12

GRADE

San Fabian National High School

San Fabian, Pangasinan

MODULE
in
PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
Quarter 1 Week 4 Module 4

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Anthony Quiatchon
ANTHONY R. QUIATCHON 09129862007
KIMBERLY S. ABESAMIS 09565235594 Kim-Ferraro-Sendaydiego Ferrer-Abesamis
ARIAN AVNER DE GUZMAN 09509489086 Arian De Guzman

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 Lesson

1 Biological Macromolecules

What’s In
Living organisms, even the tiniest creature, have a complex structure of different chemicals.
Lack or excess of each of the chemicals will not sustain life. Understanding how one macromolecule
affects a living organism is crucial.
Humans, for example, require to intake a certain amount of food every day for us to survive.
But what's in our food that is so important in our body? How do those "things" affect us? Let us find
out on this module.

What’s New
Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and perform a wide array of
functions necessary for the survival and growth of living organisms. The four major classes of
biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Activity 1: The Fischer Structure

Directions: Study the Fischer structure of glucose. Write your answer on the space provided after
each item.

Guided Questions:

1. What elements do you see in the structure/ formula? _________

2. What do you notice about the chemical formula of glucose?
a. the number of C and O atoms? __________
b. the number of H atoms? _______________
c. write the formula of glucose.
_____________________________________

Figure 1.1
Fisher structure of glucose—Carbohydrates
Source: https://rb.gy/cigwad

In the activity above, you may notice that the structure contains the same elements C, H, and
O. This structure is a carbohydrate. Let us further discuss it below.

1. Carbohydrates
The word carbohydrate may be broken down into carbon and hydrate. From the chemical
formula of carbohydrate, notice that the ratio of C: H: O is 1: 2: 1, which can be rewritten as Cn(H2O)n.
Carbohydrates can be seen as hydrates of carbon. This is a traditional but incorrect understanding
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of carbohydrates but it still presents a useful picture of the molecule. Another term for carbohydrates
is a saccharide. This term is derived from the Latin word Saccharum referring to sugar--a common
carbohydrate.
Carbohydrates are classified either as simple or complex. Simple sugars are known as
monosaccharides and disaccharides while complex sugars are called polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source of the human body. The different saccharides
that humans eat are converted to glucose which can be readily used by the body. Around 4 kilocalories
are derived from one gram of carbohydrate. Should there be excessive consumption of carbohydrates,
the excess is converted to glycogen which is stored in the liver and muscles. Glycogen is a slow-
releasing carbohydrate.

a. Monosaccharide (one saccharide)

These are the only sugars that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. Disaccharides and
polysaccharides must be ultimately broken down into monosaccharides in the digestive process
known as hydrolysis. Only then can they be utilized by the body. Three monosaccharides are
particularly important in the study of nutritional science: glucose, fructose, and galactose.
a. Glucose - used in dextrose, blood sugar; the form utilized by the human body
b. Galactose - found in milk and milk products
c. Fructose - found in fruits and honey
Note: The above monosaccharides all have the same chemical formula of C6H12O6 and its structure is
the one that made the difference in its properties.
b. Disaccharide (two saccharides)
Disaccharides, on hydrolysis, yield two monosaccharide molecules. Three particular
disaccharides warrant discussion in a lesson on nutritional science: sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
a. Maltose Glucose + Glucose - found in malt
b. Sucrose Glucose + Fructose - found in regular table sugar, sugarcane, and sugar beet
c. Lactose Glucose + Galactose - found in milk and milk products

Note: Individual saccharides are connected via glycosidic bonds. A water

molecule is released when two saccharides are combined.
c. Polysaccharide (many saccharides)
Like the disaccharides, the polysaccharides cannot be directly utilized by the body. They must
first be broken down into monosaccharides, the only sugar form the body can use.
Polysaccharides contain up to 60,000 simple carbohydrate molecules. These carbohydrate
molecules are arranged in long chains in either a straight or in a branched structure. Four
polysaccharides are important in the study of nutritional science: starch, dextrin, glycogen, and
cellulose.
a. Starch / Amylose - composed of 250 - 400 glucose molecules connected via α-1-4-
- glycosidic bond
- Storage form of glucose in plants
b. Amylopectin - like amylose but has more branches attached via an α-1-6 glycosidic bond
- Storage form of glucose in plants
c. Glycogen - composed of more glucose, more highly branched (same type of bond as
amylopectin)
- Storage form of glucose in animals, stored in the liver and muscles
d. Cellulose - composed of glucose units connected via β-1-4 glycosidic bond, linear chain
arranged in a parallel manner
- Structural material in plants--cell wall in wood, wood fiber
Cannot be digested by humans

That is all about carbohydrate! Let us check out another biomolecule of life which are the
proteins, do you know some of them? On the next reading, you will get to know proteins better, but
before that, you may answer the given activity below.

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Activity 2: Pair Me!
Directions: Pair column A with the description in column B. Write the letter of your answer in the
space provided before each item.
Column A Column B
______ 1. Collagen a. carries oxygen from the lungs to the
bloodstream
______ 2. Keratin b. A substance used to speed up a reaction
______ 3. Hemoglobin c. major insoluble fibrous protein found in
connective tissues
______ 4. Enzymes d. fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails
______ 5. Fibroin e. strongest natural fibers found in silk
2. Proteins
The word protein came from the Greek term proteios meaning first. One can think of protein
as the beginning of life. From egg albumin being pure protein to sperm and egg cells, we all start from
proteins. Proteins are composed of four elements, namely, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Sulfur and other metals are sometimes also found in proteins. If carbohydrates are made up of
saccharides, proteins are made up of amino acids. An amino acid is a molecule that has an amine
and a carboxyl group. Below is the structure of the amino acid.

Figure 1.6
Image modified from OpenStax Biology's modification of work by
The National Human Genome Research Institute.
Source: https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/71225d815cafcc09102504abdf4e10927283be98.png
• Protein structure depends on its amino acid sequence and local, low energy chemical bonds
between atoms in both the polypeptide backbone and in amino acid side chains.

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 • Protein structure plays a key role in its function; if a protein loses its shape at any structural
level, it may no longer be functional.
• The primary structure is the amino acid sequence.
• The secondary structure is local interactions between stretches of a polypeptide chain and
includes α-helix and β-pleated sheet structures.
• Tertiary structure is the overall the three-dimension folding driven largely by interactions
between R groups.
• Quaternary structures are the orientation and arrangement of subunits in a multi-subunit
protein.
Examples of proteins and their structure and functions
a. Keratin
Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails. It is a highly cross-linked
protein-containing α-helix and β-pleated sheets. Sheep's wool is made largely of keratin.
b. Fibroin / Silk protein
Fibroin is found in silk. Silk has a smooth and soft texture. It is one of the strongest natural
fibers that have high resistance to deformation. It is also good insulation. Silk is primarily composed
of β-pleated sheets. The long polypeptide chain doubles back on its running parallel-connected
together by H-bonds.
c. Collagen
Collagen is a major insoluble fibrous protein found in connective tissues such as tendons,
ligaments, skin, cartilage, and the cornea of the eye. It comprises as much as 30% of proteins in
animals. Its strength is attributed to its triple helix structure comprising of α-helices braided together.
When several triple helices combine, they form the fibrils that make up connective tissues.
d. Enzymes
Function to catalyze chemical reactions. They either speed up a reaction, lower the needed
energy for a reaction to take place, or bind substances to their specific partners. Enzymes themselves
are very specific as can be seen in their shape. Examples of enzymes are below:
Lipase - helps in digestion of fats
Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into peptides (smaller units)
Sucrase - also called invertase, help in the digestion of sugars and starches
e. Myoglobin
Myoglobin is a polypeptide that stores oxygen in muscles. It is a globular protein comprised of
153 amino acids in a single polypeptide chain. It contains a heme group that has an iron (II) ion at
its center. This is where oxygen is stored.
f. Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a globular protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream. It is
composed of four subunits, each containing a heme group that enables it to transport four oxygen
molecules at a time.
3. Lipids
The word lipid comes from the Greek word lipos which means fat. Lipids are a family of
biomolecules having varied structures. They are grouped simply because of their hydrophilic property
(water-fearing). They are soluble in non-polar solvents such as ether, acetone, and benzene. Lipids
can be classified into four categories:
a. Wax c. Phospholipids
b. Triglycerides d. Steroids
A lipid molecule consists of two main components: glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is an
alcohol with three carbons, five hydrogens, and three hydroxyls (OH) groups. Fatty acids have a long
chain of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group attached and may have 4-36 carbons; however, most of
them have 12-18. In a fat molecule, the fatty acids are attached to each of the three carbons of the
glycerol molecule with an ester bond through the oxygen atom.

The major function of fats is energy storage.

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 ➢ A gram of fat stores more than twice as much energy as a gram of a polysaccharide such as
starch.
➢ Because plants are immobile, they can function with bulky energy storage in the form of starch.
Plants use oils when dispersal and compact storage is important, as in seeds.
➢ Animals must carry their energy stores with them and benefit from having a more compact
fuel reservoir of fat.
➢ Humans and other mammals store fats as long-term energy reserves in adipose cells that swell
and shrink as fat is deposited or withdrawn from storage.
➢ The next activity will introduce you the concept of DNA and RNA. You will understand its
important concepts and structure. Enjoy learning!
Activity 3: Models of Life
Directions: Answer the given questions.

Figure 1.9 Structure of DNA & RNA

Source: https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Difference-Between-DNA-and-RNA.png
Guide Questions:
1. What are common parts of nucleotide? _______________________________
2. What is the one part of the nucleotide that differs among the other different nucleotides?
_______________________________
3. List the different kinds of nitrogen bases. _____________________________
4. Is there always going to be an equal number of adenine and thymine nucleotides in the molecule?
Why? _______________________________
5. Is there always going to be an equal number of guanine and cytosine nucleotides in the molecule?
Why? _____________________
6. The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating __________ and __________ molecules. The steps
of the ladder are made up of __________ held together by hydrogen bond.
The last biomolecule of life are the nucleic acids, it includes the genetic material of an
organism. Let’s check it out on the next reading.
4. Nucleic Acids
The most common examples of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid). DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic code of organisms. It is fondly termed

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as the blueprint of life. RNA, on another hand,
carries the information from the DNA to the
cellular factories for the synthesis of proteins. If
carbohydrates are composed of saccharide units,
proteins of amino acids, and lipids of fatty acids,
nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides. Nucleic
acids are also known as polynucleotides. A
nucleotide has three parts:
a. Nitrogenous base
b. Five-carbon carbohydrate or sugar
c. Phosphate group
The nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA are:
DNA’s: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), & Thymine (T) RNA’s: Adenine (A), Guanine (G),
Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U)
DNA has a different sugar group than RNA. DNA has deoxyribose while RNA has ribose.

DNA RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid

Description It contains the genetic instruction
used in the development and
functioning of all living organisms
Function Long-term storage and transmission of
genetic information
Sugar and Bases Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate backbone;
Four Bases: adenine, guanine,
cytosine, and thymine
Pairing of Bases A-T (Adenine-Thymine)
G-C (Guanine-Cytosine)
It is responsible for the template in the
synthesis of proteins which in turn
control the operation and function of
the cell
Transfer the genetic information for
the creation of proteins from the
nucleus to the ribosomes
Ribose sugar
Phospate backbone; Four Bases:
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
A-U (Adenine-Uracil)
G-C (Guanine-Cytosine)
Figure 1.10
Structure of Nucleotide
Source: http://study.com/academy/lesson/nucleotides-structure-components-quiz.html

Table 2
Summary of Biological Molecules

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The Molecules of Life tells us that:
✓ Within cells, small organic molecules are joined together to form larger
molecules.
✓ These large macromolecules may consist of thousands of covalently bonded atoms and weigh
more than 100,000 daltons.
✓ The four major classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids.
te Group

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 Physical Science
Grade
Quarter 3- Module 4
12 Module Title: Biological Macromolecules
Subject Teacher:
Name: _______________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________________Strand: ________________
Barangay: ____________________________________________________

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. Direction: Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer before each number.
1. What is the main source of energy for organisms?
A. Fructose B. Galactose C. Glucose D. Sucrose
2. Proteins are made of building blocks. Which one is it?
A. Amino acid B. Ammonia C. Carbohydrate D. Polypeptide
3. Which of the following is NOT a subunit of a nucleotide?
A. Glycerol C. Phosphate
B. Nitrogenous base D. Sugar
4. Which macromolecule do Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose belong?
A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Nucleic Acids D. Proteins
5. When disaccharides are broken into monosaccharides, what is the process involved?

A. Activation B. Dehydration C. Digestion D. Hydrolysis

6. Which of the following is NOT made up of proteins?

A. Cellulose B. Enzymes C. Fingernails D. Hair
7. What do saturated fats have that distinguish them from unsaturated fats? A. They have doubles
bonds.
B. They have no double bonds.
C. They have electrostatic charges.
D. They are associated with heart disease.
8. Which of the following is NOT related to protein?
A.DNA encoding
B.Muscle composition
C.Speeding up of chemical reactions
D.Formation of cell membrane bilayer
9. Which of the following tasks is NOT a job of proteins?
A. Cell Growth B. Receive and send signal
C. Store genetic information D. Speed up chemical reaction
10. Which macromolecule stores energy, insulates us, and make up the cell membrane?
A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Nucleic Acids D. Proteins
11. During photosynthesis, plants capture light energy from the sun to make glucose. When plants
produce a lot of glucose during summer, these are stored in the plant. In what form is excess/unused glucose
stored in plants?
A. Cellulose B. Chitin C. Glycogen D. Sucrose
12. Which of the following pairs has components that are UNRELATED?
A. Fat and lipid B. Sugar and carbohydrate
C. Amino acid and protein D. Glycogen and nucleic acid
13. Which of the following explains why sterols (or steroids) are considered to be lipids?

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 A. They are water soluble. B. They are rich in hydrogen.
C. They contain fatty acids. D. They are used as storage fats.
14. Cholesterol is a lipid. Why is it NOT advisable that we eat a lot of this in the diet?
A. Cholesterol is healthy.
B. Excess fats regulate body weight.
C. Good cholesterol increases risk of heart disease.
D. What the body needs is naturally produced by the body.
15. You helped fix your backyard garden, and a big unstable rock fell on one foot! Frightened, you were
able to remove the rock quickly by yourself because your muscles store energy for this kind of emergencies.
What macromolecule is this?
A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids
C. Nucleic Acids D. Proteins
B. Direction: In this exercise, you will be tested on your previous knowledge in Biology by completing the
following table with the basic information about the Biological Macromolecules.

Macromolecule Monomer Function

1. Monosaccharide 6.

2. 4. Energy storage, membranes and

steroids

Proteins 5. 7

3. Nucleotides 8.

C. Direction: Think of a 2 – day healthy meal plan for a teenager like yourself and write it in the table below.
Make sure that you choose the right kind of food containing carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Day 1 Day 2
Breakfast Morning

Morning Snack

Lunch

Afternoon Snack

Dinner

Dessert

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