Chapter 1 Low Income Families No

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Talavera Campus
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction and Review of Related Literature and Studies
At the onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic, the Philippine government introduced a
large-scale social protection program while placing the country on strict community quarantine.
With the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, the government provided emergency subsidies under the
Social Amelioration Program or SAP.
Some 18 million poor and vulnerable households, comprising 70 percent of the
population, were covered by the program. SAP beneficiaries included the 4.4 million households
enrolled in the country’s flagship safety net program, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
(4Ps or Pantawid), together with other vulnerable populations such as informal workers.
The coronavirus pandemic’s impact on the economy could lead to 1.5 million Filipinos
becoming poor, according to the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) in an
August 2020 study.
“The government and all Filipinos should ensure that the poor are at the center of policy
attention, especially given all the reduced economic activities from COVID-19 and the likely
undercounts of COVID-19 infection among the poor, who do not have the luxury to seek health
care, and for whom ‘washing hands’ is also a luxury,” the report said.
Released in the first week of August, the study made its projections based on scenarios and
assumptions, as the exact impact of COVID-19 on poverty is not available at this time.
Talavera Campus
Review of Related Literature and Studies
The following foreign materials reviewed gave the researcher the necessary background
on the assessment aspect of the study.
Impact of Pandemic to Society
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide and presents
an unprecedented challenge to public health, food systems and the world of work. The economic
and social disruption caused by the pandemic is devastating: tens of millions of people are at risk
of falling into extreme poverty, while the number of undernourished people, currently estimated
at nearly 690 million, could increase by up to 132 million by the end of the year.
Millions of enterprises face an existential threat. Nearly half of the world’s 3.3 billion
global workforce are at risk of losing their livelihoods. Informal economy workers are
particularly vulnerable because the majority lack social protection and access to quality health
care and have lost access to productive assets. Without the means to earn an income during
lockdowns, many are unable to feed themselves and their families. For most, no income means
no food, or, at best, less food and less nutritious food.
The pandemic has been affecting the entire food system and has laid bare its fragility.
Border closures, trade restrictions and confinement measures have been preventing farmers from
accessing markets, including for buying inputs and selling their produce, and agricultural
workers from harvesting crops, thus disrupting domestic and international food supply chains
and reducing access to healthy, safe and diverse diets. The pandemic has decimated jobs and
placed millions of livelihoods at risk. As breadwinners lose jobs, fall ill and die, the food security
Talavera Campus
and nutrition of millions of women and men are under threat, with those in low-income
countries, particularly the most marginalized populations, which include small-scale farmers and
indigenous peoples, being hardest hit.
Millions of agricultural workers – waged and self-employed – while feeding the world,
regularly face high levels of working poverty, malnutrition and poor health, and suffer from a
lack of safety and labour protection as well as other types of abuse. With low and irregular
incomes and a lack of social support, many of them are spurred to continue working, often in
unsafe conditions, thus exposing themselves and their families to additional risks. Further, when
experiencing income losses, they may resort to negative coping strategies, such as distress sale of
assets, predatory loans or child labour. Migrant agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable,
because they face risks in their transport, working and living conditions and struggle to access
support measures put in place by governments. Guaranteeing the safety and health of all agri-
food workers – from primary producers to those involved in food processing, transport and retail,
including street food vendors – as well as better incomes and protection, will be critical to saving
lives and protecting public health, people’s livelihoods and food security.
In the COVID-19 crisis food security, public health, and employment and labour issues,
in particular workers’ health and safety, converge. Adhering to workplace safety and health
practices and ensuring access to decent work and the protection of labour rights in all industries
will be crucial in addressing the human dimension of the crisis. Immediate and purposeful action
to save lives and livelihoods should include extending social protection towards universal health
coverage and income support for those most affected. These include workers in the informal
Talavera Campus
economy and in poorly protected and low-paid jobs, including youth, older workers, and
migrants. Particular attention must be paid to the situation of women, who are over-represented
in low-paid jobs and care roles. Different forms of support are key, including cash transfers,
child allowances and healthy school meals, shelter and food relief initiatives, support for
employment retention and recovery, and financial relief for businesses, including micro, small
and medium-sized enterprises. In designing and implementing such measures it is essential that
governments work closely with employers and workers.
Countries dealing with existing humanitarian crises or emergencies are particularly
exposed to the effects of COVID-19. Responding swiftly to the pandemic, while ensuring that
humanitarian and recovery assistance reaches those most in need, is critical.
Now is the time for global solidarity and support, especially with the most vulnerable in
our societies, particularly in the emerging and developing world. Only together can we overcome
the intertwined health and social and economic impacts of the pandemic and prevent its
escalation into a protracted humanitarian and food security catastrophe, with the potential loss of
already achieved development gains.
Discerning the Impact of COVID-19
The impact of the pandemic on the labor market was swift and severe. Employment rates
(Appendix Figure 1) dropped sharply, by more than 8 percentage points (14 percent), in April,
the largest one-month decline on record. At the same time earnings fell by more than 10 percent
(Appendix Figure 2). Although both earnings and employment bounced back somewhat in May
and June, they remain well below the levels at the start of 2020. The two most direct ways that
Talavera Campus
federal policies worked to offset this sudden decline in earnings were through Economic Impact
Payments and the expansion of unemployment insurance benefits. The Economic Impact
Payments provided $1,200 to individuals with income less than $75,000 and to single parents
(heads of household) with income below $112,500, and they provided $2,400 to married couples
with income less than $150,000. Recipients were also eligible to receive an additional $500 for
each qualifying child. For those with income above these thresholds, the payments were reduced
by 5 percent of the income that exceeded the threshold. Economic Impact Payments started the
second week of April, with the early checks going to those with the lowest adjusted gross
income. As shown in Appendix Figure 3, the Internal Revenue Service had sent Economic
Impact Payments to nearly 90 million individuals by April 17, and to an additional 63 million
individuals over the next 5 weeks. As of June 3rd, 159 million payments had been processed.1
Additional relief was made available to those who lost their job through expanded
unemployment insurance benefits. The CARES Act, which was passed in late March, created the
Pandemic Unemployment Compensation (PUC) program, which provided an additional $600 per
week to claimants on top of the usual benefit.
These PUC payments expired at the end of July 2020. The CARES Act also extended
eligibility for benefits to groups not covered by the traditional UI program, such as the self-
employed, part-time workers, and those who did not have a long enough work history to qualify
for the traditional program (Pandemic Unemployment Assistance, PUA), and it extended by 13
weeks the duration of UI benefits for a regular claim (Pandemic Emergency Unemployment
Compensation, PEUC). An unprecedented number of individuals have filed for these benefits
Talavera Campus
during the pandemic. As shown in Appendix Figure 4, initial claims shot up starting in mid-
March. For the week ending April 4th, 6.2 million initial claims were filed. Between the weeks
ending March 21 and June 20, more than 50 million initial claims were filed. According to the
Bureau of the Fiscal Service of the U.S. Treasury (U.S. Treasury (2020), UI payments never
exceeded $3 billion in a single month from February 2019 through February 2020. In March
2020, these payments jumped to $4.2 billion, and then to $48.4 billion in April, $93.7 billion in
May, and $115.7 billion in June. Together these policies have the potential to significantly boost
family incomes and lift many families, at least temporarily, out of poverty. Consider a family of
four with two adults and two children whose family income comes entirely from the earnings of
the head of the household. If the head’s earnings do not change after the start of the pandemic
and the family receives the maximum Economic Impact Payments in April, then this family
would be lifted out of poverty (i.e. their income for the past 12 months would exceed the poverty
threshold for a family of this size and composition) in April as long as their income exclusive of
Economic Impact Payment was within 90 percent of the poverty line.
Moreover, the one-time Economic Impact Payment would be sufficient to keep such a
family’s income over the past 12 months above the poverty line for an entire year, through
March 2021. Alternatively, if, in addition to the Economic Impact Payment payments, the head
of such a family lost his or her job in April 2020 and collected UI benefits as well as the
additional $600 per week through July 2020, then such a family would have income above the
poverty line in April and for the following nine months as long as their pre-COVID earnings
(and therefore income) were within 80 percent of the poverty line

Talavera Campus
Understanding the Phenomenon of Poverty
Latvia (1998) believes that poverty is a status of humiliation, a sense of being dependent
on the others, and of being forced to accept rudeness, insults, and indifference when one seeks
help.
In the simplest sense poverty can be defined as simply “the state of being poor”. Varying
international institutions have differing views on this matter. Sometimes such definitions are the
impetus behind legal mechanisms. United Nations in a General Assembly session once defined
poverty as “fundamentally poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human
dignity”. The United Nations sees poverty as the “state of deprivation reflected in the low
consumption of food and low health conditions and educational level and lack of access to it and
low housing conditions”. UN (2020).
Thus, poverty as phenomena means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in
society. It is beyond not having enough to feed and clothe a family, but goes to the scarcity of
having access to school or clinic, scarcity of land on which to grow one’s food, or a job to earn
one’s living, or even scarcity to access support or credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and
exclusion of individuals, households and communities. Being poor means, one would have the
susceptibility to violence and would be living on marginal or fragile environments, without access
to clean water or sanitation.
In a simple sense, we can say that poverty as phenomena deprive people from the right to
enjoy basic necessities of life. And this phenomenon can come as relative poverty or the notion of
the inability to meet minimum standards of living, and differs to each economical and
Talavera Campus
geographical context. We can’t say that someone from the impoverished section of society in the
West and Scandinavian countries is equally poor compared to the impoverished section of the
societies in South Asian countries.
The second category of poverty phenomena is absolute poverty or the complete lack of
means necessary to maintain personal socio-economic needs, such as food, clothing and shelter.
Here the meaning doesn’t change according to context. Some nations are perpetually in the state of
abject poverty. Some of the reasons can be a fragile economic plan, dictatorship, colonised past
and many other things.
Understanding the poverty revolves around ‘income’ is significant for emergency
lockdowns such as the ones that happened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Here the lack of income is
a crucial factor in determining all the subsequent harm. Having less purchasing power can often
leave impoverished people at the raw end of all political commitments, a lot of time the
impoverished are unsurprisingly hit the hardest by natural and induced phenomena like famine,
diseases, war, riots, etc.
Most analysis of poverty still focuses on numerical monetary parameters, establishing
demarcation lines that define the poor and the indigent (Moura et al., 2018). These measures allow
the comparison between and within societies, however, they are hardly able to deal with the
complexity of the phenomenon, which involves situations that go beyond the simple absence of
money (Cidade et al., 2017; Moura et al., 2018; Oliveira et al., 2017).
Recently, scholars of the phenomenon have used synthetic indexes to help in a broader
understanding of the condition of poverty from different perspectives that what are usually
Talavera Campus
published by international organisations like the United Nations, the World Bank, and the World
Economic Forum. Among the important research that brought new indices is the work of Barros et
al. (2018). This Brazilian study set 48 indicators organized in six dimensions, namely:
vulnerability, scarcity of access to knowledge, scarcity of access to work, scarcity of resources,
development of children and homelessness.
However, most analyses of poverty still are constrained with the numerical monetary
parameters; therefore, many researchers called for establishing demarcation lines that define the
poor and indigent (Moura et al., 2018). For example, in Brazil, there is no official demarcation line
of poverty, the country still has different measures for definition of the poor (Oliveira et al., 2017).
With the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, the world needs more measures that address
the complexity of the poverty phenomenon, and goes beyond the comparison between one
community to another, and certainly beyond the simple absence of money (Buheji and Ahmed,
2019; Silva et al., 2017; Moura et al. 2018 Cidade et al., 2017).
Multidimensional Poverty and the Challenges of COVID-19 Pandemic
What makes COVID-19 pandemic very unique human experience is that due it is for the
first time that the world has collectively experienced such a mass disease transmission in the
modern era, where technology has vastly improved since the last 100 years. With the speed of
spread of the deadly COVID-19 disease and the slow reach of vaccination, inflation of food and
Talavera Campus
10
deterioration of other related livelihoods would push many people towards famine and starvation,
besides the spread of corruption, crime and terrorist power expansion are highly expected. This
would enhance absolute, and relative poverty all over the world and specifically the efforts to end
illiteracy and low education are going to be affected (Ahmed and Buheji, 2018).
There are three main types of poverty that would be affected by the challenge of COVID-
19. Relative poverty would be the most affected type of poverty. Many middle classes would feel
the punch of the deterioration of the socio-economic living standard compared to what they used
to access freely. The income inequality would increase due to the total instability. The absolute
poverty is the second affected type of poverty where many would come just under the line of
poverty due to the amount of unemployment and difficulty of finding full-time jobs. The least
affected type would the extreme poverty where the percentage of people who have a scarcity of
essential food, clean water, health shelter, education and information would approximately stay
the same.
Understanding of poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon, marked by multiple aspects,
not controlled by economic factors only, is fundamental when we deal with life freezing
pandemic. Poverty extends to level and quality of education, occupation and health. This
understanding would help us to visualize the magnitude of the impacts of the crisis and extent of
the impact that this pandemic carry.
Whiles the developed and rich developing countries experiencing the impact of COVID-19
pandemic and how it deprived them of many qualities of life practices, one should remember those
who have been deprived of life necessities all their life, where poverty is causing for them multi-
Talavera Campus
11
disability for them and their family. The worries now are that COVID-19 mitigation measures are
going to lead to further deprivation of minimal survival and life necessities needs. This deficiency
might expand from deprivation due to insufficient income, to lack of income. (Buheji, 2019).
While poverty is a relative concept that changes from time to place, we might be faced
with the perpetuation of poverty over time. Therefore, sometimes, the poor are considered merely
as the one who cannot find the strength of his day and night (Schilbach et al., 2016). However, it is
worth to mention that all the types of poverty, in reality, participate in creating failure in the
capacity of the poor to manage their assets or autonomously develop their condition (Buheji,
2019a).
Today with the internet and social media availability one could see a disturbing trend about
how people from poorer backgrounds are held responsible and vilified by more privileged people
of the society for problems they don’t have the power to solve during the nationwide lockdown in
India.
On this basis of Social, Health, Economic and Social aspects, there are different ways to
identify the types of poverty. First, there is the financial poverty, where the poor might have the
asset, but not the cash flow. Second to this type of poverty is physical poverty, where people
would look poor, or have a health condition that carries the symptoms of indigence as malnutrition
(Buheji, 2019b).
Status of Poverty in the World Before COVID-19

Talavera Campus
12
Since the COVID-19 declared a pandemic, Indian Government, knowing the very fragile
situation of its healthcare system, invoked the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 and consequently
educational institutions and many commercial establishments were shut down. India was one of
the first countries in the global arena to have shut down its borders to prevent the transmission of
the virus through international passengers. On March 22, 2020, PMOI Narendra Modi requested a
14-hour self-imposed lockdown. It was followed soon by nationwide lockdown which was
initially about to be lifted by 14 April, but inadvertently pushed till 3rd May due to the gravity of
the situation. The Oxford COVID-19 Government Tracker published in its report based on data
from 73 countries that India topped the list on acting more stringently than other countries.
From the second lockdown, certain relaxations took place including permitting listed
economic activities in ‘green zones’ or places which are at a very low risk of COVID-19. At the
time of writing, the COVID-19 curve in India looks to be going in the right direction as the
doubling rate had slowed to a very large extent from the point when the lockdown started. What
remains a question is how India would respond to the impending issues on the poorer sections of
the society. Deccanherald (2020)
India has been a hotspot of the huge informal sector. 90% of the working population in
India still works in the informal sector; a sizeable portion includes rickshawalas, migrant
labourers, landless agricultural labourers, etc. Working at the informal sector comes with a fair
share of problems. There’s no job security, no sick leave, no paid leave, all in all, puts the
employee under very bad conditions. The Economic Times (2020).
Estimating the Global Poverty Status Due to COVID-19 Pandemic

Talavera Campus
13
Estimating how much global poverty will increase because of COVID-19 is challenging,
due to the amount uncertainty that the next normal carries. Even if we try to do the estimation by
using ‘general equilibrium models’ or by exploring what will happen if all countries’ growth rates
decline a fixed amount, the outputs won’t be accurate. Thus, this paper would use the World Bank
approach of household survey data and growth projections for 166 countries to forecast the new
normal poverty. (Daniel et al., 2020).
In this regard, taking data from the latest year for which PovcalNet (an online tool
provided by the World Bank for estimating global poverty) Daniel et al. (2020) has estimated
poverty for a country and extrapolate forward using the growth projections from the recently
launched World Economic Outlook. This approach assumes that countries’ growth accrues equally
to everyone, or in other words, that COVID-19 does not change inequality within countries.
With the new forecasts, Global Poverty- the share of the world’s population living on less
than $1.90 per day- is projected to increase from 8.2% in 2019 to 8.6% in 2020 or from 632
million people to 665 million people. This means that COVID-19 is causing a change in 2020 of a
Global Poverty rates of 0.7% points. This means that it is estimated that in the new normal, we
should expect to see 49 million individuals pushed into extreme poverty in 2020 (Daniel et al.,
2020).
COVID-19 crisis thus requires a dramatic expansion of social safety nets, specifically in
developing countries, as soon as possible.

Talavera Campus
14
Economic and social shifts
The economic and social shifts arising from COVID-19 represent key forces capable of
shaping the future life courses of American children. The associations between parental
economic stress, parent mental health and behavior, and children’s socio-emotional adjustment
in the short and long term are well documented (Del Boca et al., 2018; Fiorini & Keane, 2018;
Hsin & Felfe, 2018; Jackson et al., 2019; Kalil & Ryan, 2020). Existing research on the
relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and family life has largely focused on its
economic and mental health impacts (Calarco et al., 2020; Gassman-Pines et al., 2020). The
COVID-19 pandemic and the policy response to it – including stay-at-home orders, new
regulations for essential workers, and school closures – may create a stressful environment for
families through many channels: worries about health; pressures related to going to work,
working from home or the potential of job loss and consequently income loss; the need to
homeschool children, and other possible consequences of living through this pandemic. These
stresses could diminish the quality of parent-child interactions (Kalil, 2013), which may in turn
amplify socio-emotional or behavioral problems in children.
On the other hand, the effects of the pandemic need not be uniformly negative (note,
however, that we consider the potential effects of exposure to the virus itself to be uniformly
negative). One unique feature of the economic policy response was the federal stimulus funds
targeting lower income households and delivered to families in the late spring. Unemployment
insurance was expanded in unprecedented ways during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed,
large numbers of families experiencing job losses actually enjoyed higher incomes during their
Talavera Campus
15
period of unemployment as compared to the pre-pandemic time during which they were
employed (Ganong et al., 2020). Thus, for some families, this period was tantamount to a paid
family leave. The rapid and generous early federal response to supporting the unemployed are a
unique feature of the COVID-19 pandemic, distinguishing it from prior periods of high job loss
such as the Great Recession .
Parent time (especially mothers’ time) in childcare has increased in the wake of school
closings and stay at home orders (Baxter et al., 2020; Calarco et al., 2020; Sevilla & Smith,
2020). The effects of an increase in time with children are uncertain. On one hand, caring for
young children while isolated at home and potentially also juggling employment may be stressful
for at least some mothers. However, nationally-representative data show that the time that
parents spend in child care provides the most feelings of positive affect and meaning compared
to the time that parents spend engaged in any other activity and that this is especially true for
low-income parents (Kalil et al., 2019).
Calarco and colleagues (2020) surveyed 139 mothers from a range of income levels
during the spring of 2020, finding that on average mothers who have greatly increased the time
they spend caring for their children during the pandemic have disproportionately experienced
substantial increases in stress, anxiety, and frustrations with their children. However, this was
true primarily for mothers who held themselves to a high standard of COVID-19 and Family
Dynamics 6 “intensive parenting.” Other mothers in their sample did not experience increased
time with their children as a substantial source of stress and indeed even characterized the
increased parenting time as a source of joy in otherwise difficult times. The drivers of family
Talavera Campus
16
dynamics and children’s adjustment in economically vulnerable families during the novel
coronavirus pandemic are not yet fully understood. The present paper examines how economic
and social features of the pandemic may be associated with key aspects of parental mental health
and family dynamics. The family dynamics we focus on as outcomes capture three types of
interactions between parents and children known to be central in the development of young
children’s socio-emotional adjustment and anticipated to play a role in amplifying or mitigating
the response to the novel coronavirus (Landry et al., 2017; Linver et al., 2017; Moroni et al.,
2019). These characteristics include parental mental health and stress, parents’ time investments
in children’s development, and the quality of parent-child interactions. We also examine parents’
reports of children’s behavioral adjustment. Parental mental health and stress: Parental mental
health problems, such as loneliness, hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and parenting stress are
risk factors for a more stressful home environment (Conger et al., 2017).
Unfortunately, low income parents in the US are already at risk for higher levels of
mental health problems even absent the pandemic (Jackson et al., 2019). To the extent that the
stresses of the COVID-19 crisis worsen parental mental health and increase stress this may
increase children’s behavioral and socioemotional problems. Time investments. The time that
parents spend with their children on developmentally stimulating or educational activities are
important determinants of childhood development (Attanasio et al., 2020; Kalil & Ryan, 2020;
Price & Kalil, 2019). Changes in parental employment induced by the COVID-19 pandemic may
have increased the time that parents have COVID-19 and Family Dynamics 7 available to be
with their children but may also have changed the organization and patterns of family life,
Talavera Campus
17
including how parents spend their time at home and with their children. Consequently, we do not
know whether the changes in time distribution helped or hindered child development. The
children in economically disadvantaged households receive less time investment even absent the
pandemic (Kalil & Ryan, 2020; Kalil et al., 2012). It is possible that unemployed parents might
increase time caring for children or other types of home production in response to reduced work
in the marketplace. However, parents may spend less time in home production or with their
children during the pandemic, perhaps because they do not know how to productively invest the
time they do have in their children or because they or a family member is sick. Quality of parent-
child interaction. Researchers have considered parenting style – such as how warm, strict, or
communicative a parent is – as an important determinant of a child’s skills (Doepke & Zilibotti,
2019; Gershoff et al., 2012). During a period when schools are closed, parents may have more
opportunities to spend time with children and this may produce more positive parent-child
interactions. However, the disruptions caused by changes in routines and economic changes or
the threat of illness may produce more negative interactions. Harsh parenting – including
shouting at young children may exacerbate children’s behavioral and emotional problems
(Pinderhughes et al., 2019; Straus & Stewart, 2019). Even absent the pandemic, children in low
income homes experience harsh parenting more often than do children in higher-income homes
(Ryan et al., 2016)
Developmental Timing
Our study focuses on families with preschool age children; early childhood is hypothesized to be
a particularly sensitive period for exposure to economic and social stress. COVID-19 and Family
Talavera Campus
18
Dynamics 8 Both human and animal studies highlight the critical importance of early childhood
for brain development and for establishing the neural functions and structures that will shape
future cognitive, social, emotional and health outcomes (Sapolsky, 2017; Shonkoff & Phillips,
2019). Research in other fields also highlights the developmental sensitivity of the early
childhood period. Cunha and colleagues (2017) propose an economic model of development in
which preschool cognitive and socio-emotional capacities are key ingredients for human capital
acquisition during the school years. In their model, early capacities can affect the likelihood that
later school- age human capital investments will be successful and productive. This model
predicts that economic deprivation, such as that which may arise from job or income losses, in
early childhood creates disparities in school readiness and early academic success that widen
over the course of childhood. Duncan and colleagues (2019) presented evidence showing the
developmental sensitivity of the early childhood period to the effects of low income on later life
outcomes.
Talavera Campus
19
Socio demographic profile Experiences
Low Income
Management-
families
Lifestyle
Present Condition
Figure1. The Research Paradigm of the Study

Talavera Campus
20
Statement of the Problem
This study entitled “Poverty in the pandemic: Covid 19's influence on low-income families
in Barangay Poblacion Talavera, Nueva Ecija. specifically it will answer the following questions
1. The lifestyle of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 physical activity;
1.2 leisure
1.3 diet
2. The experiences of the respondents in terms of:
2.1 community relationship
2.2 peer relationship;
2.3 family relationship;
2.4 Social interaction;
3. The Challenges experienced of the respondents to their present life?
4. The application to the option they performed to minimize their problem experienced.
5. The aspiration in life of the low income families?
Scope and Limitation

Talavera Campus
21
The study entitled Poverty in the pandemic: Covid 19's influence on low-income families
in Barangay Poblacion Talavera, Nueva Ecija will use the qualitative design the respondents of
the study will be eighteen (18) low-income families in Barangay Poblacion Talavera, Nueva
Ecija, interview will be the main tool in obtaining the data needed in the study. The study will be
conducted during the school year 2021-2022.
Significance of the Study
The study is important to the following people:
And for teachers to be aware on those students who are always coming late or not on
time in school and they can advise their students on what are they going to do to avoid being
tardy in school
Researcher, so that they will have some references or ideas in the near future if they will
going to take a research with the same topic
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of this study, the following terms were defined
Talavera Campus
22
Chapter 2
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
This chapter presents the methods and procedure to be use in the study
Research Method
The researcher used a qualitative method of research. Concerned with the features,
attributes and characteristics of phenomenon that can be interpreted thematically. (Shuttleworth
& Wilson, 2018)

Talavera Campus
23
A qualitative descriptive research, is defined as a case study which looks intensely at an
individual or small participant pool, drawing conclusions only about that participant or group and
only in that specific context. Researchers do not focus on the discovery of a
universal, generalizable truth, nor do they typically look for cause-effect relationships; instead,
emphasis is placed on exploration and description (Yin, 2018).
Furthermore, a case study refers to the collection and presentation of detailed
information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of
subjects themselves. It is concerned with the whole variety of traits to be found in a particular
instance.
Participants
The participants will be the eighteen (18) low-income families in Barangay Poblacion
Talavera, Nueva Ecija
Data Gathering Tool
The researcher will use unstructured interview and observation as the main tool in data
gathering. The subjects has freedom in sharing their experiences without any constraints when
this type of tool will be utilize. The interview is all about the Poverty in the pandemic: Covid
19's influence on low-income families in Barangay Poblacion Talavera, Nueva Ecija.
Data Gathering Procedure

Talavera Campus
24
Before the actual data gathering procedure, the researchers met and explain the mechanics of
the study to the participants and conduct interview about Poverty in the pandemic: Covid 19's
influence on low-income families in Barangay Poblacion Talavera, Nueva Ecija
Data Management and Analysis
1. In-depth Interview: is a qualitative research technique that involves conducting intensive
individual interviews with a small number of respondents, to explore their perspectives
on an idea, program, or situation. This study will involve c thorough one-on-one
interviews with the respondents through Zoom and Messenger Video Call.
2. Focus group Discussion. This will be conducted before and after the interview will be
conducted , it will be a way to explain the mechanic of the study and how it will be
conducted , after the interview, they will be called again to explain the outcome of the
study and to see if they will add some more information that are missed during the
conduct of the study
3. Memoing: is the act of recording reflective notes about what the researcher (fieldworker,
data coder, and/or analyst) is learning from the data. The study used memoing in data
gathering. It is an act of recording reflective notes about what the researchers will learn
from the data they have gathered.
4. Validation: is a process of confirming that an existing program of study or a newly
designed one can continue or commence operation. This will be done through having
Talavera Campus
25
another assembly or meeting with the participants after the data processing. The
validation of data is equivalent to the accuracy of results.
Ethical Consideration
The participants of this study will be informed of why the study will be conducted.
Ethical beneficence. The researcher will be make sure that the study is good for the
participants and will cause them no harm.
Self-determination. The participants of this study will not coerced from participating. They
will be allow to choose not to take part in the study or decide to drop out any time. Also, they
could decide to take part without any pressure and ask questions at any time regarding all the
aspects of this study.
Informed consent. The researcher will obtained informed consent from the participants in
order to prove that they did not become part of their study against their will.
Confidentiality and anonymity. The researcher will be ensure the participants’ privacy at
all times by means of using code name for the respective participants and not disclosing the
information obtained to those who are not involve in the study.
Establishing Trustworthiness of Data

Talavera Campus
26
Credibility, an especially important aspect of trustworthiness, is achieved to the extent that
the research methods engender confidence in the truth of the data and in the researcher
interpretations of data gathered (Polit & Beck, 2018).
The credibility of this study will be attained through the proper data collection.
Dependability, refers to evidence that is consistent and stable (Polit & Beck, 2018).
Dependability was achieved through proper selection of participants.
Data Management and Analysis
After every interview, the researcher will start transcribing file and seclude all the answers in
different columns to itemize the answer of the participants so that transcribing is easy and data
gathered will be easily explained.
The researcher will incorporate new data that emerge to have an exhaustive description of
phenomenon. The outcome of analysis will be presented in a conceptual map where the theme
and also sub theme will be presented.

Talavera Campus
27
References
Attanasio, O., Blundell, R., & Conti, G. (in press). (2020). Inequality in socio-emotional skills: a
cross-cohort comparison. Journal of Public Economics.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104171.
Baxter, J., Budinski, M., Carroll, M., & Hand, K. Australian Institute of Family Studies (2020).
Families in Australia survey: Life during COVID-19 - Report no. 5: What we did during
lockdown. https://aifs.gov.au/publications/what-we-did
Calarco, J., Meanwell, E., Anderson, E., & Knopf, A. (2020). Let’s not pretend it’s fun: a
mixedmethods analysis of increased time with children and mothers’ well-being during
the COVID-19 pandemic
Talavera Campus
28
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55b27527e4b0029a63553153/t/5f74f4e32ac66957
16baba11/1601500388592/Lets+Not+Pretend+Its+Fun_PPS_2020.09.30_socarxiv.pdf
Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2017).
Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the
family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 179-193.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.179
Cunha, F., Heckman, J., Lochner, L., & Masterov, D. (2017). Interpreting the evidence on life
cycle skill formation. In E. Hanushek & F. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of
education (Vol. 1, pp. 697-812). North Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-
0692(06)01012-9
Del Boca, D., Flinn, C., & Wiswall, M. (2018). Household choices and child development. The
Review of Economic Studies, 81(1), 137-185. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt026
Doepke, M., & Zilibotti, F. (2019). Love, money, and parenting: How economics explains the
way we raise our kids. Princeton University Press. COVID-19 and Family Dynamics 21
Duncan, G., & Magnuson, K. (2011). The nature and impact of early achievement skills,
attention skills, and behavior problems. In G. Duncan & R. Murnane (Eds.), Whither
opportunity: Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 47-69). Russell
Sage. https://doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2013.759847
Duncan, G. J., Ziol-Guest, K. M., & Kalil, A. (2019). Early-childhood poverty and adult
attainment, behavior, and health. Child Development, 81(1), 306-325.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01396.x
Fiorini, M., & Keane, M. P. (2018). How the allocation of children’s time affects cognitive and
noncognitive development. Journal of Labor Economics, 32(4), 787-836.
https://doi.org/10.1086/677232
Ganong, P., Noel, P., & Vavra, J. (2020). U.S. unemployment insurance replacement rates during
the pandemic (Working Paper No. 2020-62).
https://bfi.uchicago.edu/workingpaper/2020-62/ Gassman-Pines, A., Ananat, E. O., &
Fitz-Henley, J. (2020). COVID-19 and parent-child psychological well-being. Pediatrics,

e2020197294. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020- 007294
Gershoff, E. T., Lansford, J. E., Sexton, H. R., Davis‐Kean, P., & Sameroff, A. J. (2012).
Longitudinal links between spanking and children’s externalizing behaviors in a national
Talavera Campus
29
sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families. Child Development,
83(3), 838-843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01732.x
Hsin, A., & Felfe, C. (2018). When does time matter? Maternal employment, children’s time
with parents, and child development. Demography, 51(5), 1867-1894.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0334-5 COVID-19 and Family Dynamics 22
Jackson, A. P., Brooks‐Gunn, J., Huang, C., & Glassman, M. (2019). Single mothers in low ‐
wage jobs: Financial strain, parenting, and preschoolers' outcomes. Child Development,
71(5), 1409-1423. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00236.
Kalil, A. (2013). Effects of the great recession on child development. The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 650(1), 232-250.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213500453
Kalil, A., Mayer, S. E., Delgado, W., & Gennetian, L. A. (2019). The education gradient in
maternal enjoyment of time in childcare (Working Paper No. 2020-131).
https://bfi.uchicago.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/BFI_WP_2020131.pdf
Kalil, A., & Ryan, R. (2020). Parenting practices and socioeconomic gaps in childhood
outcomes. The Future of Children, 30, 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2020.0004
Kalil, A., Ryan, R., & Corey, M. (2012). Diverging destinies: Maternal education and the
developmental gradient in time with children. Demography, 49(4), 1361-1383.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0129-5
Kuhfeld, M., Soland, J., Tarasawa, B., Johnson, A., Ruzek, E., & Liu, J. (2020). Projecting the
potential impacts of COVID-19 school closures on academic achievement (Working
Paper No. 20-226). https://doi.org/10.26300/cdrv-yw05
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2017). Responsive parenting: Establishing early
foundations for social, communication, and independent problem-solving skills.
Developmental Psychology, 42(4), 627-642. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.627
Linver, M. R., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Kohen, D. E. (2017). Family processes as pathways from
income to young children's development. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 719-734.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.38.5.719 COVID-19 and Family Dynamics 23
McFarlane, E., Burrell, L., Duggan, A., & Tandon, D. (2017). Outcomes of a randomized trial of
a cognitive behavioral enhancement to address maternal distress in home visited mothers.
Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21(3), 475-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-
2125-7
Talavera Campus
30
Moroni, G., Nicoletti, C., & Tominey, E. (2019). Child socio-emotional skills: The role of
parental inputs (Discussion Paper No. 12432). Human Capital and Economic Opportunity
Working Group. http://ftp.iza.org/dp12432.pdf
Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Zelli, A. (2019). Discipline
responses: Influences of parents' socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting,
stress, and cognitive-emotional processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(3), 380-400.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0893-3200.14.3.380
Price, J., & Kalil, A. (2019). The effect of mother–child reading time on children's reading skills:
Evidence from natural within‐family variation. Child Development, 90(1), e688-e702.
http://www.uvic.ca/socialsciences/economics/assets/docs/pastdept4/
price_parental_time.pdf
Ryan, R. M., Kalil, A., Ziol-Guest, K. M., & Padilla, C. (2016). Socioeconomic gaps in parents'
discipline strategies from 1988 to 2011. Pediatrics, 138(6), e20160720.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0720
Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Mothering style and methylation. Nature Neuroscience, 7(8), 791-792.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nn0804-791 Sevilla, A., & Smith, S. (2020). Baby steps: The
gender division of childcare during the COVID19 pandemic. Oxford Review of
Economic Policy, 36, S169–S186. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/graa027 COVID-19 and
Family Dynamics 24
Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2019). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early
childhood development. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9824.
Straus, M. A., & Stewart, J. H. (2019). Corporal punishment by American parents: National data
on prevalence, chronicity, severity, and duration, in relation to child and family
characteristics. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(2), 55-70.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021891529770
Talavera Campus
31
Talavera Campus
32

Chapter 1 Low Income Families No

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Chapter 1 Low Income Families No

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1 Low Income Families No

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction and Review of Related Literature and Studies

Social Amelioration Program or SAP.

Some 18 million poor and vulnerable households, comprising 70 percent of the

August 2020 study.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

on the assessment aspect of the study.

Impact of Pandemic to Society

no food, or, at best, less food and less nutritious food.

indigenous peoples, being hardest hit.

governments work closely with employers and workers.

Countries dealing with existing humanitarian crises or emergencies are particularly

humanitarian and recovery assistance reaches those most in need, is critical.

already achieved development gains.

Discerning the Impact of COVID-19

week to claimants on top of the usual benefit.

Economic Impact Payment was within 90 percent of the poverty line.

(and therefore income) were within 80 percent of the poverty line

Understanding the Phenomenon of Poverty

poverty as “fundamentally poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human

low housing conditions”. UN (2020).

Thus, poverty as phenomena means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in

to clean water or sanitation.

societies in South Asian countries.

and many other things.

Understanding the poverty revolves around ‘income’ is significant for emergency

diseases, war, riots, etc.

Most analysis of poverty still focuses on numerical monetary parameters, establishing

vulnerability, scarcity of access to knowledge, scarcity of access to work, scarcity of resources,

development of children and homelessness.

Multidimensional Poverty and the Challenges of COVID-19 Pandemic

Understanding of poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon, marked by multiple aspects,

the impact that this pandemic carry.

Status of Poverty in the World Before COVID-19

the society. Deccanherald (2020)

employee under very bad conditions. The Economic Times (2020).

Estimating the Global Poverty Status Due to COVID-19 Pandemic

normal poverty. (Daniel et al., 2020).

developing countries, as soon as possible.

Economic and social shifts

amplify socio-emotional or behavioral problems in children.

such as the Great Recession .

low-income parents (Kalil et al., 2019).

children’s socio-emotional adjustment and anticipated to play a role in amplifying or mitigating

communicative a parent is – as an important determinant of a child’s skills (Doepke & Zilibotti,

(Ryan et al., 2016)

Socio demographic profile Experiences

Figure1. The Research Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

1. The lifestyle of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 physical activity;

2. The experiences of the respondents in terms of:

2.1 community relationship

2.2 peer relationship;

2.3 family relationship;