Earth Science Reviewer Week 1 and 2

Different theories/stories about the origin of the Step 7: Birth of the Solar System –
universe estimated to have been born after 9
billion years after the Big Bang,
 Myths making it 4.6 billion years old.
 The Creation
 Scientific theories, like Big : scientists think the sun and
Bang Theory the rest of our solar system was
formed from a giant rotating cloud
Big Bang Theory in 10 Easy Steps of gas and dust > known as the
Solar Nebula.
 Still a theory.
Step 8: in the 1960s and 1970s,
 Explosion = Expansion
astronomers began thinking that
there might be more mass in the
Belgian Priest-
astronomer. Physics
universe than what is visible >
Professor known Dark Matter
Step 9: 1920s, Edwin Hubble made a
 Proposed by Georges revolutionary discovery.
Henri Edouard
Lemaitre.
 He called the universe as  An American
astronomer.
Cosmic egg, the single
 Pioneer of the
primordial particle.
distant stars.
*Big Bang is not an explosion, instead it is  Hubble’s Law
an expansion.
 Hubble’s constant
Step 1: The universe was born as a  Hubble’s Telescope
very hot, dense, single point in He said that our universe
space is expanding.
Step 2: When the universe was very
Step 10: there are still enduring
young, it grew and doubled in size
questions that remain unanswered.
at least 90 times. As it expanded,
the universe cooled, and matter
found.
Fred Hoyle
Step 3: Light chemical elements
were created within first 3 - English
minutes. Protons and neutrons Astrophysicist
collided enough to form deuterium - Cosmologist
(- isotope of hydrogen.) Much of - Contributed to the
this deuterium combined to make stellar
helium. nucleosynthesis.
- Published two papers
Step 4: Age of Recombination. on steady-state
: the light was unleased is cosmology.
detectable today in the form of - Coiled the Big Bang
radiation from the CMB. theory.
 Proposed the Steady-State Theory
: there is no present of life
or whatsoever.
According to this
Step 5: Age of Reionization. theory, the universe has
no beginning and no end.
: the universe became The
universe
transparent. is
constant
: Clumps of gas collapsed but
enough to form stars ang galaxies. still
expand.
Step 6: Astronomers combed the
universe looking for the most far- Formation of the Solar System
flung and oldest galaxies to
Geocentric Model
understand the properties of the
early universe.
Earth Science Reviewer Week 1 and 2

 Proposed Claudius - Exist in 3 states: Can be ice,

Ptolemy. vapor or liquid.
 Supported by
Aristotle. - An active mass of water that
Earth is as the center of the solar is continuously moving.
system. - Includes fresh water from
Heliocentric Model streams, lakes and glaciers.

 Proposed bye Atmosphere

Nicolaus - Gaseous envelope surrounds
Copernicus. the earth.
 Was supported - A thin layer but an important
by Galileo
part of the planet.
Galilei and
- Does not only provide the air
Johannes
that we breathe out byt also
Kepler’s Law of
other gases that sustain life.
Planetary
Motor. Inner Solar System Outer Solar Trans-
The sun is the center of the solar System Neptunian
system.  Terrestrial  Gas giant Region
Planets planets  Kuiper
How Solar System Formed (Mercury, (Jupiter, Belt
Venus, Uranus,  Home
1. Explosion of Supernova. Earth, Neptune, for ice
2. Solar Nebula was formed, which is a spring Mars Saturn.) and
disk material.  Slow  Thick comets.
3. Sun formed. Rotation outer  Beyond
layers of the
4. Clumped together that formed planets, gas. Has Kuiper
moons, leftover asteroid, comets, no solid belt is
meteoroids. surface oart
5. Solar System was formed.  Rotates cloud.
faster.
- 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen,
 The solar system is in Milky 0.9% argon, 0.1% other gas.
Way Galaxy - Layers of atmosphere:
 Sun takes 99% of the mass of Exosphere- last layer.
the Solar System. Thermosphere- fourth layer
Mesosphere- coldest
Region of solar system Stratosphere- second layer
four spheres of the earth Troposphere- 80% of the air.

Biosphere
- Includes all life on earth,
which makes them biotic.
Geosphere
- Without this there is no earth
- The solid and the rocky part
of the planet
- Largest among the four
sphere
- Made up of all rocks and
minerals on earth
- Abiotic, includes non-living
things.
- Geosphere is not static.

Hydrosphere
- Water covers almost 71
percent of the earth’s surface.