12/03/2021

AS 1684 Teaching Guide

TIMBER FRAMING
USING AS 1684.2 SPAN TABLES

AS 1684
TIMBER-FRAMED CONSTRUCTION
Ridge beam Battens
Rafters Hanging beams
Ceiling Ceiling battens
Roofing First floor wall frames
External cladding
Floor joists Ceiling battens
Flooring
Lintel

Wall frame Wall stud

Internal cladding
Floor joists
Flooring
Stumps or piles Bearers

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AS 1684
Scope and Limitations

WHERE CAN AS1684 BE USED?

AS 1684
Physical Limitations -

Plan: Rectangular, square or “L”-shaped

Storeys: Single and two storey construction
Pitch: 35o max. roof pitch
Width: 16m max. (between the “pitching points” of the
roof, i.e. excluding eaves)
16.0 m max.
W

W
16.0 m max.

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AS 1684
Width
Physical Limitations - Width

The geometric limits of the span tables often will limit

these widths.
Pitching Point Pitching Point
of main roof. of main roof.

Pitching Point Pitching Point

of verandah or
of garage roof.
patio roof.

Garage Main house Verandah

or Patio

16.0 m max. 16.0 m max. 16.0 m max.

AS 1684
Wall Height
Physical Limitations – Wall Height

The maximum wall height shall be 3000 mm (floor to

ceiling) as measured at common external walls
(i.e. not gable or skillion ends).

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AS 1684 Design Forces on Buildings

Physical Limitations – Design Forces on Buildings

AS1684 can be used to design for Gravity Loads (dead &

live) and wind loads.
Suction (uplift)
Construction loads (people, materials)

DEAD LOAD (structure)

Internal
pressure
LIVE LOADS (people, furniture etc.) Wind
Suction

DEAD LOAD (structure)

(a) Gravity loads (b) Wind loads

AS 1684
Wind Classification Wind Classification
Non-Cyclonic Regions A & B only
N1 - W28N 100km/h gust

N2 - W33N 120km/h gust

N3 - W41N 150km/h gust

N4 - W50N 180km/h gust

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AS 1684
Wind Classification Wind Classification
Wind Classification is dependent on :
▪Building height
▪Geographic (or wind) region (A for Victoria)
▪Terrain category (roughness of terrain)
▪Shielding classification (effect of surrounding objects)
▪Topographic classification (effect of hills, ridges, etc.)

AS 1684
Wind Classification – Simple References
Geographic Region A

Top ⅓ of hill Below top ⅓ of

Site Location
or ridge hill or ridge
Suburban site
Not within two rows of: N2 N1
•City or Town perimeter (as estimated 5 years hence)
•Open areas larger than 250,000 m2
Less than 250m from:
•the sea
•open water wider than 250m
Within two rows of: N3 N2
•City or Town perimeter (as estimated 5 years hence)
•Open areas larger than 250,000 m2
Rural areas

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AS 1684
Using Span Tables

Design fundamentals & basic terminology

Roof framing
Wall framing
Floor framing
(Click on arrow to move to section required)

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AS 1684
Using Span Tables

DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
&
BASIC TERMINOLOGY

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Design Fundamentals
Design Fundamentals – Load Path

You build from the Bottom up.

But you design from the Roof
down because loads from above
can impact on members below.
So start with the roof and work
down to the ground level.

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Design Fundamentals – Load Path

Understanding the concept of a ‘load path’ is critical.

Loads need to be supported down the building to the
ground.
Roof
Load

Indirect Load path

due to cantilever

Ground level

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Design Fundamentals – Load Path
As a general rule it is necessary to Roof

increase the timber member size when: Load

▪ Load increases (a function of dead,

live, wind loads). Indirect Load path
due to cantilever

▪ Span increases (a function of load

paths across openings).
▪ Indirect load paths occur (e.g.
cantilevers and offsets). Ground level

It is possible to decrease timber member

size when:
▪ Sharing loads across many members.
▪ Using members with higher stress
grades.
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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Loads distributed
Design Fundamentals – Load Distribution

Loads are distributed equally between Points of Support.

MEMBER X

A B
Of the total load on Member X one half (2000 mm) will be
supported by the beam or wall at “A” and the other half
(2000 mm) will be supported by the beam or
wall at “B”.

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Design Fundamentals – Load Distribution
If Member X is supported at three or more points it is
assumed that half the load carried by the spans either
side of supports will be distributed equally.

MEMBER X
AA BB CC
Beam A will carry 1000 mm of load
Beam B will carry 3000 mm
(1000 mm plus 2000 mm on other side)
Beam C will carry 2000 mm
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AS 1684 SPANTerminology
TABLES - Span and Spacing
Terminology – Span

Span is the “face-to-face” distance between points

capable of giving full support to structural members or
assemblies.

Joist Span (between internal faces of

these support members).

Bearers and Floor Joists

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Terminology – Single Span

The span of a member supported at or near both ends

with no immediate supports.

Single span

This includes the case where members are partially cut

through over intermediate supports to remove spring.
Saw cut Joint or lap

Single span Single span

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Terminology – Continuous Span

The term applied to members supported at or near both

ends and at one or more intermediate points such that no
span is greater than twice another.

Continuous Continuous
span span

NOTE: The design span is the average span

unless one span is more than 10% longer than
another in which case the design span is the
longest span.
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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Example: Continuous Span
Continuous Span Example

6000 mm
1/3 (2000 mm) 1/3 (2000 mm) 1/3 (2000 mm)

The center support

must be wholly within
the middle third.

Span 1 (2000 mm) Span 2 (3925 mm)

75 mm 75 mm 75 mm

Span 2 is not to be greater than twice Span 1.

This span is used to determine the size using
the Continuous Span tables.

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Terminology – Rafter Span and Overhang
Terminology - Rafter Span and Overhang

Rafter spans are measured as the distance between points

of support along the length of the rafter and NOT as the
horizontal projection of this distance.
n
r spa
ft e
Ra
a ng
er h
Ov
Rafter

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AS 1684 SPANTerminology
TABLES - Span and Spacing
Design Fundamentals – Spacing

Spacing is the centre-to-centre distance between

structural members unless indicated otherwise.

Joist Spacing Bearers and

(Centreline-to-Centreline) Floor joists

Bearer Spacing
(Centreline-to-Centreline).

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Terminology – Wall Construction
Terminology – Wall Construction

Loadbearing wall
A wall that supports roof loads, floor loads or both.
Non-Loadbearing internal wall
A wall that does not support roof or floor loads but may
support ceiling loads and act as a bracing wall.
The main consideration for a non-loadbearing internal wall
is its stiffness (i.e. resistance to movement from someone
leaning on the wall, doors slamming shut etc.).

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Terminology – Roof Construction
Terminology – Roof Construction

Coupled Roof - rafters are tied together by ceiling joists so

that they cannot spread.
Ridge board

Rafter

Ceiling joist

otherwise there is nothing to stop

the walls from spreading
and the roof from collapsing
Rafters & Ceiling Joist must be
fixed together at the pitching points

Ridge board

Rafter

Ceiling joist
(Collar Tie)
This method of roof construction
is not covered by AS1684

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Terminology – Roof Construction
Non-coupled roof - a pitched roof that is not a coupled
roof. It includes cathedral roofs and roofs constructed
using ridge and intermediate beams
Such roofs rely on ridge and intermediate beams to
support the centre of the roof. These ridge and
intermediate beams are supported by walls and/or posts
at either end. Ridge Beam

Rafter Intermediate Beam

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Using Span Tables

ROOF FRAMING

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Roof Framing – Typical Basic Roof Shapes

The “footprint” of a building generally consists of a

rectangular block or multiple blocks joined together.
Roof shapes are made to cover the footprint while also
providing sloping planes able to shed water.
Hip Gable
(Cathedral or flat ceiling) Skillion

Hip and valley

Dutch Hip
(or Dutch Gable)

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Roof Framing – Typical Members

Rafter Ridgeboard

Collar tie
Top plate Top plate

Underpurlin

Strut Strut
Ceiling joist Strutting
beam

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Roof Framing - Transferring loads to Pitched Roof
3. Rafters – take
1. Roofing material - batten loads and
takes live/dead/wind transfers them to
loads and transfers the support
them to the Battens. structure below
e.g. walls.

2. Battens - takes
roofing loads
and transfers Support
them to the wall
Rafters/Trusses.

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Roof Framing – Batten Design
Typical Process
Step 1: Determine the wind classification to factor in wind
loads (e.g. assume non-cyclonic winds N1 or N2)
Step 2: Determine type of roof (e.g. tiled or sheet.)
Step 3: Determine batten spacing – typically 330 mm for
tiles, or 450, 600, 900, 1200 mm sheet
Step 4: Determine batten span – this will be the supporting
rafter spacing. Batten Batten
Span Spacing

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Roof Framing – Batten Design

Step 5: Look up relevant Batten Span Table (i.e. non-

cyclonic winds N1 and N2) in AS1684 Vol. 2.
Step 6: Choose a table reflecting preferred stress grade.
Step 7: Select column in the table for the previous batten
“spacing and span” assumptions.

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Roof Framing – Batten Size Example

Inputs required
▪ Wind Classification = N2
▪ Timber Stress Grade = F8
▪ Roof Type = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)
▪ Batten Spacing = 900 mm
▪ Batten Span = 900 mm

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Roof Framing – Batten Size Example
2006

Simplify
table

Wind Classification N2
Roof Type - Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)
Timber Stress Grade F8 A 38 x 75 mm F8 Batten Is
Batten Spacing = 900 mm adequate
Batten Span = 900 mm
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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Rafter Design - Cathedral Roof Scenario

Step 1: Determine the wind classification to Ridge beam

factor in wind loads. For this example
assume non-cyclonic winds N1 or N2.
Step 2: Determine dead/live loads on rafters .
For this example assume loads are as
for a tiled roof with battens (e.g.
60kgs/m2)
Step 3: Determine the rafter span. For the
Rafter
example assume a 2100 mm single Spacing
rafter span.
Step 4: Determine the rafter overhang which
creates a cantilever span adding extra
load. For the example assume a 500
mm overhang.
Step 5: Determine the rafter spacing as this
determines how much roof loads are
shared between rafters. For the
example assume a 600 mm spacing .
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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Rafter Design - Cathedral Roof Scenario
Step 6 Look up AS1684 Vol 2
Step 7 Choose table reflecting
preferred stress grade
Step 8 Determine which column
in table to select using the
previous “rafter spacing”
and “single span”
assumptions.
Step 9 Go down the column
until reaching assumed
2100 mm rafter span
and 500 mm overhang
Step 10 Check the spans work
with assumed roof load
of 60kgs/m2
Step 11 Read off rafter size –
90x45mm

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Rafter Design - Cathedral Roof Scenario

Inputs required
▪ Wind Classification = N2
▪ Stress Grade = F8
▪ Rafter Spacing = 900 mm
▪ Rafter Span = 2200 mm
▪ Single or Continuous Span = Single
▪ Roof Mass (Sheet or Tile) = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)

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Determine Rafter Size

2006

Maximum Rafter or Purlin Span & Overhang (mm)

Simplify table

Inputs required
A 100 x 50mm F8 • Wind Classification = N2
• Stress Grade = F8
rafter
• Single or Continuous Span = Single
is adequate • Rafter Spacing = 900 mm
At least
• Rafter Span = 2200 mm
2200mm
• Roof Mass (Sheet or Tile) = Steel Sheet
(20 kg/m2)

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Ceiling Joist Design
Ceiling Joist Design

Ridge board
Rafter

Ceiling Joist

Design variables
• Timber Stress Grade
• Ceiling Joist Spacing
• Ceiling Joist Span
• Single or Continuous Span

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AS 1684 SPAN TABLES

Ceiling Joist Design
Ceiling Joist Design Example

Inputs required
▪ Wind Classification = N2
▪ Stress Grade = F17
▪ Overbatten = No
▪ Single or Continuous Span = Single
▪ Joist Spacing = 450 mm
▪ Ceiling Joist Span = 3600 mm

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Ceiling Joist Size

2006

Simplify table

Inputs required
At least • Wind Classification = N2
3600mm • Stress Grade = F17
• Overbatten = No
• Single or Continuous Span = Single
A 120 x 45mm F17 • Joist Spacing = 450 mm
ceiling joist is adequate • Ceiling Joist Span = 3600mm

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Ridge board
Other Members And Components - Ridge board

Some members do not have to be designed using span

tables. They are simply called up or calculated based on
members framing into them.
Member Application Minimum size (mm)
Depth not less than length of the rafter
Unstrutted ridge in coupled roof
plumb cut  19 thick
Strutted ridge in coupled roof with strut Depth not less than length of the rafter
Ridgeboards
spacing not greater than 1800 mm plumb cut  19 thick
Strutted ridge in coupled roof with strut Depth not less than length of the rafter
spacing greater than 1800 to 2300 mm plumb cut  35 thick
50 greater in depth than rafters
Stress grade F11/MGP15 minimum and
 19 thick (seasoned) or 25 thick
no less than rafter stress grade
Hip rafters (unseasoned)
50 greater in depth than rafters
Stress grades less than F11/MGP15
 min. thickness as for rafters
50 greater in depth than rafters
Valley rafters Minimum stress grade, as for rafters
with thickness as for rafter (min. 35)
19 min. thick  width to support valley
Valley boards See Note
gutter
Struts to 1500 mm long for all stress
90  45 or 70  70
Roof struts grades
(sheet roof) Struts 1500 to 2400 mm long for all
70  70
stress grades

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Roof Member Load Impacts

The loads from roof members often impact on the design

of members lower down in the structure.
This impact can be determined from the following load
sharing calculations:
▪Roof Load Width (RLW).
▪Ceiling Load Width (CLW).
▪Roof area supported.

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Roof Member Load Impacts – Roof Load Width

RLW is the width of roof that contributes roof load to a

supporting member. It is used as an input to Span Tables
for:
▪Floor bearers. 0
▪Wall studs. 3 0 0 1 50 0
▪Lintels. 0
150
▪Ridge or intermediate beams.
▪Verandah beams. B
Roof Load Widths are measured on
the rake of the roof. A

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Roof Member Load Impacts – Roof Load Width

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Roof Member Load Impacts – With Trusses

x+ y x+ y
RLW wall A = + a RLW wall B = +b
2 2
W RL
RL W
x y
a b
The roof loads on trusses
are distributed equally
between walls 'A' and 'B'.
A B

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Roof Member Load Impacts – Without Ridge Struts

For a pitched roof without ridge struts it is assumed that

some of the load from the un-supported ridge will travel
down the rafter to walls 'A' and 'B'. The RLWs for walls A &
B are increased accordingly.
* *
RL
W RL
RLW RL
W RL
W W
x y
a 1
2 b
3

A B
x y
RLW wall A = + a RLW wall B = + b
2 2
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AS 1684 Span Tables

Roof Member Load Impacts – With Ridge Struts
RL
WR
RLW LW

x y
a 1 2 b
3

A C B
x
Underpurlin 1 = 2
y
Underpurlin 2 =
3
y
Underpurlin 3 =
3
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AS 1684 Span Tables

Roof Member Load Impacts – Ceiling Load Width

Ceiling load width (CLW) is the width of ceiling that

contributes ceiling load to a supporting member (usually
measured horizontally).

CLW

A B

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Roof Member Load Impacts – Ceiling Load Width

CLW is used as an input to Span Tables for hanging beams

and strutting/hanging beams
Ridgeboard
Hanging
beam

Ceiling joist

Roof strut

Hanging Strutting beam

beam span
'x' Strutting
beam span Underpurlin

Hanging Beam Strutting/Hanging Beam

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Roof Member Load Impacts – Ceiling Load Width

FIGURE 2.12 CEILING LOAD WIDTH (CLW)

x
CLW Hanging beam D =
2 y
CLW Strutting/Hanging beam E =
2
D
D EE

CLW
CLW CLW
CLW

xx yy

A B C
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AS 1684 Span Tables

Roof Member Load Impacts – Roof Area Supported

Example: The Strutting Beam Span Table requires a ‘Roof

Area Supported (m2)’ input. The strutting beam shown
supports a single strut that supports an underpurlin.
The ‘area required’ is the roof A/2
Underpurlin
area supported by the strut. A B/2

This is calculated as follows:- B

A B
Roof Area Supported = 
2 2
Sum of half the underpurlin spans Strut
either side of the strut (A/2) Strutting Beam Strutting Beam
Span
multiplied by the sum of half the
rafter spans either side of the
underpurlin (B/2).

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Strutting Beam Design Example

Inputs required
Wind Classification = N2
Stress Grade = F8
Roof Area Supported = 6m2
Strutting Beam Span = 2900 mm
Single or Continuous Span = Single
Roof Mass (Sheet or Tile) = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Strutting Beam Design Example

Roof Area Supported = 6m2

Roof = Sheet
Strutting Beam Span = 2900
mm
2 x 140 x 45 mm F17
members are adequate

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Return to menu
AS 1684 Span Tables
Wall Framing

WALL FRAMING

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Return to menu
AS 1684 Span Tables
Wall Framing

Timber or metal bracing

Top plate

She et
bracin g
Common
stud

Nog ging Lintel

Wall
intersection Bottom pla te

Jack stud

Jamb stud

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Return to menu
AS 1684 Span Tables
Wall Studs Design Example

Inputs required
Wind Classification = N2
Stress Grade = MGP10
Notched 20 mm = Yes
Stud Height = 2400 mm
Rafter/Truss Spacing = 900 mm
Roof Load Width (RLW) = 5000 mm
Stud Spacing = 450 mm
Roof Type = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)

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Wall Framing – Wall Stud Size

2006

At least
5000mm Simplify table

Inputs required
• Wind Classification = N2
70 x 35mm • Stress Grade = MGP10
• Notched 20 mm = Yes
MGP10 wall studs
• Stud Spacing = 450 mm
are adequate • Roof Type = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)
• Rafter/Truss Spacing= 900 mm
• Roof Load Width (RLW) = 5000 mm
• Stud Height = 2400 mm

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Return to menu
AS 1684 Span Tables
Top Plate Design Example

Inputs required
Wind Classification = N2
Stress Grade = MGP10
Rafter/Truss Spacing = 900 mm
Roof Load Width (RLW) = 5000 mm
Stud Spacing = 450 mm
Roof Type = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)

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Wall Framing – Top Plate Size

2006

Simplify table At least

5000mm

Inputs required
• Wind Classification = N2
2 x 35x 70mm
• Stress Grade = MGP10
MGP10 top plates are • Roof Type = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)
adequate • Rafter/Truss Spacing= 900 mm
• Tie-Down Spacing = 900 mm
• Roof Load Width (RLW) = 5000 mm
• Stud Spacing = 450 mm

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Wall Framing – Wall Lintel Design Example

Inputs required
Wind Classification = N2
Stress Grade = F17
Opening size = 2400 mm
Rafter/Truss Spacing = 900 mm
Roof Load Width (RLW) = 2500 mm
Roof Type = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)

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Wall Framing – Lintel Size

2006

Simplify table

Inputs required
A 140 x 35mm • Wind Classification = N2
F17 Lintel is • Stress Grade = F17
• Roof Type = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)
adequate • Roof Load Width (RLW) = 2500 mm
• Rafter/Truss Spacing= 900 mm Use 3000mm
Use 1200mm
• Opening size = 2400 mm

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Return to menu
AS 1684 Span Tables
Floor Framing

FLOOR FRAMING

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Floor Framing – Floor Members

Floor joists
Floor bearers
Platform Floor Sheets

Perimeter Brickwork

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Floor Framing – Floor Bearers

Bearers are commonly made from hardwood or engineered

timber products and are laid over sub-floor supports.
Bearers are sized according to span and spacings – typically
a 1.8m (up to 3.6m) grid

Be
are an
r sp r sp
acin are
Bearer Span
g Be
Bearer Spacing

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Floor Framing – Floor Load Width Example

If a = 900 mm
x = 2000 mm
y = 4000 mm
FLW A = 1900 mm
FLW B = 3000 mm
FLW C = 2000 mm

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Floor Framing – Bearer and Floor Joist Example

Simple rectangular shaped light-weight home

▪Gable Roof =25o pitch
▪Steel Sheet = 20 kg/m2
▪Wind Speed = N2
Floor joists
▪Wall Height = 2400 mm Bearers

3600

Section

4500

Elevation

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Floor Framing – Bearer Design Example

Floor Load Width (FLW) Bearers at 1800 mm centres

FLWA = 1800/2 = 900 mm

Bearer A
Supports
Floor Joists at 450 mm
both a Roof crs
Load
And a floor
load 1800
3600

Section

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Floor Framing – Bearer Design Example
x+ y
Roof Load Width (FLW) for Wall A = +a
2
a = 496 mm
x = 1986 mm
Total RLW On Wall A = 1986 mm (say 2000 mm) + 496
mm (say 500 mm) = 2500 mm
W RL
RL W
x y
a b

A B
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AS 1684 Span Tables

Floor Framing – Bearer Design Example

Inputs required
• Wind Classification = N2
• Stress Grade = F17
• Floor Load Width (FLW) at A = 900 mm
• Roof Load Width (RLW) = 2500 mm
• Single or Continuous Span = Continuous
• Roof Mass (Sheet or Tile) = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)
• Bearer Span = 1800 mm

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Floor Framing – Bearer Size

2006

Simplify table
2 x 90 x 35mm F17
members joined
Inputs required together are adequate
• Wind Classification = N2
• Stress Grade = F17
• Floor Load Width (FLW) at A = 900 mm Use 1200mm
table
• Roof Mass (Sheet or Tile) = Steel Sheet
(20 kg/m2)
Single or Continuous Span = Continuous
• Roof Load Width (RLW) = 2500 mm Use 4500mm
• Bearer Span = 1800mm

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AS 1684 Span Tables

Floor Joist Design Example

Inputs required
Wind Classification = N2
Stress Grade = F17
Roof Load Width (RLW) = 0 mm
(just supporting floor loads)
Single or Continuous Span = Continuous (max 1800)
Roof Type = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)
Joist Spacing = 450 mm

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Floor Framing – Floor Joist Design Example

2006

Simplify table

90 x 35mm F17 floor Inputs required

joists at 450mm crs Wind Classification = N2
are adequate Stress Grade = F17
Joist Spacing = 450 mm
Roof Type = Steel Sheet (20 kg/m2)
At least Single or Continuous Span = Continuous (max 1800)
1800mm
Roof Load Width (RLW) = 0 mm
Joist span = 1800mm

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