Contd.

United States[edit]
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The United States Supreme Court in 2010.

In many states throughout the United States, a judge is addressed
as "Your Honor" or "Judge" when presiding over the court. "Judge"
may be more commonly used by attorneys and staff, while either
may be commonly used by the plaintiff or defendant. Notably,
the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, the largest unified trial
court in the United States, has a rule that the judge shall be
addressed only as "Your Honor" while in court, and never as
"Judge", "Judge (name)", "ma'am", or "sir".[15] This is somewhat
unusual as "Judge" and "Judge (name)" or similar forms of address
are considered appropriate and respectful in many other courts.
The judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the
judges of the supreme courts of several US states and other
countries are called "justices". Justices of the Supreme Court of the
United States and Justices of other courts are addressed as
"Justice (name)". The Chief Justice of the United States is formally
addressed as "Mr. or Madam Chief Justice" but also may be
identified and addressed as "Chief Justice (name)".
The justices of the supreme courts usually hold higher offices than
any other judges in a jurisdiction, including a justice of the peace, a
judge who holds police court in some jurisdictions and who may
also try small claims and misdemeanors. However, the State of
New York inverts this usual order. The initial trial court in this state
is called the Supreme Court of New York, and its judges are called
"justices". The next highest appellate court is the Supreme Court,
Appellate Division, whose judges are also called "justices".
However, the highest court in New York is called the New York
Court of Appeals, whose members are called "judges".
Judges in certain jurisdictions, such as New York and New Jersey,
who deal with guardianships, trusts and estates are known as
"surrogates".
A senior judge, in US practice, is a retired judge who handles
selected cases for a governmental entity while in retirement, on
a part-time basis.
Subordinate or inferior jurisdiction judges in US legal practice are
sometimes called magistrates, although in the federal court of the
United States, they are called magistrate judges. Subordinate
judges in US legal practice who are appointed on a case-by-case
basis, particularly in cases where a great deal of detailed and
tedious evidence must be reviewed, are often called "masters" or
"special masters" and have authority in a particular case often
determined on a case-by-case basis.
Judges of courts of specialized jurisdiction (such as bankruptcy
courts or juvenile courts) were sometimes known officially as
"referees", but the use of this title is in decline. Judges sitting in
courts of equity in common law systems (such as judges in the
equity courts of Delaware) are called "chancellors".
Individuals with judicial responsibilities who report to an executive
branch official, rather than being a part of the judiciary, are often
called "administrative law judges" in US practice. They were
previously known as hearing examiners. They commonly make
initial determinations regarding matters such as workers'
compensation, eligibility for government benefits, regulatory
matters, and immigration determinations.
Judges who derive their authority from a contractual agreement of
the parties to a dispute, rather than a governmental body, are
called arbitrators. They typically do not receive the honorific forms
of address nor do they bear the symbolic trappings of a publicly
appointed judge. However, it is now common for many retired
judges to serve as arbitrators, and they will often write their names
as if they were still judges, with the parenthetical "(Ret.)" for
"Retired".
Unlike many civil law countries which have some courts on which
panels of judges with nearly equal status composed of both legally
trained professional judges and lay judges who lack legal training
and are not career judges, the United States legal system (like most
Anglo-American legal systems) makes a clear distinction between
professional judges and laypeople involved in deciding a case who
are jurors who are part of a jury. Most but not all US judges have
professional credentials as lawyers. Non-lawyer judges in the
United States are often elected, and are typically either justices of
the peace or part-time judges in rural limited jurisdiction courts. A
non-lawyer judge typically has the same rights and responsibilities
as a lawyer who is a judge holding the same office and is
addressed in the same manner.
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]

Susan Kiefel, Chief Justice of Australia

In Australia judges and, since 2007, magistrates, of all jurisdictions
including the High Court of Australia are now addressed as "Your
Honour". In legal contexts, they are referred to as "His/Her Honour"
and "the Honourable Justice Surname" (for judges of superior
courts) or "his/her Honour Judge Surname" (for inferior courts).
Outside legal contexts, the formal terms of address are "Judge" (for
puisne justices) or "Chief Justice" (for chief justices).
The title for most puisne judges is "Justice", which is abbreviated in
law reports to a postnominal "J", in the form "Surname J". Chief
Justices of the High Court and of state Supreme Courts are titled
"Chief Justice", which is abbreviated in law reports to a postnomial
"CJ". Judges in State Supreme Courts with a separate Court of
Appeal division (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and
Western Australia) are referred to as Justices/Judges of the Appeal
(abbreviated "Surname JA"), while the President of the Court of
Appeal is referred to as "President" (abbreviated "Surname P"). [16]
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, judges of the District Court of New
Zealand generally referred to as "His/Her Honour" or "Sir/Madame".
Judges from the High Court, Appeals Court, and Supreme
Court are referred to as "Justice [Surname]". In social settings, it is
appropriate to use "Judge" in all cases.[17]
South America[edit]
Brazil[edit]

Judges of the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil.

In Brazil, judges are simply called "Juiz" or "Juíza" (male and
female forms of "judge") and traditionally addressed to as "Vossa
Excelência" (lit. 'Your Excellency', translated as ‘Your Honor’) or
"Meritíssimo" (‘Honorable’, but it is used as a pronoun also
translated as ‘Your Honor’). Judges that are part of a panel in a
State Court, or Federal Court are called "desembargadores".
Judges sitting in the higher courts (Supremo Tribunal
Federal, Superior Tribunal de Justiça, Tribunal Superior do
Trabalho, Superior Tribunal Militar and Tribunal Superior Eleitoral)
are called "ministro" or "ministra" (male and female forms of
"minister") and also referred to as "Vossa Excelência".
International courts[edit]
At the International Court of Justice, judges may be addressed by
the titles they received in their countries of origin. [citation needed]
Judges of the International Criminal Court are referred to as
"judge".[citation needed]
Biblical and Israeli judges[edit]
The biblical Book of Judges revolves around a succession of
leaders who were known as "judges" (Hebrew shoftim ‫ )שופטים‬but
who – aside from their judicial function – were also tribal war
leaders. The leaders of Ancient Carthage were designated with this
title as well. The same word is, however, used in
contemporary Israel to denote judges whose function and authority
is similar to that in other modern countries. The same word is also
used in modern Hebrew for referees in any kind of contest and in
particular in sport. To distinguish them from judicial judges and from
each other, the kind of the contest is added after the word "shofet"
in the Construct state (e.g. "shofet kaduregel" ‫שופט כדורגל‬, literally
"judge of soccer").
See also[edit]

 Adjudicator
 AI judge
 Barrister
 Biy
 Court dress
 Election judge
 Judicial deference
 Judiciary
 Lawyer
 Lay judge
 List of jurists
 Magistrate
 Prosecutor
 Public defender
 Solicitor
References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b "What Does It Take to Be a Judge? Job

Description and Career Profile". thebalance.com. Archived
from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 18
March 2018.
2. ^ "Judicial Compensation". United States Courts.
Retrieved 2018-08-20.
3. ^ "Hosted.ap.org". Archived from the original on 2021-04-28.
Retrieved 2007-07-12.
4. ^ Корнажер, П. – "Съдебна реторика. Избрани съдебни
речи", ИК Софи-Р, С., 2000, с. 77
5. ^ "Oikeustiede:oikeudenkäyntirituaalit/laajempi kuvaus –
Tieteen termipankki". tieteentermipankki.fi. Archived from the
original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
6. ^ Ireland, Courts Service of. "Rules and Fees: Mode of
address  : Court Rules  : Courts Service of
Ireland". www.courts.ie.
7. ^ "Ce ai voie sa faci si ce nu la tribunal". MAGNA GRATIA -
Literatură creștină de calitate. Totul gratuit.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b "Criminal Procedure Code of Russia, Article
257. Regulations of the court session". Consultant.ru.
Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2013-
06-11.
9. ^ "Civil Procedure Code of Russia, Article 158. Procedure of
the court session". Consultant.ru. Archived from the
original on 2013-07-08. Retrieved 2013-06-11.
10. ^ "Arbitral Procedure Code of Russia, Article 154.
Procedure of the court session". Consultant.ru. Archived
from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-06-11.
11. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the
original (PDF) on 2014-02-07. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
12. ^ "A Guide to Judicial Careers in Northern
Ireland" (PDF). Northern Ireland Judicial Appointments
Commission. April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on
2012-01-18.
13. ^ "Albertacourts.ab.ca". Albertacourts.ab.ca. Archived
from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2013-06-11.
14. ^ "Ontario Justice Education Network Handout: The
Jurisdiction of Ontario Courts" (PDF). Ontario Justice
Education Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on
2016-03-28. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
15. ^ Rule 3.95, Los Angeles Superior Court Rules.
16. ^ New South Wales Supreme Court, Addressing Judicial
Officers Archived 2013-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
17. ^ "New Zealand Law Society". www.lawsociety.org.nz.
Archived from the original on 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2017-
03-01.