power function ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒖 . 𝒖′ 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖 + 𝒄

𝒙𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄 Extra
𝒏+𝟏

𝒏 ′
𝒖𝒏+𝟏 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑥 + 𝑐
∫ 𝒖 . 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝒏+𝟏
𝒖′ ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐√𝒖 + 𝒄
√𝒖
∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + 𝑐

Inverse trigonometric
Exponential and 𝒖′ 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
logarithmic √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒂
𝒂𝒖 𝒖′ 𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒂𝒖 𝒖′𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄 ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
𝒍𝒏𝒂 𝒂 +𝒖 𝒂 𝒂

∫ 𝒆𝒖 𝒖′ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝒄
Integration by parts
𝒖′
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒖 + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝒖
 3

Ordinary differential equations

First order differential equation

The general form of first order differential is
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
1) Separable differential equation:
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) can be separated as
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑦)
Then equation (2) can be written as
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑦) ⟹ = 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ℎ(𝑦)
Integrate the left hand side with respect to 𝑦 and the right hand side with
respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
ℎ(𝑦)
Solve the following differential equation:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
i) = 𝑒 3𝑥+2𝑦 ii) = 𝑒 −𝑦 (2𝑥 − 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

iii) (𝑦 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 iv) (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥(𝑦+1)
v) = (𝑥 2 +4)
vi) 𝑦 √2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 √4 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Answer
𝒅𝒚 𝑑𝑦
i) = 𝒆𝟑𝒙+𝟐𝒚 → = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥
Then,
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦
−2𝑦 3𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑒 3𝑥
∫𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 → = + 𝑐.
−2 3
 4
𝒅𝒚
ii) = 𝒆−𝒚 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒)
𝒅𝒙

→ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(2𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥 → 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑐.

iii) (𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒆𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝒆𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

cos 𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ÷ 𝑒 𝑦 cos 𝑥
(𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑦 ) sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦 cos 𝑥
𝑫 𝑰 (𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑦 ) sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒𝑦 cos 𝑥
1 −𝑒 −𝑦 −sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
0 𝑒 −𝑦
−𝑦 𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑦 = − ln cos 𝑥 + 𝑐.

iv) (𝟏 + 𝒆𝒙 )𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝒅𝒙 ÷ sin 𝑦 (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )

cos 𝑦 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑦 1 + 𝑒𝑥
cos 𝑦 𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑦 1 + 𝑒𝑥
ln sin 𝑦 = ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐.
𝒅𝒚 𝒙(𝒚+𝟏)
v) = (𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)
÷ ( 𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒙

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+1 𝑥 +4
𝑑𝑦 1 𝟐𝑥
∫ = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+1 𝟐 𝑥 +4
1
ln(𝑦 + 1) = ln(𝑥 2 + 4) + 𝑐.
2
vi) 𝒚 √𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙 √𝟒 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 𝑦 2 √2𝑥 2 + 3
 5
1 (−𝟐)𝑦 1 (𝟒)𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
−𝟐 √4 − 𝑦 2 𝟒 √2𝑥 2 + 3
1 1
− 2√4 − 𝑦 2 = 2√2𝑥 2 + 3 + 𝑐.
2 4

2) Homogeneous function:
If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous of degree zero such as
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = , 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = , 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ,
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

𝑦 𝑦
cos , 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)=𝑓 ( ) … … .. etc,
𝑥 𝑥

Then, we can consider the substitution 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 → 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⟹ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solve the following differential equation:
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
i) (𝑦 + 𝑥 cot 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 ii)
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥−𝑦
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦+3𝑦 2
iii) (𝑥 sin − 𝑦 cos ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑦 = 0 iv) =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦

Answer

𝒚 𝑦
i) (𝒚 + 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 → ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔 (cot )
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⟹ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
(𝑦 + 𝑥 cot ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ÷ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
( + cot ) = → = ( + cot )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 + cot 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = cot 𝑣 → tan 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
 6
𝑦
ln sec 𝑣 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐 , (𝑣 = )
𝑥
𝑦
ln (sec ) = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
ii)
𝒅𝒙
=
𝒙−𝒚
𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥
= ÷
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1+
= 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑦
𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑣= ⟹ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣 1 + 𝑣 − 𝑣 + 𝑣2
𝑥 = −𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑣 1−𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣2
𝑥 = (𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑣
1−𝑣 𝑑𝑥
=
1 + 𝑣2 𝑥
1 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑣 − ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
1 + 𝑣2 1 + 𝑣2 𝑥
1
tan−1 𝑣 − ln(1 + 𝑣 2 ) = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
2
𝑦 1 𝑦
tan−1 − ln (1 + 2 ) = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝑥 2 𝑥
𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 𝑦
iii) (𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑥 sin − 𝑦 cos ) 𝑑𝑥 ÷ 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
 7

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= − tan +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑣= ⟹ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = − tan 𝑣 + 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = − tan 𝑣 → cot 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ cot 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫
𝑥
ln sin 𝑣 = − ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦
ln (sin ) = − ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙𝒚+𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝑥2
iv) = 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔 ÷
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝑥2

𝑦 𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 2
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1+2
𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑣= ⟹ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 + 3𝑣 2
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑣
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 + 3𝑣 2 2𝑣 + 3𝑣 2 − 𝑣 − 2𝑣 2
𝑥 = −𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑣 1 + 2𝑣
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 + 𝑣 2
𝑥 = (𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑣
1 + 2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑣 + 𝑣2 𝑥
 8

1 + 2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
𝑣 + 𝑣2 𝑥

ln(𝑣 + 𝑣 2 ) = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 𝑦2
ln ( + 2 ) = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝑥 𝑥

3) Linear differential equation:

The linear equation form:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 coefficient of is 1
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
a) 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝜇 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
b) 𝜇 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄 . 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

Solve the following differential equation:

𝑑𝑦
i) cos 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 ii) 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
sin 2𝑥
iii) 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 − tan−1 𝑥 = 0 iv) 𝑥𝑦 ′ = −3𝑦 +
𝑥

Answer

i) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ÷ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑝(𝑥) = sec 𝑥

1 𝑄(𝑥) = tan 𝑥
𝑦′ + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′ + sec 𝑥 . 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝜇 = 𝑒 ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ln(sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥

𝜇 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄 . 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
 9

(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ) 𝑦 = ∫ tan 𝑥 . (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sec 𝑥 + ∫ sec 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

Then, the soln is (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ) 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝒅𝒚
ii) 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 ÷ 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 1
𝒅𝒙 𝑝(𝑥) =
𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 2 𝑄(𝑥) =
2
+ 𝑦= 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑥
1
1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜇 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∫ ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln(ln 𝑥) = ln 𝑥

𝜇 . 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

2 2(ln 𝑥 )2
ln 𝑥 . 𝑦 = ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑥 2

ln 𝑥 . 𝑦 = (ln 𝑥 )2 + 𝑐.

iii) 𝒙𝒚′ + 𝒚 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟎 ÷𝒙

′
1 tan−1 𝑥 𝑝(𝑥) =
1
𝑦 + 𝑦= 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑄(𝑥) = tan−1 𝑥
1
∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜇= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥

𝜇 . 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
 10

𝑥 tan−1 𝑥
𝑥. 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

By parts 𝑢 = tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
𝑥
∫ tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
1
𝑥. 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐.
2
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
iv) 𝒙𝒚′ = −𝟑𝒚 + ÷𝒙
𝒙 3
𝑝(𝑥) =
3 sin 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑦′ + 𝑦= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑄(𝑥) =
𝑥2
3 3
∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜇= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 =𝑒 = 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 3

𝜇 . 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

sin 2𝑥 3
𝑥3. 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
By parts
D I
𝑥 sin 2𝑥
1 1 1
1
− cos 2𝑥 𝑥 3 . 𝑦 = − 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 4
2
0 1
− sin 2𝑥
4
 11

4) Bernoulli differential equation:

The general form: 𝑑𝑦
coefficient of is 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 (1) ÷ 𝑦𝑛 𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖 → 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑥
is called Bernoulli differential equation.
To find the solution of this equation, first divide by 𝑦 𝑛 ,
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑄(𝑥) (2)
𝑑𝑥
Next, let
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦1−𝑛 ⟹ = (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substitute in (2)
1 𝑑𝑧
+ 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑧 = 𝑄(𝑥)
(1 − 𝑛) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
⟹ + (1 − 𝑛) 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑧 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄(𝑥) → (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 )
𝑑𝑥
Solve the following differential equations:
𝑑𝑦
a. 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 3 b. 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
c. 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 6 cos 𝑥 d. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2𝑦 4
𝑑𝑥
Answer
𝒅𝒚
a. 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒚𝟑 ÷ 𝑥𝑦 3
𝒅𝒙

−3 ′
1 −2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦 =
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧
Let 𝑧 = 𝑦 −2 → = −2𝑦 −3 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
1 𝑑𝑧 1 𝑒
− 𝑧= × −2
−2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 2 2𝑒 2𝑥
+ 𝑧=− (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 2
𝜇 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

𝜇. 𝑧 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝜇 𝑑𝑥
 12

2
2𝑒 2𝑥 2 D I
𝑥 𝑧 = ∫− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑒
1 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑦 −2 = −2(2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 2𝑥 ) + 𝑐 0 4𝑒 2𝑥

b. 𝒙𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 ÷ 𝑥𝑦 2
1 −1 ln 𝑥
𝑦 −2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 =
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧
Let 𝑧 = 𝑦 −1 → = −𝑦 −2 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 1 ln 𝑥
−
+ 𝑧=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 1 ln 𝑥
− 𝑧=− (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 −1
∫ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜇=𝑒 = 𝑒 − ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1

𝜇. 𝑧 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝜇 𝑑𝑥

ln 𝑥 −1
𝑥 −1 . 𝑧 = ∫ − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥 −2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=
𝑥 −1
∫ 𝑥 −2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = − ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 −1 + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥

−1
𝑥 −1
= − ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 + +𝑐
−1
The soln is 𝑥 −1 . 𝑦 −1 = − ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 −1 − 𝑥 −1 + 𝑐
c. 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝒙𝟒 𝒚′ = 𝒚𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 × −𝟏
𝑥 4 𝑦 ′ − 𝑥 3 𝑦 = −𝑦 6 cos 𝑥 ÷ 𝑥 4𝑦6
 13

1 cos 𝑥
𝑦 −6 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 −5 = − 4
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧
Let 𝑧 = 𝑦 −5 → = −5𝑦 −6 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑧 1 cos 𝑥
− 𝑧=− 4 × −5
−5 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 5 5 cos 𝑥
+ 𝑧= (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥4
5 5
∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜇= 𝑒 = 𝑒 5 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 5

𝜇. 𝑧 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝜇 𝑑𝑥

5 cos 𝑥 5 𝐷 I
5 −5
𝑥 𝑦 =∫ . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 𝑥 cos 𝑥

= 5 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 1 sin 𝑥

0 − cos 𝑥
The soln is 𝑥 5 𝑦 −5 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝒅𝒚
d. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚𝟒 ÷ cos 𝑥 . 𝑦 4
𝒅𝒙

−4 ′ −3
2
𝑦 𝑦 +𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑧
Let 𝑧 = 𝑦 −3 ⟹ = −3𝑦 −4 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑧
+ tan 𝑥 𝑧 = 2 sec 𝑥 × −3
−3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
− 3 tan 𝑥 𝑧 = −6 sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−3
𝜇 = 𝑒 ∫ −3 tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −3 ln sec 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln(sec 𝑥) = sec −3 𝑥

𝜇. 𝑧 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝜇 𝑑𝑥
 14

sec −3 𝑥 . 𝑧 = ∫ −6 sec 𝑥 sec −3 𝑥 = −6 ∫ sec −2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −6 ∫ cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 sin 2𝑥
= 6 ∫ (1 + cos 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 3 (𝑥 + )+𝑐
2 2
sin 2𝑥
The soln is sec −3 𝑥 . 𝑦 −3 = 3 (𝑥 + ) + 𝑐.
2
5) Exact differential equation:
The differential equation
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Is said to be exact if
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
The differential of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

If
𝑑𝑓 = 0 → 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Note:
𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
i) → 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝒙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝒚 𝒂𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
ii) → 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝒚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝒙 𝒂𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕
𝜕𝑦

Examples:
1) Show the equation
(2𝑥 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒 −2𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Is exact, and then solve it.
Ans.
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 3 , 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒 −2𝑦
Then
𝜕𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 3𝑦 2 , = 3𝑦 2 ⟹ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Then the equation is exact.
𝑑𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 → 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
 15

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= (2𝑥 + 𝑦3 ) , = (3𝑥𝑦2 − 𝑒−2𝑦 ) →
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫(2𝑥 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 𝑥 + 𝜙 (𝑦)

𝜕𝑓
= 3𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝜙 ′ (𝑦) = (3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒 −2𝑦 ) →
𝜕𝑦
′( −2𝑦
𝑒 −2𝑦
𝜙 𝑦) = 𝑒 → 𝜙(𝑦) =
−2
2 3 𝑒 −2𝑦
Then the soln is 𝑓 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
−2
2) Show the equation
𝑦 𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 + ln 𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + ( + ln 𝑥 + sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
Is exact, and then solve it.
Ans.
𝑦 𝑥
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 + ln 𝑦 + , 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = + ln 𝑥 + sin 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦

𝜕𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 1 1 𝜕𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) 1 1 𝜕𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)

= + , = + ⟹ =
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 → 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝜕𝑓 𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + ln 𝑦 + , = ( + ln 𝑥 + sin 𝑦) →
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦
𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + ln 𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑦 − 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 𝜙 (𝑦)
𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝑥 𝑥
= − ln 𝑥 + 𝜙 ′ (𝑦) = + ln 𝑥 + sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝜙 ′ (𝑦) = sin 𝑦
Then the soln is 𝑓 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑦 − 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
 16

6) Non homogeneous function

Consider the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑦+𝑐
= 𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1 𝑦+𝑐1 (3)
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2
𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑦+𝑐
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1𝑦+𝑐1 , is not homogeneous of degree zero,
2 2 2
two cases:
𝑎1 𝑏1
(i) If | | ≠ 0 , which means that the two straight lines
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 , 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0
Are intersected in a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ), consider the assumption
𝑥 = 𝑋 + 𝑥0 , 𝑦 = 𝑌 + 𝑦0

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑎 𝑏
(ii) If | | = 0 , (i.e. 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 ), which means that the two straight lines
𝑎2 𝑏2 2 2

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 , 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0
Are parallel, they have no intersection point.
In this case, we assume that
𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 𝑂𝑅 𝑢 = 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦
Solve the following differential equations:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥+1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦−3
a. 𝑑𝑥
=
4𝑦+𝑥−1
b. 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥+𝑦−1
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦−1
c. 𝑑𝑥
=
3𝑥+3𝑦−4
d. 𝑑𝑥
=
2𝑥+2𝑦−3

𝒅𝒚 𝒚−𝒙+𝟏
a. =
𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝒚+𝒙−𝟏
𝑎1 𝑏1 1
≠ → ≠ −1
𝑎2 𝑏2 4
𝑦−𝑥+1=0 (1)
4𝑦 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0 (2 ) → (1) + (2)
𝑖𝑛 (1)
5𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥=1
 17

→ 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 0 is an intersection point
let 𝑥 =𝑋+1 , 𝑦 =𝑌 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑋 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑌
𝑑𝑌 (𝑌) − (𝑋 + 1) + 1 𝑌−𝑋
= =
𝑑𝑋 4(𝑌) + (𝑋 + 1) − 1 4𝑌 + 𝑋
𝑑𝑌 𝑑𝑉
Let 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑋 ⟹ =𝑉+𝑋
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋

𝑑𝑉 𝑉−1
𝑉+𝑋 =
𝑑𝑋 4𝑉 + 1
𝑑𝑉 𝑉−1
𝑋 = −𝑉
𝑑𝑋 4𝑉 + 1
𝑉 − 1 − 4𝑉 2 − 𝑉 −1 − 4𝑉 2
= =
4𝑉 + 1 4𝑉 + 1
𝑑𝑉 −1 − 4𝑉 2
𝑋 = →
𝑑𝑋 4𝑉 + 1
4𝑉 + 1 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑉 =
−1 − 4𝑉 2 𝑋
4𝑉 + 1 𝑑𝑋
−∫ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫
1 + 4𝑉 2 𝑋
4𝑉 1 1 2)
1
−∫( 2
+ 2
) 𝑑𝑉 = − ln(1 + 4𝑉 − tan−1 2𝑉 = ln 𝑋 + 𝑐
1 + 4𝑉 1 + 4𝑉 2 2
1 𝑦 2 1 𝑦
− ln (1 + 4 ( ) ) − tan−1 2 ( ) = ln 𝑋 + 𝑐
2 𝑥−1 2 𝑥−1

𝒅𝒚 𝒙−𝒚−𝟑
b. =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙+𝒚−𝟏
𝑎1 𝑏1
≠ → 1 ≠ −1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥−𝑦−3=0 (1)
𝑥+𝑦−1=0 (2) ⟹ (1) + (2)
→ 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = −1 is an intersection point
let 𝑥 =𝑋+2 , 𝑦 =𝑌−1 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑋 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑌
𝑑𝑌 (𝑋 + 2) − (𝑌 − 1) − 3 𝑋 − 𝑌
= =
𝑑𝑋 (𝑋 + 2) + (𝑌 − 1) − 1 𝑋 + 𝑌
 18

So, we get a homogeneous function

𝑑𝑌 𝑑𝑉
Let 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑋 ⟹ =𝑉+𝑋
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑉 1−𝑉 𝑑𝑉 1−2𝑉−𝑣 2 1+𝑉 1
𝑉+𝑋 = ⟹ 𝑋 = ⟹ 2
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑋 1+𝑉 𝑑𝑋 1+𝑉 1−2𝑉−𝑣 𝑋
Integrate both sides
1+𝑉 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑋 ⟹ − ln(1 − 2𝑉 − 𝑣 2 ) = 𝑙𝑛|𝑋| + 𝑐
1 − 2𝑉 − 𝑣 2 𝑋 2
1 𝑦+1 𝑦+1 2
⟹ − ln (1 − 2 −( ) ) = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 𝑥−2 𝑥−2

𝒅𝒚 −𝒙−𝒚
c. =
𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒙+𝟑𝒚−𝟒
𝑑𝑦 −(𝑥 + 𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 3(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 4
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
Let 𝑣 =𝑥+𝑦 → =1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 −𝑣
−1=
𝑑𝑥 3𝑣 − 4
𝑑𝑣 −𝑣
= +1
𝑑𝑥 3𝑣 − 4
−𝑣 + 3𝑣 − 4 2𝑣 − 4
= =
3𝑣 − 4 3𝑣 − 4
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 − 4 3𝑣 − 4
= → 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3𝑣 − 4 2𝑣 − 4
3𝑣 − 4
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑣 − 4
3 2 2
∫( + ) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑣 + ln(2𝑣 − 4) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2𝑣 − 4 3
2
(𝑥 + 𝑦) + ln(2(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 4) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
𝒅𝒚 𝒙+𝒚−𝟏
d. =
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙+𝟐𝒚−𝟑
Solution:
 19
𝑥+𝑦−1
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = is not homogeneous
2𝑥+2𝑦−3
𝑎1 𝑏1 1
and = = .
𝑎2 𝑏2 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⟹ =1+ ⟹ = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑣−1
−1= ⟹
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 − 3
𝑑𝑣 𝑣−1 𝑣 − 1 + 2𝑣 − 3
= +1=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 − 3 2𝑣 − 3
𝑑𝑣 3𝑣 − 4 2𝑣 − 3
= ⟹ ( ) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 − 3 3𝑣 − 4
Integrate both sides
2𝑣 − 3
∫( ) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑣 − 4
2𝑢 − 3 2 1
( )= −
3𝑢 − 4 3 3(3𝑢 − 4)
2𝑢 − 3 2 1
∫( ) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ [ − ] 𝑑𝑢
3𝑢 − 4 3 3(3𝑢 − 4)
2 1
𝑣 − ln(3𝑣 − 4) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
3 9
2 1
(𝑥 + 𝑦) − ln(3(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 4) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
3 9
 20

Second order differential equations

A general equation form:
𝑎(𝑥 )𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏(𝑥 )𝑦 ′ + 𝑐 (𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥 ) (1)
This eqn is called 2nd order diff eqn with variable coefficient
If 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constant, then
it’s called 2nd order diff eqn with constant coefficient
if 𝑅(𝑥 ) = 0 → homogenous & 𝑅(𝑥) ≠ 0 → non homogenous

1) Homogenous diff eqn with constant coefficient

𝑎𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 0 (2)
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑚 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , 𝑦′′ = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
Substitute in (2), we get
𝑎0 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎1 𝑚 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
i.e.
𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐 = 0 (3) Characteristic eqn

Solution:

−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1.2 =
2𝑎

Characteristic eqn has 3 cases:

𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥

𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑚1,2 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)

𝑑 𝑑2
Note: ∗∗ 𝐷 = → 𝑦 ′ = 𝐷𝑦 ∗∗ 𝐷2 = → 𝑦′′ = 𝐷2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑥

Differential operator
 21

EX:) Find the general solution of each of the following differential equations:
1) 2𝑦 ′′ + 7𝑦 ′ − 15𝑦 = 0 2) 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ − 10𝑦 = 0
3) 𝑦 ′′ − 16𝑦 ′ + 64𝑦 = 0 4) 𝑦 ′′ + 6𝑦 ′ + 13𝑦 = 0
5) 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0 6) 𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 = 0

𝟏) 𝟐𝒚′′ + 𝟕𝒚′ − 𝟏𝟓𝒚 = 𝟎

(2𝐷2 + 7𝐷 − 15) 𝑦 = 0
2𝑚2 + 7𝑚 − 15 = 0
By factorization
(2𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 + 5) = 0
3
the roots are 𝑚1 = , 𝑚2 = −5 (real, distinct)
2
the general solution is
3
𝑦= 𝐴𝑒 2 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −5 𝑥

𝟐) 𝒚′′ + 𝟑𝒚′ − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝐷2 + 3𝐷 − 10)𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 3𝑚 − 10 = 0
(𝑚 + 5)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚1 = −5, 𝑚2 = 2 (real, distinct)
the general solution is
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −5 𝑥
+ 𝐵𝑒 2 𝑥

3) 𝒚′′ − 𝟏𝟔𝒚′ + 𝟔𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝐷2 − 16𝐷 + 64)𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 − 16𝑚 + 64 = 0
(𝑚 − 8)(𝑚 − 8) = 0
𝑚1,2 = 8 (real, repeated)
the general solution is
 22
𝑜𝑟
8 𝑥 8𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 ⇔ 𝑦 = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥)𝑒 8𝑥

𝟒) 𝒚′′ + 𝟔𝒚′ + 𝟏𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 13)𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 6𝑚 + 13 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚1,2 =
2𝑎
−6 ± √36 − 52
𝑚1,2 = = −3 ± 2𝑖
2
𝛼 = −3, 𝛽=2
the general solution is
𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 (𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 2𝑥 )

𝟓) 𝒚′′ + 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟎
(𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 5 = 0
−2 ± √4 − 20
𝑚1,2 = = −1 ± 2𝑖
2
𝛼 = −1, 𝛽=2
the general solution is
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 2𝑥 )

𝟔) 𝒚′′ + 𝟗𝒚 = 𝟎
(𝐷2 + 9)𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 9 = 0
𝑚2 = −9
𝑚1,2 = √−9 = ±3𝑖
𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 3
 23

the general solution is

𝑦 = (𝐴 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 3𝑥 )

2) Non homogenous diff eqn with constant coefficient

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 2+𝑏 + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎𝐷2 + 𝑏𝐷 + 𝑐)𝑦 = 𝑅 (𝑥 )
1 1
𝑦= { 𝑅 (𝑥 )} = 𝑅 (𝑥 )
(𝑎𝐷2 + 𝑏𝐷 + 𝑐) 𝐹(𝐷)
the general solution 𝑦 is
𝒚𝑮.𝒔 = 𝒚𝒄 + 𝒚𝒑

1
(1) If 𝑅(𝑥) is polynomial of any degree , then convert by
𝐹(𝐷)

(1 + 𝑢)−1 = 1 − 𝑢 + 𝑢2 − 𝑢3 + ⋯
(1 − 𝑢)−1 = 1 + 𝑢 + 𝑢2 + 𝑢3 + ⋯
(2) If 𝑅 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 , then the particular solution 𝑦𝑝 is
1 𝑘𝑥
𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑦p = {𝑒 } = , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐹(𝑘) ≠ 0
𝐹(𝐷) 𝐹(𝑘)
In the case, when F(𝑘) = 0, then
1 𝑘𝑥
𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑦p = {𝑒 } = { 1}
𝐹(𝐷) 𝐹(𝐷 + 𝑘)
cos 𝑘𝑥
(3) If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = { 𝑂𝑟
sin 𝑘𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = sin 𝑘𝑥
𝐹(𝐷)
• if 𝐹(−𝑘 2 ) ≠ 0 substitute 𝐷2 = −𝑘 2
𝑥
• if 𝐹 (−𝑘 2 ) = 0 then, 𝑦𝑝 = ′ (𝐷) sin 𝑘𝑥
𝐹
 24

EX:) Find the general solution of each of the following differential equations:
1. 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 2. 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
3. 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 4. 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
5. 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 6. 𝑦 ′′ + 16𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

1. 𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
Soln
𝑦𝑐 : 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚1,2 = 1,2
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦𝑝 : (𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 2
1
𝑦𝑝 =2
𝑥2
𝐷 − 3𝐷 + 2
1 1
= 𝑥2 = 𝑥2
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2) 𝐷
2(1 − 𝐷)(1 − )
2
1 2
𝐷 𝐷2
= (1 + 𝐷 + 𝐷 +. . ) ∗ (1 + + + ⋯ ) 𝑥2
2 2 4
2 2
1 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
= (1 + + +𝐷+ + 𝐷2 + ⋯ ) 𝑥 2
2 2 4 2
2
1 3𝐷 7𝐷 1 7
= (1 + + ) 𝑥 2 = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + )
2 2 4 2 2
𝑦𝐺.𝑠 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

2. 𝒚′′ − 𝟓𝒚′ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐
 25

𝑦𝑐 : 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚1,2 = 3,2
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 : 𝑦𝑝 = (𝐷−3)(𝐷−2) (3𝑥 − 2)
1
= (3𝑥 − 2)
𝐷 𝐷
(−3)(−2) (1 − ) (1 − )
3 2
1 𝐷 𝐷
= (1 + + ⋯ ) (1 + + ⋯ ) (3𝑥 − 2)
6 3 2
1 𝐷 𝐷 1 5
= (1 + + + ⋯ ) (3𝑥 − 2) = (3𝑥 − 2 + )
6 3 2 6 2
𝑦𝐺.𝑠 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

3. 𝒚′′ − 𝟓𝒚′ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝒆𝟓𝒙

𝑦𝑐 : 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚1,2 = 3,2
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 : 𝑦𝑝 = (𝐷−3)(𝐷−2) (𝑒 5𝑥 ) 𝐷→5
𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = =
(5 − 3)(5 − 2) 6
3𝑥 2𝑥
𝑒 5𝑥
𝑦𝐺.𝑠 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 +
6

4. 𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒚′ + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒆𝟑𝒙

𝑦𝑐 : 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 3 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) = 0
 26

𝑚1,2 = 1,3
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 3𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 : 𝑦𝑝 = (𝐷−1)(𝐷−3) (𝑒 3𝑥 ) 𝐷→3
1 1
→ ? ? → 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 3𝑥
0 (𝐷 − 3 )(3 − 1)
1 𝑒 3𝑥
= 1
2𝐷 + 3 − 3 =∫
𝐷
1 1 1
= 𝑒 3𝑥 {1} = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥
2 𝐷 2
𝑦𝐺.𝑠 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

5. 𝒚′′ − 𝟓𝒚′ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙

𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑥 𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
1
𝑦𝑝 = {𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥}
(𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6)
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒
= {𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥} = {𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥} ∗
(−4 + 4𝐷 + 3) 4𝐷 − 1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒
(4𝐷 + 1)
= {𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥}
(4𝐷 − 1)(4𝐷 + 1)
𝐷 2 → −22 = −4
(4𝐷 + 1)
= {𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥}
(16𝐷2 − 1)
8𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 1
= =− (8𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
−64 − 1 65
𝑦𝐺.𝑠 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

6. 𝒚′′ + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙

𝑦𝑐 : 𝑚2 + 16 = 0
𝑚2 = −16
𝑚1,2 = ±4𝑖
 27

𝛼 =0, 𝛽=4
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴 cos 4𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 4𝑥
1 1 cos 2𝑥
𝑦𝑝 : 𝑦𝑝 = (𝐷2 cos 2𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 =
+16) −4+16 12

𝑦𝐺.𝑠 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
Note:
(1−cos 2𝑥 )
• sin2 𝑥 = 2
(1+cos 2𝑥 )
• cos 2 𝑥 = 2
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
• sinh 𝑥 = 2
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
• cosh 𝑥 = 2
 28

Summary of particular solutions.

(𝑎𝐷2 + 𝑏𝐷 + 𝑐)𝑦 = 𝑅 (𝑥 )
1 1
𝑦= { 𝑅 (𝑥 )} = 𝑅 (𝑥 )
(𝑎𝐷2 + 𝑏𝐷 + 𝑐) 𝐹(𝐷)
the general solution 𝑦 is
𝒚𝑮.𝒔 = 𝒚𝒄 + 𝒚𝒑

1
(1) If 𝑅(𝑥) is polynomial of any degree , then convert by
𝐹(𝐷)

(1 + 𝑢)−1 = 1 − 𝑢 + 𝑢2 − 𝑢3 + ⋯
(1 − 𝑢)−1 = 1 + 𝑢 + 𝑢2 + 𝑢3 + ⋯
(2) If 𝑹(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒌𝒙 , then the particular solution 𝑦𝑝 is
𝟏 𝒌𝒙
𝒆𝒌𝒙
𝒚𝐩 = {𝒆 } = , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐹(𝑘) ≠ 0
𝑭(𝑫) 𝑭(𝒌)
In the case, when F(𝑘) = 0, then
𝟏 𝒌𝒙
𝒆𝒌𝒙 𝒙
𝒚𝐩 = {𝒆 } = {𝟏} 𝑶𝒓 = ′
𝒆𝒌𝒙
𝑭(𝑫) 𝑭(𝑫 + 𝒌) 𝑭 (𝑫)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌𝒙
(3) If 𝑹(𝒙) = { 𝑶𝒓
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒌𝒙
1
𝑦𝑝 = sin 𝑘𝑥
𝐹(𝐷)
• if 𝑭(−𝒌𝟐 ) ≠ 𝟎 substitute 𝑫𝟐 = −𝒌𝟐
𝒙
• if 𝑭(−𝒌𝟐 ) = 𝟎 then, 𝒚𝒑 = ′ (𝑫) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒌𝒙
𝑭
𝟏
(4) If 𝑹(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒌𝒙 . 𝒖(𝒙) then , 𝒚𝒑 = 𝒆𝒌𝒙 𝒖(𝒙)
𝑭(𝑫+𝒌)
𝑭′ (𝑫) 𝟏
(5) If 𝑹(𝒙) = 𝒙. 𝒖(𝒙) then , 𝒚𝒑 = (𝒙 − ) . 𝑭(𝑫) 𝒖(𝒙)
𝑭(𝑫)
 29

Solve the following differential equations.

1. 𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 8𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 4𝑥 2. 𝑦 ′′ − 25𝑦 = 2 cosh 5𝑥
3. 𝑦 ′′ + 16𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 4. 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = sin2 2𝑥
5. 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ − 10𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 6. 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ − 5𝑦 = 3 − 5𝑥 3
7. 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 8. 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥
9. 𝑦 ′′ − 10𝑦 ′ + 25𝑦 = 𝑥 6 𝑒 5𝑥 10. 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥

Answers:
1. 𝒚′′ − 𝟔𝒚′ + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟒𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒆𝟒𝒙
(𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 8)𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 4𝑥
𝑦𝑐 : 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 8 = 0 → (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 4) = 0
𝑚1 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 = 4 (distinct)
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4𝑥

1
𝑦𝑝 : 𝑦𝑝 = {4𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 4𝑥 }
𝐷2 −6𝐷+8
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 4 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 𝑒 4𝑥
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 4) (𝐷 − 4)(𝐷 − 2)
4 1 2 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥
−2 (𝐷 − 2) 2 (𝐷 − 4)
1 1
= −2𝑒 2𝑥 {1} + 𝑒 4𝑥 { 1}
𝐷+2−2 (𝐷 + 4 − 4)
= −2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝐺 = 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐

2. 𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝟓𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟓𝒙

𝐷2 − 25 = 2 cosh 5𝑥
 30

𝑦𝑐 : 𝑚2 − 25 = 0 → 𝑚2 = 25
𝑚1,2 = ±5
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −5𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 : 𝑦𝑝 = {2 cosh 5𝑥 }
𝐷2 −25
1
𝑦𝑝 = (𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥 ) 1
(𝐷 − 5)(𝐷 + 5) cosh 𝑎𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )
2
1 5𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 −5𝑥
(𝐷 − 5)(𝐷 + 5) (𝐷 − 5)(𝐷 + 5)
5𝑥
1 −5𝑥
1 𝑥𝑒 5𝑥 𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥
=𝑒 { 1} + 𝑒 { 1} = −
10 𝐷 −10 𝐷 10 10
𝑦𝐺 = 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐

3. 𝒚′′ + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙

(𝐷2 + 16)𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥
𝑦𝑐 : 𝑚2 + 16 = 0 → 𝑚2 = −16
𝑚1,2 = ±4𝑖
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 cos 4𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 4𝑥

1
𝑦𝑝 : 𝑦𝑝 = {cos 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 }
𝐷2 +16
1 1
= cos 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥
𝐷2 + 16 𝐷 2 + 16
1 𝑥 1 𝑥
= cos 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 − cos 4𝑥
−22 + 16 2𝐷 12 8
𝑦𝐺 = 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐

4. 𝒚′′ − 𝟓𝒚′ + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙

(𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = sin2 2𝑥
𝑦𝑐 : 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 4 = 0 → (𝑚 − 4)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
 31

𝑚1,2 = 4,1
(1 − cos 2𝑥)
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 + 𝑐2 𝑒4𝑥 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 =
2
1 1 (1 + cos 2𝑥)
𝑦𝑝 = 2 (1 − cos 4𝑥 ) cos 2 𝑥 =
𝐷 − 5𝐷 + 4 2 2
1 1 1 1
=2 {1} − cos 4𝑥
𝐷2 −5𝐷+4 2 𝐷2 −5𝐷+4

11 1 1
= − cos 4𝑥
2 4 2 −16 − 5𝐷 + 4
1 1 1 12 − 5𝐷 1 1 12 − 5𝐷
= + cos 4𝑥 = + cos 4𝑥
8 2 12 + 5𝐷 12 − 5𝐷 8 2 144 − 25𝐷 2
1 1 12 − 5𝐷
= + cos 4𝑥
8 2 144 − 25(−16)
1 1 12 cos 4𝑥 + 20 sin 4𝑥
= +
8 2 544
𝑦𝐺 = 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐
5. 𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙
1
𝑦𝑝 : 𝑦𝑝 = {cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 }
𝐷2 −3𝐷−10
Using
1
• cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = {cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)}
2
1
• sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = {sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)}
2
1
• sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = {cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)}
2

1 1
𝑦𝑝 = {cos 𝑥 + cos 5𝑥 }
2 𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 10
1 1 1 1
= cos 𝑥 + cos 5𝑥
2 −1 − 3𝐷 − 10 2 −25 − 3𝐷 − 10
 32

6. 𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒚′ − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑

1 3 1
𝑦𝑝 : 𝑦𝑝 = {3 − 5𝑥 3 } = −5 𝑥3
𝐷2 −4𝐷−5 −5 𝐷2 −4𝐷−5
3 1
=− −5 2 𝑥3
5 𝐷 − 4𝐷
−5 (1 − )
5
3 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 −8𝐷3 + 16𝐷2 64 3
= − + (1 + + − 𝐷 ) 𝑥3
5 5 25 125
3 1 1
= − + 𝑥 3 + (6𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 ) + (−8 ∗ 6 + 16 ∗ 6𝑥 )
5 5 25
64
− 6.
125

Note:
• 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 − 5 = −5 + 𝐷2 − 4𝐷
𝐷2 − 4𝐷 𝐷2 − 4𝐷
= −5 (1 + ) = −5 (1 − )
−5 5
1
• = 1 + ∎ + ∎2 + ∎3 + ⋯
1−∎

7. 𝒚′′ + 𝟑𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙

1
𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥
𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2
1 1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
sin 2𝑥
(𝐷 − 1)2 + 3(𝐷 − 1) + 2 𝐷2 − 𝐷
1 1 −4 + 𝐷
= 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 ∗ sin 2𝑥
−4 − 𝐷 −4 − 𝐷 −4 + 𝐷
−4 + 𝐷 −4 sin 2𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
16 − 𝐷2 16 + 4
 33

8. 𝒚′′ + 𝟑𝒚′ = 𝒙𝒆−𝟑𝒙

1 −3𝑥 −3𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝐷2 + 3𝐷 (𝐷 − 3)2 + 3(𝐷 − 3 )
1 1
= 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑥
𝐷2 − 3𝐷 𝐷(𝐷 − 3)

𝑒 −3𝑥 1 𝑒 −3𝑥 1 𝐷 𝐷2
= 𝑥= (1 + + + ⋯)𝑥
−3 𝐷 (1 − 𝐷) −3 𝐷 3 9
3
𝑒 −3𝑥 1 1 𝐷
= ( + + + ⋯)𝑥
−3 𝐷 3 9
𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑥 2 1 1
= { + 𝑥+ }
−3 2 3 9

9. 𝒚′′ − 𝟏𝟎𝒚′ + 𝟐𝟓𝒚 = 𝒙𝟔 𝒆𝟓𝒙

1
𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑥 6 𝑒 5𝑥
𝐷 − 10𝐷 + 25
1
= 𝑒 5𝑥 2
𝑥6
(𝐷 + 5) − 10(𝐷 + 5) + 25
5𝑥
1 6 5𝑥
𝑥8
=𝑒 𝑥 =𝑒
𝐷2 7∗8

10. 𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

1
𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 1
 34

1
= 𝑒𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑥
(𝐷 + 1)2 − 2(𝐷 + 1) + 1
1
= 𝑒𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝐷2
2𝐷 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − ) sin 𝑥
𝐷2 𝐷2
2
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − ) (− sin 𝑥 )
𝐷
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 )