JIMMA UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry laboratory report

……………….EXPERIMENT 4
NAME ID
1.TINSAE WORKINEH RU 2550/13
2.SAMUEL TEWSHOME RU 2899/13
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9. Submitted to: Gebre
INTRODUCTION

Properties are those characteristics of a substance that enable

scientists to identify it and distinguish it from other substances. There
are two type of property; physical and chemical property. Physical
property are those properties that can be observed without altering the
composition of the substance. Some physical properties are melting
point, boiling point, solubility, viscosity, density, and refractive index.
There are two kinds of physical properties, namely, extensive and
intensive physical properties. Extensive physical properties are the
properties, which depend on the amount or quantity of sample and
therefore, can vary from sample to sample The extensive property of a
piece of copper wire, for instance, includes its length, diameter, mass,
and electrical resistance. Intensive physical properties are properties
which do not depend on the amount of a substance present. The
intensive properties of a piece of copper wire include its density,
colors, melting point, and hardness
Some of the physical property are look in detail ;
Solubility of a solute in a solvent is the most important physical
property. .
Density is defined as mass per unit volume. Mass is usually measured in
g and volume in mL or cm3
Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure
of a liquid becomes equal to the pressure at the surface of the liquid
The second type of property are chemical properties tell us how a
substance interacts with other substances. Such properties include
reaction with oxygen (oxidation), chlorine, metals, etc. Determination
of chemical properties results in the change of the identity of the
substance.
Objectives
To use of physical property of substance such as solubility and density in
identifying liquid and substance.

Significance of the experiment

 To identify unknown substance based on it’s physical property such as solubility and
density
 To know solubility of substance
 To know whether unknown substance is soluble in polar solvent
 To know whether unknown substance is soluble in nonpolar solvent
 To identify the substance in it’s density
 In general to know the principle of like dissolves like principle

Material and methods

Experimental area
In Jimma university organic chemistry laboratory.
Apparatus and instrument
The apparatus used during this experiments are ; Triple balance beaker,
graduated cylinder(10ml);test tube and stir.
Chemical and reagents
Ethanol and water
Method and procedure
I. LIQUID
Liquid substance was identified sothat the physical properties of
solubility and density were utililized.
A.SOLUBILITY
Two test tubes were taken and set in the a rack
2mL of water was added to the first test tube and 2mL of ethanol to
the second test tube.
2ml of unknown solution was added to each test tube,shaken well
and the two liquids were observed whether completely mixed ,
partially or not at all.
The solubility of our unknown solution was recorded as <s> for
soluble, <i> for insoluble, <sls> for slighthly soluble.
B.DENSITY
1.10ml of graduated cylinder was placed and tared on the balance.
2. 5ml of our unknown liquid was transferred to the graduated
cylinder.
3.The exact mass and volume were recorded.
4.The density of the liquid was calculated and recorded.
5.The liquid was saved.
II.SOLID
The physical properties of solubility and density in water and ethanol
were utilized by identified solid.
A.SOLUBILITY
Two test tubes were taken and set in a track.
2ml of water was added to the first test tube and 2ml of ethanol to
the second test tubes.
Few crystal of our unknown solid was added to each test tubes, briefly
shaken.
The crystal were observed wether completely dissolved or not.
Data sheet was recorde as <s> for soluble, <sls. For slightly soluble
and <i> for insoluble.
B.DENSITY
Our 10ml graduated cylinder was filled to the 5ml mark with the
liquid in which our unknown was not soluble in part A.
The volume was read to the nearest 0.05ml. This initial volume was
recorded on our data sheet.
The 10ml graduated cylinder + liquid was placed on the balance and
tared.
Few crystals of our unknown was added to the liquid in the graduated
cylinder until about 0.5g was read by balance.
The mass of our crystal was recorded on the data sheet.
Making sure that the crystals are completely submerged, the final
volume of the liquid in the cylinder was read.
This final volume was recorded on our data sheet.
The final volume of our solid was found by subtracting the initial
volume of liquid from the final volumeof the liquid.
The density of our solid was determined and recorded.
Most of our liquid was poured in to the sink and the solid part of the
sample was disposed in the solid waste container.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Incase of liquid measuring solubility

 In first test tube which contain 2 ml of water and 2 ml of unknown liquid. It
was observed visible line of separation after it was shaken that means the
organic compound is not soluble in water
  In second test tube which contain 2ml of ethanol and 2ml water unknown
organic compound. It was appeared as if appeared as if one liquid is
present that mean the organic compound is soluble in ethanol.
Incase of solid (solubility)
In the first test tube which contain water .it was completely dissolved.
In the second test tube which contain ethanol and unknown solute. It was obser
Incase of liquid (density)
Place 10 ml of graduated cylinder the and add 5ml of know liquid.
Mass of graduated cylinder 8.7g
Mass of graduated cylinder and unknown 5ml of liquated is 12.2 g
we can calculate the mass of unknown liquated by finding the difference of mass
of graduated cylinder with unknown liquid and mass of graduated liquid
so the of unknown liquid 12.2g-8.7g is 3.5g
next we find the total volume of liquid by adding the two volume so 15 ml
density=mass/volume
density=3.5g/15ml
=0.23g/ml
Incase of solid measuring density
Frist we measured mass of 10ml graduated cylinder which is equal to 6.7 then we
add 3ml of liquid
Mass of graduated cylinder and mass of liquid is 9.7g
Then add Cristal solid to the cylinder and we recorded which total mass of
cylinder, liquid and unknown solid which is equal is 11.6g
Mass of unknown solid is 11.6g-9.7g
Total volume is 3.3ml
The solid of unknown is 0.3ml
The density of solid=1.9g/0.3ml
=6.7g/ml

Conclusion
In case of solubility organic compound cannot be dissolved in water and
dissolved in ethanol is shows the principle like dissolve like. The some is true in
case of unknown solid.
In case of density of unknown density result unknown substance is organic
compound.
Reference
Practical general chemistry manual

Question
1. Define Extensive and Intensive Property. Give two examples of each:

Extensive physical properties are the properties, which depend on the amount or quantity of sample.
Some example are mass and volume are few example.

Intensive physical properties are properties which do not depend on the amount of a substance present.
Some are density and boiling point are few example

2. How is solubility expressed? What is the solubility of table salt in water?

Usually, solubility is expressed in grams of solute per milliliters of solution. solubility can be expressed in
any mass unit. On solubility graph, solubility is usually expressed in grams of solute per mL of solution.

Before we going to know we have to now the temperature or we have to assume the temperature so
the solubility of sodium chloride in water at room temperature is 0.36g/ml

3. Besides the physical properties used to identify a substance in this experiment, what other physical
properties might be used to characteristically identify a substance?

Color , melting point boiling point, hardness are few example.

4. How is the solubility of sugar in water affected by increasing the temperature?

Sugar dissolves faster in hot water than it does in cold water because hot water has water has more
energy than cold water. When water is heated, the molecules gain energy and, thus , move faster. As
they move faster, they come in to contact with the sugar more often, causing it to dissolve father

5. Why does an oil and vinegar salad dressing have two separate layers?
Oil and vinegar salad dressing has two layers because it is not thermodynamically favorable for the oil
and vinegar to mix. This is because the oil is nonpolar liquid while the vinegar is a polar solution