IoT Assignment-2

Ipsit Nayak

1929217
KIIT UNIVERSITY
1. SMART LIGHTING
⚫ ABOUT:
Smart lighting is a system of lights, which holds energy-efficient LED drivers, advanced
control algorithms, lighting sensors, and communication interfaces to collaborate and
interconnect in a lighting network. At its core, a smart lighting system is being conceived
as a flexible lighting system to improve visual comfort, as well energy efficiency.

⚫ SENSORS AND COMPONENTS:

RGB color sensors are intended to detect the red-green-blue content of light and tune
white light in LED luminaries. For optical communications including Visible Light
Communication(VLC) connectivity, several technologies of photo-diodes can be used in
wireless links mainly in indoor environments. In addition, more advanced functionalities
such as spectral detection of light are covered with micro-spectrometers to detect the light
spectrum in the visible range that can be detected by our eyes.

⚫ 10 IMPLEMENTATION STEPS:
Step 1: Purpose & Requirements Specification:
A home automation system that allows controlling of the lights in a home remotely using a
web application. The home automation system should have auto and manual modes. In auto
mode, the system measures the light level in the room and switches on the light when it gets
dark. In manual mode, the system provides the option of manually and remotely switching
on/off the light. The system should provide remote monitoring and control functions. The
system should perform a local analysis of the data. The application should be deployed
locallyon the device but should be accessible remotely.
Step 2: Process Specification:
The second step in the loT design methodology is to define the process specification.
In this step, the use cases of the loT system are formally described based on and derived
from the purpose and requirement specifications. The figure below shows the process
diagram for the home automation system. The process diagram shows the two modes of
the system - auto and manual. In a process diagram, the circle denotes the start of a
process, the diamond denotes a decision box and the rectangle denotes a state or
attribute.
When the auto mode is chosen, the system monitors the light level. If the light level is
low, the system changes the state of the light to "on". Whereas, if the light level is high, the
system changes the state of the light to "off". When the manual mode is chosen, the
system checks the light state set by the user. If the light state set by the user is "on", the
system changes the state of light to "on". Whereas. if the light state set by the user is
"off", the system changes the state of light to "off".

Step 3: Domain Model Specification:

The system is designed for use on a website or an application. Each light bulb consists of an
ESP8266-12F microcontroller circuit that receives data from the sensor on the circuit and
sends that data to the WebServer. The WebServer then displays information on the light
bulbs, and depending on the operation of the user, it transmits commands to the ESP8266-
12F to adjust the colors of the lights and turn them on or off. In automatic mode, the
WebServer uses the data collected from the motion sensor to transmit a command to turn the
light on or off. Subsequently, it transmits a warning or a siren alarm if security mode is on.
With the functions of the system that will help users easily manage their lighting system, there
will be no electricity wastage or unfortunate accidents when forgetting to turn off the lights.
Step 4: Information Model Specification:
Information Model defines the structure of all the information in the IoT system, for example,
attributes of Virtual Entities, relations, etc. The information model does not describe the
specifics of how the information is represented or stored. To define the information model, we
first list the Virtual Entities defined in the Domain Model. The information model adds more
details to the Virtual Entities by defining their attributes and relations.

Step 5: Service Specifications:

Mode Service sets the mode to auto or manual or retrieves the current node. State service
sets the light appliance state to on/off or retrieves the current light state.
Controller service in auto mode, the controller service monitors the light level and switches
the light on/off, and updates the status in the status database. In manual mode, the controller
service retrieves the current state from the database and switches the light on/off.

Controller Service Mode Service

 State Service
Step 6: IoT Level Specification:

The system consists of a single node that allows controlling the lights and appliances in a
home remotely. The device used in this system interfaces with the lights and appliances using
electronic relay switches. The status information of each light or appliance is maintained in a
local database. REST services deployed locally allow retrieving and updating the state of
each light or appliance in the status database. The controller service continuously monitors
the state of each light or appliance (by retrieving the state from the database) and triggers the
relay switches accordingly. The application which is deployed locally has a user interface for
controlling the lights or appliances. Since the device is connected to the Internet, the
application can be accessed remotely as well.

Step 7: Functional View Specification:

IoT devices map to the Device FG(sensors, actuators, devices, computing devices) and the
Management FG(device management). Resources map to the Device FG(on-device
resource) and Communication FG(communication AP is and protocols). Controller service
maps to the Services FG(native space). Web services map to Services FG. Web Services
map to Services FG(web services). The database maps to the Management FG(database
management) and Security FG(database security). Application maps to the Application FG
(web application, application, and database servers), Management FG (App management),
and Security FG (app security).
Step 8: Operational View Specification:
◆ Hardware Interface Component -
modules are coordinated by a 32-bit
ESP8266 system-on-chip running
firmware written in C++ programming
language. It is required that the CPE
provides control of lighting, HVAC
appliances, security locks, and others,
as well as monitoring of the house
environments such as the room
temperature, humidity, and light
intensity.
◆ Software Control Component - consists
of web servers, client applications, and
embedded software. The web servers
present the core for managing,
controlling, authenticating, and
monitoring the distributed system
processes. While the client applications
provide graphical user interfaces
(GUIs) for t h e client’s operations.
The web application is open-source using the HTML5 technology – HTML, PHP, JavaScript,
CSS, and MySQL. It is launched through the web browsers of smart gadgets such as personal
computers, tablets, PDAs, smartphones, etc.
◆ Communication Interface - Websocket
is found to be the most suitable for real-
time bi-directional, full-duplex, persistent
connection from a web browser to a
server. The web application
communication protocol (WAMP) is an
open standard WebSocket subprotocol
that provides application routing that
works with different languages.
JSON is an open, language-independent, human-readable, data interchange format to ideally
inter-operate, store, and transfer data between systems.
◆ Web Service Security - authentication
system is built into the web and mobile
applications and as such, an
unauthorized user cannot gain
 entrance into the mobile and web
applications. To further secure the
Websocket implementation, a one-time
password (OTP) mechanism is
deployed.
For efficiency of the Software DEvelopment the following frameworks are implemented:-
Laravel PHP framework 27, Rachet PHP Websocket framework28, Phone gap mobile apps
framework, and Twitter Bootstrap CSS framework. The design pattern employed is an Object-
Oriented pattern while the higher-level design architecture is the Model-View-Controller
(MVC) pattern.
Step 9: Device & Component Integration:
Integration of the devices and components the devices and components used in this example
are Raspberry Pi mini-computer, LDR sensor, and relay switch actuator. A detailed
description of t h e Raspberry Pi board and how to interface sensors and actuators with
theboard.

Step 10: Application Development:

The application has controls for the mode (auto-on or auto-off) and the light (on or off). In the
auto mode, the IoT system controls the light appliance automatically based on the lighting
conditions in the room. When auto mode is enabled the light control in the application is
disabled and it reflects the current state of the light. When the auto mode is disabled, the light
control is enabled and it is used for manually controlling the light.

2. HOME INTRUSION DETECTION

 ABOUT:
Home intrusion detection systems use security cameras and sensors to detect intrusions
and raise alerts. The form of the alerts can be in form SMS, Email, Image grab, or a short
video clip as an email attachment.
 SENSORS AND COMPONENTS:
In Intrusion Detection, the form of the alerts can be in form of MS, Email, Image grab,
or ashort video clip as an email attachment. Sensors like PIR sensor, door sensor, etc

used.
 10 IMPLEMENTATION STEPS:
Step 1: Purpose & Requirements Specification:
Home Intrusion Detection allows to detect intrusion and raise alerts. For this purpose, we
need some sensors like the PIR sensor, door sensor, etc. The system should provide
remote monitoring and control. The system should provide a local analysis of the data. It
must be deployed locally on the device but should be accessible remotely.
Step 2: Process Specification:
Each room in the home has a PIR motion sensor and each door has a door sensor.
Thesesensors can detect the motion or opening of doors. Each sensor is read at regular
intervals and the motion detection or door opening events are stored and alerts are sent.

Step 3: Domain Model Specification:

The domain model for the home intrusion detection system includes physical entities for room
and door and the corresponding virtual entities. The device in this example is a single-board
mini-computer that has PIR and door sensors attached to it. The domain model also includes
the services involved in the system.
Step 4: Information Model Specification:
The information system model defines the attributes of room and door virtual entities and
their possible values. The room virtual entity has an attribute ‘motion’ and the door virtual
entity has an attribute ‘state’.

Step 5: Service Specifications:

The services are derived from the process specification and the information model. The
system has three services a RESTful web service that retrieves the current state of a door
from the database or sets the current state of a door to open/closed, A RESTful web
service that retrieves the current motion in a room or sets the motion of a room to yes/no, a
native controller service that runs on the device and reads the PIR and door sensors and
calls the REST services for updating the state of rooms and doors in the database.

Step 6: IoT Level Specification:

“Home intrusion detection system” is implemented in level 2. The IoT level 5 system has
multiple nodes and one coordinator node. The coordinator node collects the data from the
endnodes and sends it to the cloud.
Step 7: Functional View Specification:
The IoT Functional Model identifies groups of functionalities, of which most are grounded in
key concepts of the IoT Domain Model. The functional view defines the functions of the IoT
systems grouped into various functional groups(FGs). A number of these Functionality
Groups (FG) build on each other, following the relations identified in the IoT Domain Model.
The Functionality Groups provide the functionalities for interacting with the instances of
these concepts or managing the information related to the concepts, e.g. information about
Virtual Entities or descriptions of IoT Services. The functionalities of the FGs that manage
information use the IoT Information Model as the basis for structuring their information.

Step 8: Operational View Specification:

Operation view is very important to address how an actual system can be realized by
selectingtechnologies and making them communicate and operate comprehensively.

The operational view specifications for t h e home intrusion detection system are as
follows:Devices: The computing devices I am going to use are Raspberry Pi and Arduino.

And the sensors that I am going to use are the PIR motion sensor, Laser pointer, and light-
dependent resistor. Communication Protocols: Link layer 802.11, network layer-IPV4,
application layer MQTT. I have mentioned all these protocols in the above figure. Services:
Controller service that is hosted on my device runs as a native service.
Step 9: Device & Component Integration:
In this step, we have to integrate the devices and components. The devices and
componentsused in my home intrusion detection system are Raspberry Pi, Arduino, PIR
sensor, laser pointer, light-dependent resistor, web cam, and a buzzer. The schematic
diagram of my home intrusion detection system is as shown in the below figure:

Step 10: Application Development:

First, the node-MCU is pushed into the breadboard.
To this PIR sensor is connected. PIR sensor has 3 pins:
5v Pin – This pin is connected to a 3v pin of node-MCU
output Pin – This pin is connected to any data pin of node-MCU. Here is my circuit I
connected it to the D7 data pin.
Ground pin – This pin is connected to the ground pin of node MCU.

3. SMARTPARKING
 ABOUT:
Consists of the deployment of an IoT module that is used to monitor the availability of
each parking space. A mobile application is also provided that allows an end-user to
check theavailability of parking space and book a parking slot accordingly.
 SENSORS AND COMPONENTS:
◆ Ultrasonic sensors - measure distance
by using ultrasonic waves in time
between the emission and reception.
Advantages: high accuracy of the
sensor. The disadvantages: the
probability of sensor contamination.
◆ Electromagnetic field sensor - is a
small-scale microelectromechanical
system device for detecting and
measuring magnetic fields. The
solution is based on the change of the
electromagnetic field as the metal
mechanisms approach one another.
◆ An infrared sensor - is an electronic
device that emits to sense some
aspect of its surroundings. An IR
sensor can measure the heat of an
object as well as to detect motion.An
IR sensor works in a similar way to
ultrasonic sensors.
 10 IMPLEMENTATION STEPS:
Step 1: Purpose & Requirements Specification:
The purpose of a smart parking system is to detect the number of empty parking slots
and send the information over the Internet to smart parking application back-ends.
These applications can be accessed by drivers from smartphones, tablets, or in-car
navigation systems. In smart parking, sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect
whether the slot is empty or occupied. This information is aggregated by a local controller
and then sent over the Internet to a server.
Step 2: Process Specification:
Every parking place has to install an IoT hardware kit. So that the IoT device updates the
status of that particular slot that is vacant or parked in any car. The controller collects the
sensor data and uploads it to the server using API (application programming interface).
The API is created on a web server using PHP. The server receives the data using API
and stores it in a database. Whenever any user search for the parking places the web
application used thatdata to display the real result of the parking place.

Step 3: Domain Model Specification:

The domain model includes a physical entity for the parking slot and the corresponding
virtual entity. The device in this example is a single-board mini-computer that has an
ultrasonic sensor attached to it. The domain model also includes the services involved in
the system.
Step 4: Information Model Specification:
The information model of a parking system contains only a single virtual entity i.e a parking
slot which also contains a Slot Id and a Lot Id. Which is used to uniquely identify a position
in the parking lot.
The parking slot entity contains two attribute states i.e empty or occupied. If a car is parked
in a particular location of the parking slot the state displays are occupied otherwise empty.

Step 5: Service Specifications:

The next step is to define the service specifications for the system. The services are
derived from the process specification and the information model. The smart parking
system has two services -
✓ a service that monitors the parking slots (using ultrasonic sensors) and updates the
status in a database on the cloud (REST web service),
✓ a service that retrieves the current state of the parking slots (controller native service).
specifications of the controller and state services of the smart parking system.

Controller Service State Service

Step 6: IoT Level Specification:

The system consists of a single node that allows smart parking remotely. The device used in
this system interfaces with the lights and appliances using electronic relay switches. The
status information of each parking slot is maintained in a local database. REST services
deployed locally allow retrieving and updating the state of each slot in the status database
whether the slot is occupied or empty. The controller service continuously monitors the state
of each slot (by retrieving the state from the database) and triggers the relay switches
accordingly. The application which is deployed locally has a user interface for controlling the
empty spaces. Since the device is connected to the Internet, the application can be
accessed remotely as well.
Step 7: Functional View Specification:
The communication FG includes the communication APIs (such as REST and WebSocket)
that are used by the services and applications to exchange data over the network. In the
home automation example the communication protocols include - 802.11 (link layer),
IPv4/IPv6 (network layer), TCP (transport layer), and HTTP (application layer). In smart
parking there are two REST services(mode and state service) and one native
service(controller service)/

Step 8: Operational View Specification:

The system uses the Django framework for web application and REST service - both of
whichyou learned about from earlier chapters of this book. The Django web application is
supported by a MySQL database. The IoT device used for this example is Raspberry Pi
along with the ultrasonic sensors.
Software Interface - The cloud server acts as a mediator between the modules. The cloud
server is connected to the Wi-Fi module. The user receives the message through the SMS
module while the car enters and exits the parking area using an RFID card. The messages
sent by the SMS module are managed by the cloud. As soon as the IR sensor detects the
car, the status of the cloud will be updated from 0 to 1, and when the car leaves the
parkingarea the status of the car will be updated from 0 to 1.
GSM Interface - The GSM module is a circuit that is used to set up communication
between mobile phones and the microcontroller. It is used to send SMS, MMS, and
voicemessages through the mobile network.
IR Sensor Interface - An infrared sensor is an electronic device that is
used to detect the presence of objects. Infrared light is emitted by this device. If this device
does not detect any IR light reflected that means there is no object present.
RFID Interface - RFID tags are made up of an integrated circuit (IC), an antenna, and
a substrate. It is an identification badge or credit card that transfers its contents about
anobject to the reader module.
Step 9: Device & Component Integration:
The devices and components used in Smart Parking constitute the Parking Sensors, which
to sense the parking area and determine whether a parking slot is vacant or not. Thenext
unit consists of the processing unit It comprises Raspberry pi which is a processor on-chip.
The processing unit acts as an intermediate between the sensors and the cloud. The
mobile application acts as an interface for the end-users to interact with the system. The
application is developed in Apache Cordova and Angular Js framework using Javascript as
a programming language. The cloud component is The IBM MQTT server is hosted on the
cloud. Cloud acts as a database to store all the records
related to parking areas and end-users that have access to the system. It keeps a track of
every user connected to the system and maintains information such as the time
at which the car was parked, time duration for parking a car, amount paid by the user,
andmode of payment.

Step 10: Application Development:

The model of Smart Parking system has 6 parking lots and one entry and exit gate. For
future maintenance, If any sensor doesn’t work properly, an extra lot number 7 which is
been kept disconnected. Each parking lot has a sensor that detects the object whenever
any countable object is passed around the range. All the sensors are connected with the
Arduino Uno kit which supplies power. Arduino Uno kit is connected with Node
Mcu ESP 8266. ESP 8266 has instructions for sensors which has been imported from
Arduino IDE. Arduino IDE is software used for coding.
4. WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
 ABOUT:
IoT- based weather monitoring systems can collect data on environmental conditions such
as temperature, humidity, pressure, etc. In an area using multiple end nodes. The end
nodes send the data to the cloud where the data is aggregated and analyzed. This data
canthen be viewed in an application so that necessary and timely actions can be taken.

 SENSORS AND COMPONENTS:

The system makes use of sensors, motors, and other electronic components for the
monitoring of weather parameters.
Microcontroller (Arduino Uno) measures 4 weather parameters using respective 4 sensors.
These sensors are a temperature sensor, humidity sensor, light sensor, and rain level sensor.
These 4 sensors are directly connected to Arduino Uno since it has an inbuilt Analog to digital
converter. The system is arranged in this manner that data will automatically fetch from
sensors and will upload while connecting with wi-fi and displays the data.

 10 IMPLEMENTATION STEPS:
Step 1: Purpose & Requirements Specification:
The main purpose of this system is to monitor and assess the conditions in case of
exceeding the prescribed level of parameters (e.g., noise, CO, and radiation levels).
The measured parameters can be stored in a built-in data logger or can be transmitted
to a remote location via a communication link. If the data is stored in a data logger,
recordeddata must be physically downloaded to a computer at a later time for further
processing.Step 2: Process Specification:
The process Specification shows that the sensors are read after fixed intervals and the
sensor measurements are stored.

Process specification of weather monitoring IoT system

Step 3: Domain Model Specification:
In this domain model, the physical entity is the environment that is being monitored. There is
a virtual entity for the environment. Devices include a temperature sensor, pressure sensor,
humidity sensor, light sensor, and single-board mini-computer. Resources are software
components that can be either on-device or network resources. Services include the controller
service that monitors the temperature, pressure, humidity, and light and sends the readings
to the cloud.

Domain Model for weather monitoring IoT system

Step 4: Information Model Specification:
There is one virtual entity for the environment being sensed. The virtual entity has attributes-
temperature, pressure, humidity, and light.

Information Model for weather monitoring IoT system

Step 5: Service Specifications:

The diagram below depicts the process of deriving the services from the process
specification and information model for a weather monitoring system.
Deriving services from process specification & information model for weather monitoring IoT
system
The specification of the controller service runs as a native service on the device and monitors
temperature, pressure, humidity, and light once every 15 seconds. The controller service calls
the REST service to store these measurements in the cloud.

Controller service of the weather monitoring IoT system

Step 6: IoT Level Specification:
The weather monitoring system in an IoT level - 6 system. The system consists of multiple
nodes placed in different locations for monitoring temperature, humidity, and pressure in an
area. The end nodes are equipped with various sensors. The end nodes send the data to the
cloud in real-time using the WebSocket service. The data is stored in a cloud database. The
analysis of data is done in the cloud to aggregate the data and make predictions. A cloud-
based application is used for visualizing the data.
 Deployment design of the weather monitoring IoT system
Step 7: Functional View Specification:

Mapping deployment level to functional groups for the weather monitoring IoT System
Step 8: Operational View Specification:

Mapping functional groups to operational view for the weather monitoring IoT System

Step 9: Device & Component Integration:

The devices & components used in the below diagram are Raspberry Pi mini-computer,
temperature and humidity sensor (DHT22), pressure and temperature sensor (BMP085),
and LDR sensor. An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter (MCP3008) is used for converting the
analog input from LDR to digital.
 Schematic diagram of a weather monitoring end-node showing the device and sensors
Step 10: Application Development:
The final step is to develop the IoT application. A GPS device can also be added to the
design so that the location of the surrounding will also be mailed or messaged to the user
along with the surrounding parameters, like temperature, humidity,
pressure, light intensity, etc. The system can also be modified such that whenever a
message is sent from a particular phone number or email id to the server, all the
environmental parameters can be sent as notification or as a message to a mobile phone
oremail id. Also, this weather monitoring system can be used in smart city projects and
manyother automation projects.

5. WEATHERREPORTINGBOT
 ABOUT:
Weather reporting BOT allows people to directly check the weather stats online without
the need for a weather forecasting agency. The system uses temperature, humidity as
well as rain sensor to monitor the weather and provide live reporting of the weather
statistics.The system constantly monitors temperature using a temperature sensor,
humidity using a humidity sensor, and also for rain. The system constantly transmits this
data to the microcontroller, which now processes this data and keeps on transmitting it to
the online web server over a wifi connection. This data is life updated to be viewed on the
online server system. Also, the system allows users to set alerts for particular instances,
the system provides alerts to users if the weather parameters cross those values. Thus
the IoT-basedweather reporting system provides an efficient internet-based weather
reporting system for users.
 SENSORS AND COMPONENTS:
● DHT11 Digital Temperature Humidity Sensor
● Rain Drop Sensor
● ESP8266 Wifi Module
● LCD Display
● Crystal Oscillator
 ● Resistors
● Capacitors
● Transistors
● Cables and Connectors
● Diodes
● PCB and Breadboards
● LED
● Transformer/Adapter
● Push Buttons
● Switch
● IC
● IC Sockets
● Programming Language
 10 IMPLEMENTATION STEPS:
1.The end-node is comprised of a Raspberry Pi mini-computer, temperature,
humidity, pressure, and light sensors.
2. Also sensors, a USB webcam is attached to the device.
3. Python code for the controller service that runs on the end-node.
4.The controller service obtains the temperature, humidity, pressure, and light
readingsfrom the sensors, every 30 minutes.
5. At the same time, an image is captured from the webcam attached to the device.
6. The sensor readings and the captured image is then sent as a tweet on Twitter.
7. To send tweets the controller service uses a Python library for Twitter called tweeps.
8. With sweeps, you can use the Twitter REST API to send tweets.
9. To use the Twitter API, you would need to set up a Twitter developer account and
then create a new application.
10.Upon creating the application you will get the API key, API secret, and access
tokens.These credentials and tokens are used in the controller service.
6. AIR POLLUTION MONITORING
 ABOUT:
IoT-based air pollution monitoring systems can monitor the emission of harmful gases
by factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological sensors. The Air
Quality Monitoring System (AQMS) is a facility to measure wind speed, direction, other
weatherparameters, the concentration of air pollutants (such as SO2, NOx, CO, O3,
THC, etc.), and particulate matters continuously all year round.
 SENSORS AND COMPONENTS:
The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions control
approaches. It is monitor by gaseous and meteorological sensors.
 10 IMPLEMENTATION STEPS:
Step 1: Purpose & Requirements Specification:
The starting point of air quality monitoring is to first study if an area has an air pollution
problem. Monitoring helps in assessing the level of pollution with the ambient airquality
standards. Standards are a regulatory measure to set the target for pollution reduction
and achieve clean air.
Step 2: Process Specification:
The process specification shows that the sensors are read after fixed intervals and the
sensor measurements are stored. The collected data can be analyzed to make informed
decisions on pollutions control approaches. A real-time air quality monitoring system is
presented that comprises several distributed monitoring stations that communicate via
wireless with a back-end server using machine-to-machine communication.

Step 3: Domain Model Specification:

We used the Thingspeak IoT platform and we clearly defined the derivations that mention
the correct ppm on the screen with correct calibration. We have implemented it with less
cost i.e. when we are pushing the data to the cloud, no need to see the output on LCD
which adds more cost to the project [1]. When we are targeting IoT as a platform, our
intention should be to present the idea on the internet using the platforms like thinger.io or
thingspeak, orCayenne website which is beautifully designed to present the output and
even able to download the dataset. When doing an experiment air quality monitoring, no
need to use LPG or methane detecting sensors as it is used for Home/office safety. We
have used Wi-Fito push the data onto the cloud rather than using GSM or GPRS module.
Step 4: Information Model Specification:
Air pollution is the biggest problem of every nation, whether it is developed or developing.
Health problems have been growing at a faster rate especially in urban areas of
developing countries where industrialization and the growing number of vehicles lead to a
release of a lot of gaseous pollutants. Harmful effects of the pollution include mild allergic
reactions such as irritation of the throat, eyes, and nose as well as some serious problems
Air Quality Monitoring System 3 like bronchitis, heart diseases, pneumonia, lung, and
aggravated asthma. According to the survey, due to air pollution 50,000 to 100,000
premature deaths per year occur in the U.S. alone. Whereas in EU number reaches to
300,000 and over 3,000,000 worldwide. IoT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System
monitors the Air quality over a web server using the Internet and will trigger an alarm when
the air quality goes down beyond a certain threshold level, which means when there are
sufficient amount of harmful gasespresent in the air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene,
NH3, LPG, and NOx. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as well as on the
webpage so that it can monitor it very easily.

Step 5: Service Specifications:

The services are derived from the process specification and the information model., the
library in the Arduino was loaded and a message was sent to the LCD. Air quality data was
collected using the MQ135 sensor. The calibrated sensor made the analog output voltage
proportional to the concentration of polluting gases in Parts per Million (ppm). The data is
first displayed on the LCD screen and then sent to the Wi-Fi module. The Wi-Fi module
transfers the measured data valve to the server via the internet. The Wi-Fi module is
configuredto transfer measured data to an application on a remote server called “Thing
speak”. The online application provides global access to measured data via any device that
has internet
connection capabilities. Data collected from the sensor was converted into a string and
used to update the information sent to the remote server.

Step 6: IoT Level Specification:

The level of pollution has increased with time by a lot of factors like the increase in
population, increased vehicle use, industrialization, and urbanization which results in
harmful effects on human wellbeing by directly affecting the health of the population
exposed to it. To monitor in this project we are going to make an IOT Based Air Pollution
Monitoring System in which we will monitor the Air Quality over a web server using the
internet and will trigger an alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain level,
which means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the air like
CO2, smoke, alcohol,benzene, and NH3. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and
as well as on the webpage so that we can monitor it very easily. we have used the MQ135
sensor which is the best choice for monitoring Air Quality as it can detect most harmful
gases and can measure their amount accurately. In this IoT project, you can monitor the
pollution level from anywhere using your computer or mobile.
Step 7: Functional View Specification:
The seventh step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Functional View. The
Functional View (FV) defines the functions of the IoT systems grouped into various
Functional Groups (FGs). Each Functional Group either provides functionalities for
interacting with instances of concepts defined in the Domain Model or provides information
related to these concepts.
Step 8: Operational View Specification:

Step 9: Device & Component Integration:

An air pollution system is described that integrates a single- chip microcontroller, severalair
pollution sensors, PRS-modem, and a GPS module.
Step 10: Application Development:
Air quality monitoring systems are designed using different sensors for indoor and outdoor
air quality monitoring in the previous works by using Bluetooth, GPS, GPRS wireless
technologies. In previous work, the WASP module is used which is costly. Instead of that
different sensors can be used. The proposed system is developed for indoor air quality
monitoring remotely. It is a cost and energy-efficient request and response protocol that is
used along with a combination of address and data-centric protocols.
7. FOREST FIRE DETECTION
 ABOUT:
Forest fire (wildfire) is one of the common hazards that is accrued in the forest. Fire
monitoring has three phases: pre-fire during a fire (detection of fire and planning to control
fire), post-fire (damage assessment and mitigation planning). In older days, a manual fire
detection approach is used. In current days, a satellite-based surveillance system is used
to detect forest fire but this works when a fire is spread in a large area. So these
techniques are not efficient. According to a survey, approximately 80% of losses are
accrued in the forestdue to the late detection of fire. So to overcome this problem, we use
the Internet of things technology. An early fire detection model has been proposed with the
help of the Raspberry Pimicrocontroller and required sensors.
 SENSORS AND COMPONENTS:
● Smoke sensors
● Power Supply
● LCD
● Ethernet Module
● Arduino Platform
● Fire sensor
 10 IMPLEMENTATION STEPS:
1. loT based forest fire detection systems use several monitoring nodes
deployed at different locations in a forest. Each monitoring node collects
measurements on ambient conditions (such as temperature and humidity) to
predict whether a fire has broken out.
2. The system is based on a level-5 IoT deployment with multiple end nodes and one
coordinator node. The end nodes perform sensing and the coordinator node
collects data from the end nodes and sends it to the cloud. The end node includes
aRaspberry Pi mini-computer and DHT-22 temperature and humidity sensor.
3. The forest fire detection module works in three different stages. The first stage
consists of reading some external environmental parameters like temperature
and smoke.
4. The first stage is done with the help of some sensors which are used to sense and
convert analog data to digital data. The sensors read parameters like temperature,
humidity, and air quality then sends this information to the next nearest node
5. This process goes on until the information reaches the final node or the main
terminal which is the second stage of the overall process. The third stage consists
of the transmission of the information to the forest fire monitoring unit.
6. Each node has a temperature and humidity sensor, a smoke sensor, and
amicrocontroller unit. Arduino has been used as a microcontroller device.
7. The sensors interact with the Arduino and store the information for the
comparisonprocess. There is a predefined threshold value to each of these
parameters.
 8. The microprocessor compares the sensor values at regular intervals of times with
the threshold values
9. Based on the comparison if the input values of sensors exceed the threshold the
node transmits the information to the next nearby node which again, in turn,
transmitsthe information to the other nearby node. In this way, the message flow is
regulated in this model.

8. SMART IRRIGATION
 ABOUT:
A smart watering system can be defined as the science of the artificial application of water
to thesoil depending on the soil moisture content. With the advent of open-source Arduino
boardsalong with the moisture sensor, it is viable to create devices that can monitor the soil
moisture content and accordingly irrigating the fields or the landscape when needed. The
proposed system makes use of microcontroller ATMEGA328P on Arduino Uno platform
andIOT which enables farmers to remotely monitor the status of water level in the soil by
knowing the sensor values thereby, making the farmers work much easier as they can
concentrate on other farm activities. Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices and soil
moisture sensors to determine the amount of moisture in the soil and release the flow of
water through the irrigation pipes only when the moisture levels go below a predefined
threshold. Data on the moisture levels are also collected in the cloud where it is analyzed to
plan watering schedules.
 SENSORS AND COMPONENTS:
● GSM Modem, Soil moisture Sensor
● Water Sensor, Water Pump, Resistors, Transistors, Diodes, LED.
● Humidity Sensor, Mini Exhaust Fan, Crystal Oscillator
 ● Capacitors, Cables, and Connectors.
● PCB and Breadboards, Transformer/Adapter
● Switch, IC Sockets

 10 IMPLEMENTATION STEPS:
1. IoT solutions are focused on helping farmers close the supply-demand gap,
byensuring high yields, profitability, and protection of the environment.
2. The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring
soil moisture in a field
3. The end nodes send the data to the cloud and the data is stored in a cloud
database. A cloud-based application is used for visualizing the data
4. The end node includes a Raspberry Pi mini-computer and soil moisture sensor.
5. A solenoid valve is used to control the flow of water through the irrigation pipe. When
the moisture level goes below a threshold, the valve is opened to release water
6. Python code for the controller native service for the smart irrigation system is
implemented.
7. prototype monitors the amount of soil moisture. A predefined range of soil moisture
is set and can be varied with soil type or crop type. In case the moisture of the soil
deviates from the specified range, the watering system is turned on/off.
8. The water pump, gsm module, and the relay are coupled with the output pins.
Sensors are placed inside the soil; these sensors use two probes that sense the
moisture level in the soil. Moisture level readings are sent to the Arduino controller.
The soil sensor is analog, the analog signals are converted into digital form from an
inbuilt ADC present in the Arduino controller. Arduino now alerts the motor to
supply therequired amount of water to the soil.
9. This system integrates a GSM module with Arduino where the moisture
valuemeasured by the sensor and status of the pump(ON/OFF) is collected.
10. The farmer will be intimated about the current field condition and this information is
displayed on a web page along with the control buttons to turn on or turn off the
water pump remotely. So that the farmer can access the details about the condition
of the field anywhere, anytime.
9. IoT PRINTER
 ABOUT:
For businesses that rely on managed print services, proactive maintenance and support
arethe norms. Even for companies that do not participate in a managed print program, the
IoT can facilitate device support. These days, smart printers and MFPs (multifunction
peripherals) are equipped with technology that enables the remote management of these
devices. Automated meter readings, automatic supplies replenishment, and remote
diagnostics provide businesses with extended uptimes and increased productivity levels.
Most enterprise-level devices can send automated alerts when service is necessary or
when consumables, such as ink, toner, or paper, need replenishment.
 SENSORS AND COMPONENTS:
1.) Printer
2.) Sensors
3.) Cloud Connectivity
4.) Data Storing Devices
5.) Network/Protocol
 10 IMPLEMENTATION STEPS:
1.) Setting up Printer
Set up the printer to print. Assuming any simple printer and we are going to
upgradeit to make it smart.
2.) Printer refining and upgrading
Refine and upgrade the printer to make it smart by doing some simple things.
3.) Replace both the Arduino Mega and RAMPS 1.4 board with an Arduino RAMBO
1.2G;
The first upgrading process is to replace Arduino Mega and RAMPS 1.4 board
with anArduino RAMBO 1.2G or any higher version.
4.) Make an application
To control or manage the device we need an application. Web
application or mobile, it can be anything
5.) Adjust the printer housing to add new components Adding new
components to printers and connecting with the cloud.
6.) Connect with cloud
Connecting it with the cloud to store and analyze the data.
7.) Connect the printer to Raspberry Pi 3B
The printer is connected to a Raspberry Pi 3B microprocessor through an Arduino
RAMBO 1.2G board. With Raspberry Pi, we can provide basic computing
functionalities. It can be used to interact with different hardware (i.e. drive a motor)
and software (i.e. web applications). Raspberry Pi 3B is used in this project due to
its better connectivity. It has Wi-Fi and Bluetooth embedded.
8.) Design and develop the IoT application
The IoT application is developed using Thingworx Composer 7. The Composer is an
integrated development environment (IDE) for the creation of ThingWorx
applications. Both the data modeling and user interface development aspects of
application development are performed using the Composer.
9.) System Testing
Testing the application.
10.) Completion