Drama has been part of human civilization since time immemorial and has been presenting

the human sensibilities to human beings in artistic way so as to make them realize essential
human truths. The English drama had its origin in religion: it grew out of Liturgy (a religious
ceremony) of the church. The early religious plays were broadly of two types, the Mysteries
and the Miracles. The best of the extant groups of Miracle and Mystery plays belong to the
15th century. Abraham and Issac is one of the most remarkable of these early plays. The early
drama was cast under the strict control of church. It was mainly written by the clergy and
acted by the clergy within the church and its language was Latin of the church service. As the
popularity leaked out of the church, the performance was first shifted to the church porch and
then to some village field. Laymen now began to take part in the performances and then write
the plays whereas the Latin language was replaced by English, the native tongue. The
increase in the number of fairs, the increase in wealth, power, prestige of the merchant-guilds,
did much for the development of the drama. In this unit, we will be tracing the history of the
British English drama from the medieval age to talk about the evolution of drama and
dramatic techniques. 2. Historical Background of Drama It is generally noticed that drama
was not part of the Old English period. The earliest evidences of dramatic composition are
supposed to belong to the thirteenth century. Bringing out the elements that helped in the
development of English Drama is not possible as still ecclesiastical and public life could be
considered two forces to shape the dramatic development in the initial stages. The theatrical
seeds came with the entry of Normans in 1066 in England who brought many clerical people
carrying with them the ideas of mimetic rituals that were shown with the help of dramas.
These members performed certain episodes from the lives of Saints, the events from the Bible
and even in glorification of the martyrdom. It was only in 16th century that drama came to its
fullest growth and Elizabethan age was the golden one for its proliferation. Let's understand
the history of drama through some points:  The word drama was not used in English until
the sixteenth century nor the work theatre was applied to medieval stage.  A series of plays
came to be produced at Dunstable between 1170 and 1182 highlighting the miracle of saints
and passions of holy martyrs.  The plays about holy men's and women's lives were
performed by clerics and religious officials were aimed at general peoples' moral edification
rather than entertainment.  The English mystery cycles, also known as Corpus Christi plays
or miracle cycles, dominated the English stage throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries and are regarded by many critics as the most genuinely popular theater in English
history.  Four cycles of plays survive—the York Plays, Chester Plays, Towneley Plays (also
known as the Wakefield Cycle), and N-Town Plays (also known as the Ludus Coventriae, or
Hegge Cycle). Each of these four cycles dramatizes important scenes from the Old and New
Testaments of the Bible and incorporates elements of apocryphal religious legends in order to
illustrate the expansive Christian theme of man's fall and redemption. (The four types will be
further studies with a little more detail.) Unit-1 DramaDrama Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 2  York plays are
considered to be the best, but plays of Wakefield show more humour and variety, and better
workmanship. York plays aim to represent the whole of man's life from birth to death. Let’s
Learn About Historical Aspect of Cycle Plays Cycle plays, dramatized biblical stories of the
Old and New Testaments, were one of the most important and popular forms of drama during
the late Middle Ages and into the renaissance. The plays were performed sequentially,
beginning with the Fall of Lucifer or the Creation of Adam and Eve, and closing with The
Last Judgment. Written by clerics and performed by trade guilds, such as the tanners, tailors,
and cooks and inn keepers' guilds, the plays involved participation by both church clergy and
laypersons. Such collaboration promoted the spread of biblical stories to a wide, mostly
secular audience. Performances occurred out-of-doors on pageant-wagons, and audiences
traveled from wagon to wagon to see a particular living story, or wagons moved to meet the
crowd. Did You Know ? The Greek tragedies were chiefly written in the form of trilogies.
Aeschylus invented this form. Further Sophocles and Euripides also followed the same. Brief
Survey of Greek Drama/Theatre The history of Greek theatre could be traced from the
festivals that were organized in honour of a god, particularly Dionysus. It was especially
found in Athens that men used to perform welcome songs to the God. Plays were presented at
city Dionysia festival, as the festival was entitled. Athens became the central place for these
festivities and thus it spread to the other parts of Greece. The plays in Greece were
categorized in three parts- Comedy, Tragedy and Satyr. Satyr plays dealt with the
mythological subject in comic manner. Tragedy and comedy were viewed as completely
separate genres, no genre like tragi-comedy existed. Greek theatre began in the 6th century
BCE in Athens with the performance of tragedy plays at religious festivals which further
inspired Greek comedy and also disseminated it to Roman theatre. Tragedies were performed
in an open-air theatre (theatron) with wonderful acoustics and seemingly open to all of the
male populace. The plot of a tragedy was almost always inspired by episodes from Greek
mythology, which we must remember were often a part of Greek religion. As a consequence
of this serious subject matter, which often dealt with moral right and wrongs and tragic no-
win dilemmas, violence was not permitted on the stage, and the death of a character had to be
heard from offstage and not seen. The three most successful Greek tragedy playwrights were
Aeschylus (c. 525 - c. 456 BCE), Sophocles (c. 496-406 BCE), and Euripides(c. 484-407
BCE). The most famous comedy playwrights were Aristophanes (460 - 380 BCE) and
Menander (c. 342-291 BCE) who won festival competitions just like the great tragedians.
Their works frequently poked fun at politicians, philosophers, and fellow artists, some of
whom were sometimes even in the audience. Menander was also credited with helping to
create a different version of comedy plays known as New Comedy. The comedy play
followed a conventional structure. The first part was the parados where the Chorus of as
many as 24 performers entered and performed a number of song and dance routines. Dressed
to impress, their outlandish costumes could represent anything from giant bees with huge
stingers to knights riding another man in imitation of a horse or even a variety of kitchen
utensils. In many cases the play was actually named after the Chorus, e.g. Aristophanes' The
Wasps.Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com |
Call Us : 7665435800 3 Aeschylus was known for his innovation, adding a second actor and
more dialogue, and even creating sequels. He described his work as 'morsels from the feast of
. Sophocles was extremely Homer' popular and added a third actor to the performance as well
as painted scenery. Euripides was celebrated for his clever dialogues, realism, and habit of
posing awkward questions to the audience with his thought-provoking treatment of common
themes. The plays of these three were re-performed and even copied into scripts for 'mass'
publication and study as a part of every child's education. Did You Know ? The early
tragedies had only one actor who would perform in costume and wear a mask, allowing him
to impersonate gods. Eventually, three actors were permitted on stage. Historical Background
of Comedy Starting from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, comic playwright and satirical author of
the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies, 11 of which survive. Aristophanes developed
this type of comedy from the earlier satyr plays, which were often highly obscene. Of the
satyr plays the only surviving examples are by Euripides which are much later examples and
not representative of the genre. In ancient Greece, comedy originated in bawdy and ribald
songs or recitations apropos of phallic processions and fertility festivals or gatherings. “
represents human beings as 'worse than they are,' wh Comedy ile tragedy represents humans
as "better than they are. Tragedy is an imitation [ ] mimēsis of an action that is serious,
complete, and of a certain magnitude…through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation
[catharsis] of these emotions.” – Aristotle in the Poetics Around 335 BCE, Aristotle, in his
work Poetics, stated that comedy originated in Phallic processions and the light treatment of
the otherwise base and ugly. He also adds that the origins of comedy are obscure because it
was not treated seriously from its inception. Aristotle considers tragedy far superior than
comedy. For Aristotle, a comedy did not need to involve sexual humor. A comedy is about
the fortunate arise of a sympathetic character. Aristotle divides comedy into three categories
or subgenres: farce, romantic comedy, and satire. On the contrary, Plato taught that comedy is
destruction to the self. He believed that it produces an emotion that overrides rational self-
control and learning. In the (Plato), he says that the Guardians of the state Republic should
avoid laughter, "for ordinarily when one abandons himself to violent laughter, his condition
provokes a violent reaction.' "Plato says comedy should be tightly controlled if one wants to
achieve the ideal state. Aristotle taught that comedy was generally a positive thing for
society, since it brings forth happiness, which for Aristotle was the ideal state, the final goal
in any activity. Also, in Poetics, Aristotle defined Comedy as one of the original four genres
of literature. The other three genres are tragedy, epic poetry, and lyric poetry. Literature in
general is defined by Aristotle as a mimesis, or imitation of life. Comedy is the third form of
literature, being the most divorced from a true mimesis. Tragedy is the truest mimesis,
followed by epic poetry, comedy and lyric poetry. The genre of comedy is defined by a
certain pattern according to Aristotle's definition. Comedies begin with low or base characters
seeking insignificant aims, and end with some accomplishment of the aims which either
lightens the initial baseness or reveals the insignificance of the aims.Drama Contact Us :
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is a satyr play? These short plays were performed between the acts of tragedies and made fun
of the plight of the tragedy's characters. The satyrs were mythical half-human, half-goat
figures and actors in these plays wore large phalluses for comic effect. Only few examples of
these plays survive. They are classified by some authors as tragicomic, or comedy dramas.
Historical Background of Tragedy We find references of Greek dramas performed as early as
seventh century B.C. The dramas were in the form of choral performances, which included
dancing and singing at the festivals of Dionysus, the Greek God of wine and fertility. Drama
contests were organized from 534 B.C. The first such contest for tragedy was won by
Thespis. The most important period of ancient Greek drama was the fifth century B.C.
Tragedies were performed in festivals which lasted for several days as part of the annual
religious and civic celebrations. The best tragedies got prizes in various forms including
goats. Tragedy was usually solemn, poetic and philosophic. Of the hundreds of tragedies
written, only about 35 have survived. These tragedies were based on myths. Usually the main
character was admirable, but not perfect and was confronted with a difficult moral choice.
The character struggled against hostile forces but faced defeat and the tragedy usually ended
with his death. There is found a flaw in the protagonist's character that led to his downfall, it
is known as tragic flaw. The tragedies were performed in the form of episodes separated by
choral odes wherein the chorus danced to music in leftward, rightward and central
movements. The actors wore masks to indicate the nature of the character. Aeschylus,
Sophocles and Euripides were eminent Greek tragedians. Usually these playwrights wrote
trilogies, a group of three plays. Oresteia of Aeschylus, Oedipus Rex of Sophocles and
Medea of Euripides are three important Greek tragedies. From the third century B.C. Greek
drama declined. Tragedy was introduced in Rome by Livius Andronicus in 240 B.C. But
today only the tragedies of Lucius Annaeus Seneca survive. In Rome, tragedy was less
popular than comedy. Seneca's plays were very influential in the Renaissance period. Later
western dramatists borrowed several techniques from Seneca like division into five acts,
elaborate, flowery language, the theme of revenge, magic, ghosts etc. The great tragic artists
of the world are four, and three of them are Greek. It is in tragedy that the pre-eminence of
the Greeks can be seen most clearly. Except for Shakespeare, the great three, Aeschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides stand alone. Tragedy is an achievement particularly Greek. They
were the first to perceive it and they lifted it to its supreme height. "Drama in England is an
independent development", according to Nicoll. But it passed through similar stages as did
the Greek drama. It has its origin in the liturgical services. Initially, dramas were in the form
of Mysteries and Miracle plays. Later on came the Morality plays. These were followed by
the Interludes. Finally, the drama properly emerged in England in the sixteenth century. The
first English tragedy was Gorboduc (1562) written by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville.
William Shakespeare (1564-1616), one of the greatest English dramatists belonged to the
Elizabethan- Jacobean period. Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe paved the way for
Shakespeare, Webster etc. Aristotle wrote the Poetics in fourth century B.C. which is the
earliest and the most influential essay on drama. The essay was a result of close study of the
Greek plays of his time. He has discussed the nature and function of tragedy and poetry in
general in this essay.Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 5 Elizabethan Drama 1558 to 1603 Jacobean
Drama 1603 to 1625 Caroline Drama 1625 to 1649 The Life Span of Drama “1550 to 1642”
During Renaissance A Brief Introduction of Some Important Earlier Plays Oedipus Rex by
Sophocles: Oedipus Rex is an Athenian tragedy by the ancient Greek tragedian Sophocles
which examines the story of Oedipus who attempts to rid his own fate but succumbs to its
trap eventually. The play begins exhibiting Oedipus as the beloved ruler of the city of
Thebes, whose citizens have been stricken by a plague. Consulting the Delphic oracle,
Oedipus is told that the plague will cease only when the murderer of Queen Jocasta's first
husband, King Laius, has been found and punished for his deed. Oedipus resolves to find
Laius's killer. His investigation turns into an obsessive reconstruction of his own hidden past
when he discovers that the old man he killed, when he first approached Thebes as a youth
was none other than Laius who was his own father. At the end, Jocasta hangs herself in
shame, and the guilt-stricken Oedipus blinds himself. In his Poetics, Aristotle refers several
times to the play in order to exemplify aspects of the genre. Medea by Euripides: The tragedy
focuses on betrayal and revenge. The chief characters are Medea and her husband Jason who
is perhaps known for the Argonauts mythology, his slaying of the monster Medusa and
capture of the golden fleece. The play begins with Medea grieving and raging, as her husband
has left her for another woman. Later, Medea seeks her revenge. The play is a good
interaction of love, passion, vengeance, justice, racism and misogyny. It is held up by many
as being an early feminist text. Clouds by Aristophanes : The play is notorious for its
caricature of Socrates. It was originally produced at the City Dionysia in 423 BC. Frog by
Aristophanes: The comedy was written with an intention to evoke fun at the giants of Greek
playwriting, Euripedes and Aeschylus. A comedy rather than the typical tragedy, the work
pits the two writers against one another in an imagined battle to see who the best tragic poet
is, with Dionysus serving as judge. In the final part of the play Aeschylus says that Sophocles
should have his chair after his death, not Euripides. The protagonist of the story is Dionysus,
the Greek God of wine, theatre, and dance. He is one of the many sons of Zeus. In
mythology, he is best known for his lack of convention, foreignness, and large female
following. Concerned about the current state of literature, Dionysus decides to travel to
Hades, the underworld, to retrieve the great poet Euripides, who had died a year before this
play was written. Dionysus claims, ''I want a genuine poet, 'For some are not, and those that
are, are bad.' Survived Plays of Greek Writers Prometheus Orestes Trilogy : Agamemnon,
Libation Bearers, Eumenides Suppliants Seven Against Thebes The Persians Ajax Electra
Oedipus the king, Antigone, Oedipus at Colonus Trachinian Women Philoctetes Aeschylus
525-456BC Sophocles 496-405BCDrama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 6 Alcestis Medea Hippolytus Andramache Ion
Trojan Women Electra Iphigenia among the Taurians The Bacchants Iphigenia at Aulis.
Archanians the Birds the Frogs the Clouds Lysistrata Euripides 485-406B Aristophanes 450-
385BC Ques. : In Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex the first scene finds Oedipus__________. (NTA
UGC-NET Dec. 2014 P-III) (A) in conversation with a priest (B) in consultation with a
general (C) giving audience to an ambassador (D) in consultation with a minister Ans. : (A)
The play opens in front of Oedipus' palace at Thebes. A plague besets the city and Oedipus
enters to find a priest and crowd of children praying to the gods to free them from the curse.
Ques. : Which among the following plays by Aristophanes is an attack on 'modern' education
and morals as imparted and taught by the radical intellectuals known as The Sophists ? (NTA
UGC-NET June 2014 P-III) (A) Clouds (B) Wasps (C) Acharnians (D) Knights Ans. : (A)
Clouds : A comedy by Aristophanes, first performed in 423 BC in Athens. It is an attack on
'modern' education and the morals taught by the sophists. In the play Socrates and his pupils
are ridiculed and their school, the Phrontisterion ('Thinking Shop') is eventually burned to the
ground. Scholars have often wondered why Aristophanes chose Socrates, some believe he
was selected simply because of his fame. 3. Medieval Religious Drama In the Medieval
England, drama was primarily religious in nature as the plays were written and performed
under the purview of the church. For example, the Mystery plays were presented on the porch
of the cathedrals or by strolling players on feast days. Miracle and mystery plays, along with
moralities and interludes, later evolved into more elaborate forms of drama. Mystery plays
and miracle plays are among the earliest forms of medieval plays where the medieval mystery
plays focused on the representation of Bible stories in churches as tableaux. They developed
from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching the height of their popularity in the 15th century
before being rendered obsolete by the rise of professional theatre in England. There are four
collections of medieval plays, which are sometimes known as "cycles." The most complete is
the York cycle of forty-eight pageants. They were performed in the city of York, from the
middle of the fourteenth century until 1569. There are also the Towneley plays of thirty-two
pageants, once thought to have been a true 'cycle' of plays and most likely performed around
the Feast of Corpus Christi probably in the town of Wakefield, England during theDrama
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7665435800 7 late Middle Ages until 1576. The Ludus Coventriae (also called the N Town
plays" or Hegge cycle), now generally agreed to be a redacted compilation of at least three
older, unrelated plays, and the Chester cycle of twenty-four pageants, now generally agreed
to be an Elizabethan reconstruction of older medieval traditions. Besides the Middle English
drama, there are three surviving plays in Cornish known as the Ordinalia. These biblical plays
differ widely in content. Most contain episodes such as the Fall of Lucifer, the Creation and
Fall of Man, Cain and Abel, Noah and the Flood, Abraham and Isaac, the Nativity, the
Raising of Lazarus, the Passion, and the Resurrection. Other pageants included the story of
Moses, the Procession of the Prophets, Christ's Baptism, the Temptation in the Wilderness,
and the Assumption and Coronation of the Virgin. In given cycles, the plays came to be
sponsored by the newly emerging Medieval craft guilds. The guild system rose in the 14th
and 15th centuries in Germany and then spread throughout Europe. were made up of craftsm
Guilds en who pursued a similar trade by forming groups or associations to train and support
members, sort of like a trade union. Over time, guilds began to take over the roll of staging
theatrical performances. Having grown out of the religiously based mystery plays of the
Middle Ages, the morality play is a genre of Medieval and early Tudor theatrical
entertainment, which represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre. In
their own time, these plays were known as "interludes", a broader term given to dramas with
or without a moral theme. Morality plays are a type of allegorical drama where the
protagonist is met by personifications of different moral aspects who try to lead him to
choose a Godly life over one of evil. The morality plays were most popular throughout
Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Somonyng of Everyman (The Summoning of
Everyman, c.1509-19), usually referred to simply as Everyman, is a late 15th-century English
morality play which was the most popular amongst all the morality plays. Like John Bunyan's
allegorical poem Pilgrim's Progress, Everyman (1678) deals with the question of Christian
salvation using allegorical characters. The play is the allegorical accounting of the life of
Everyman, who is a representative of all mankind. In the course of the action of the play, all
the characters are also presented allegorically, where each character personifies an abstract
idea such as Fellowship, (material) Goods, Knowledge, etc.; and the conflict between good
and evil is dramatized by the interactions between the characters. Miracle Plays : A miracle
play, or a saint's play presents a real or fictitious account of the life, miracles, or martyrdom
of a saint. Almost all surviving miracle plays concern either the Virgin Mary or St. Nicholas,
the 4th-century bishop of Myra in Asia Minor. Mystery Plays : The mystery plays, usually
represent biblical subjects such as the Creation, Adam and Eve, the murder of Abel, and the
Last Judgment. Morality Plays : An allegorical drama popular in Europe especially during the
15th and 16th centuries, in which the characters personify moral qualities (such as charity or
vice) or abstractions (as death or youth) and in which moral lessons are taught. Interlude : An
early form of early English Dramatic theatre, interludes were performed at court or at "great
houses" by professional minstrels or amateurs at intervals between some other entertainment,
such as a banquet, or preceding or following a play, or between acts. Some plays were called
interludes that are today classed as morality plays. John Heywood, one of the most famous
interlude writers, brought the genre to perfection in his The Play of the Wether (1533) and
The Playe Called the Foure Ps.Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 8 Ques. : In medieval England a
__________was understood to be a trained craftsman, one who worked under a master who
owned the business. (NTA UGC-NET June 2015 P-II) (A) pardoner (B) summoner (C)
journeyman (D) manciple Ans. : (C) In medieval period a journeyman was a craftsman who
had fully learned his trade and earned wages but was not yet a master. To become a master, a
journeyman had to submit a master work piece to a guild for judgment. If the work were
deemed worthy, the journeyman would be admitted to the guild as a master. Did You Know ?
The interlude is a kind of debate the Playe Called the Foure Ps competition between four men
whose occupation starts with P. The competition rests on a game suggested by Pedlar that
each one is to tell an elaborate lie; the best liar shall "most prevail." Pardoner – the
churchman Palmer – the churchman Pothecary – a medieval pharmacist Pedlar – a seller of
trifle things First Comedy and Tragedy The First True Play in English: The first play with a
regular plot divided into acts and scenes, is probably the comedy, "Ralph Roister Doister"
that was penned by Nicholas Udall, Headmaster of Eton, and was first acted by his
schoolboys sometime before 1556. The play shows similarity to the comedies of Plautus and
Terence. The play is written in five acts. The plot of the play centres on a rich widow,
Christian Custance, who is betrothed to Gawyn Goodluck, a merchant. Ralph Roister Doister
is encouraged throughout by a conman trickster figure (Matthew Merrygreeke) to woo
Christian Custance, but his pompous attempts do not succeed. Ralph then tries with his
friends and servants (at Merrygreek's behest) to break in and take Christian Custance by
force, but they are defeated by her maids and run away. The merchant Gawyn arrives shortly
after and the play concludes happily with reconciliation, a prayer and a song. The story is that
of a conceited fop in love with a widow (Christian Custance) who is already engaged to
another man. Composed in five acts, it shows a rich widow who is betrothed to Gawyn
Goodluck, a merchant. The Second English Comedy : Gammer Gurton's Needle is a domestic
comedy, a true bit of English realism representing the life of peasant class. Gammer Gurton is
an old woman who loses her only needle while mending a pair of pants belonging to her
servant, Hodge. Hodge is disappointed at wearing pants full of holes now. Diccon, a crazy
beggar, pretends to summon the devil to ask his advice in this issue. Diccon claims that the
devil told him that the answer to this problem would be found between Cat, Rat, and Chat.
The rest of the play is seen in search of the needle with hilarious methods. Diccon made up
all kinds of stories to make everyone angry at each other. Diccon is given a rather mild
punishment, and he jovially slaps Hodge on the ass. Hodge feels a prick then and discovers
the needle in his pants. The First English Tragedy: The first English tragedy Gorboduc or
Ferrex and Porrex was written by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton and was acted in
1562 only two years before the birth of Shakespeare. Norton wrote the first three acts;
Sackville wrote the last two. It was the first play, a verse drama to be written in blank verse
and also based on the political theme that was anew to the Elizabethan realm. The play is
about a good king named Gorboduc. He gives his kingdom away during his lifetime to his
sons. The sons quarrel over the throne. Porrex, the younger son, kills his brother, Ferrex.
Their mother, Queen Videna, avenges the death of her older son by murdering Porrex.
Gorboduc and Videna are then killed by their horrified former subjects.Drama Contact Us :
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chain of slaughter and revenge was written in direct imitation of Seneca, a Roman dramatist.
Senecan influence is also evident in Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy, and in
Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus and Hamlet. Ques. : Here is a list of early English plays
imitating Greek and Latin plays. Pick the odd one out : (NTA UGC-NET Dec. 2013 P-II) (A)
Gorboduc (B) Tamburlaine (C) Ralph Roister Doister (D) Gammer Gurton's Needle Ans. :
(B) Ralph Roister Doister (1553) is the earliest known British comedy, by Nicholas Udall,
while Grammer Gurton's Needle by John Still (1543-1626) is an example of an early English
farce, and was printed in 1575. Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville performed Gorboduc
in 1561. It was the first English play in blank verse and the first English tragedy on a Senecan
model. Did You Know ? The writers Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville took the story of
the play Gorboduc from of Monmouth's Geoffrey History of the Kings of Britain(1138). First
English Comedy Ralph Roister Doister by Nicholas Udall (1556) First English Tragedy
Gorboduc or Ferrex and Porrex (1561) by Thomas Norton and Thoams Sackville Exercise-1 :
Review Your Progress Check Your Progress based on above reading : 1. Fill in the following
blanks : (a) The seeds of theatre and drama came with the entry of Normans in _____. (b)
The earliest plays were chiefly divided into two as _________ and __________. (c) The two
popular Greek tragedy writers are __________ and _____________. (d) Aristotle was critical
to _______ but he favored __________. (e) The earlier dramas were performed with dancing
and singing at the festival of __________, the Greek God of wine and fertility. (f) Aristotle
said, “ Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious, ______ and __________. (g) This
comic play is relating the battle of two writers to mark one's supremacy. The play is
_________ by Aristophanes. (h) ___________ are based on the lives of Saints and
________plays are based on the events of the Bible. (i) The method of slaughter and revenge
is the imitation of the Roman Dramatist, _________.Drama Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 10 Exercise-1 :
Review Your Progress 2. Choose the correct option in the following statements: (a)
Aristophanes is popular for writing comedies/tragedies. (b) The first tragedy was written by
Thomas Gorbuduc/Oedipus Rex Norton and Thomas Sackville. (c) The characters like King
Laius and Jocasta are found in Oedipus Rex/Medea. (d) The tragedy was written by
Euripides/Sophocles. Medea (e) The first comedy Ralph Roister Doister was written by
Nicholas Udall in imitation of Plautus/Sophocles. 3. Match the following literary works with
their respective writers: (a) Ralph Roister Doister Aristophanes (b) Titus Andronicus John
Heywood (c) The Play Called Four Ps Thomas Kyd (d) The Spanish Tragedy William
Shakespeare (e) Frog Nicholas Udall 4. English Renaissance Drama The drama is
comparably the greatest force of the Elizabethan times or the Renaissance. It is in Elizabethan
age that drama found an expression in bountiful terms. The greatest of the English dramatist,
William Shakespeare, is a product of this age. Apart from Shakespeare there are host of other
dramatists who made the age proud by their dramatic creations. In fact, these regular
playwrights, Kyd, Nash, Lyly, Peele, Greene and Marlowe brought the English Drama to the
point where Shakespeare began to experiment upon it. These dramatists are also known as
University Wits as their plays are influenced by their education of the classical works of
literature. There is found the greater classical influence of Seneca on Elizabethan Literature.
The Senecan elements were used in the combination of native tradition as for the taste of
Elizabethan audience. A vigorous activity translating the works of Seneca was also seen
during 1559-1581. “The popular dramatists took many hints and ideas from Seneca:
melodramatic plots, long speeches made by dying heroes, ghosts crying for vengeance,
moralizing choruses, the useful messenger and single line dialogue.” – Helen Morris
University Wits: University wits is a group of English dramatists, who wrote in the 16th
century (around 1580) and were educated at the university Oxford or Cambridge. This group
transformed the native interlude and chronicle play with their plays of quality and diversity.
Some wrote poetry, some tales, some plays, some all three. For some we have almost nothing
but their reputations. All wrote in pre-Shakespearean styles that separated them from the
writers of the previous drab era. The term "University Wits" was coined by George
Saintsbury, a 19th-century journalist and author. These writers were great entertainers,
composed poems, plays, poetry and even prose works. Some of them were also actors on
stage. The university wits put drama on the high pedestal of art by shaping a fusion of the
newly arrived classical tenets, the traditional native forms and the folk material. As David
Horne, author of the only biography of George Peele, puts it: "All were learned and classical
in their tastes and interested in courtly literature".Drama Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 11 Did You Know
? Thomas Kyd is also included in the group though he never got any University education or
training. 1 John Lyly (1554-1606) Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit (1579) Euphues and his
England (1580) Alexander and Campaspe (1584), Midas (1587) Endymion (1591), Sapho
and Phao (Staged in 1584) Women in the Moon, Love's Metamorphoses 2 George Peele
(1558-1597) The Arraignment of Paris (1581); The Battle of Alcazar (1595); The Love of
David and Bethsheba (1579); Polyhymmia (1590); The Honour of the Gaster (1593); The
Famous Chronicle of King Edward I; The Old Wives Tale 3 Robert Greene (1558-92) The
Comical History of Alphonsus King of Aragon: A Looking Glass for London and England:
Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay: The History of Orlando Furioso: The Scottish History of
James IV. 4 Thomas Nash (1567-1601) The Isle of Dogs (1567): Summer's Last Will (1600).
5 Thomas Lodge (1558-1625) The Delectable Historie of Forborious and Prscilla (1584);
Scillaes Metamorphoses (1589); Rosalynde, Euphues golden legacie (1590) 6 Thomas Kyd
(1558-1594) The Spanish Tragedy (1594); Pompey the Great (1595); The First Part of
Jeronimo 7 Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Tamburlaine, Dr Faustus, The Jew of Malta,
Edward II. Table of University Wits and Their WorksDrama Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 12 John Lyly
(1554-1606) John Lyly was born in Kent in 1554. He was brought up in Canterbury where he
likely attended the King's School at the same time as Marlowe. Lyly received the A.M.
degree at Magdalen College, University of Oxford, in 1575. After failed petitions for support
from Lord Burghley for a fellowship, Lyly moved to London. He became instantly famous
with the publication of the prose romance Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit (1578) and its
sequel Euphues and His England (1580). Euphues is a Greek word for graceful. Euphuism, as
the elaborate prose style modelled on Lyly came to be called, was at the height of popularity
in the 1580s. Euphuistic style has two features: An especially elaborate sentence structure
based on parallel figures from the ancient rhetorics and a wealth of ornament including
proverbs, incidents from history and poetry, proverbs, and similes drawn from pseudoscience,
from Pliny, from textbooks, or from the author's imagination. Lyly's style had a marked
impact on contemporary writers, not the least on Shakespeare. Polonius in Hamlet, Moth in
Love's Labours Lost, and the repartees of Beatrice and Benedick in Much Ado About
Nothing show signs of Lyly's influence. In 1583, Lyly married Beatrice Browne, a Yorkshire
heiress. The same year he became in control of the first Blackfriars Theatre. He wrote several
prose comedies for children's companies, all geared towards the courtly audience. These
plays included Campaspe (1584), Sapho and Phao (early 1580s), Endymion: The Man in the
Moon (1586-7), Loves Metamorphosis (1589), Midas (1589) and Mother Bombie (1589).
Lyly's only play in verse was the comedy The Woman in the Moone (1594). Ques. : Who
among Shakespeare’s contemporaries did not write tragedies ? (NTA UGC-NET Dec. 2014
P-III) (A) Thomas Kyd (B) John Lyly (C) Christopher Marlowe (D) Ben Jonson Ans. : (B)
Though Lyly laid the foundation of Elizabethan comedy in plays, but he did not write
tragedies. Did You Know ? The name is derived from Greek meaning "graceful, Euphues
witty" which was adopted by Lyly from Roger Ascham's The Scholemaster. George Peele
(1558-1596): An Elizabethan dramatist who experimented in many forms of theatrical art:
pastoral, history, melodrama, tragedy, folk play, and pageant. Works  The Arrangement of
Paris (1584) was a courtly mythological pastoral play, which paid tribute to Queen Elizabeth.
 The Battle of Alcazar (1594) was a semi historical play in five acts which relates the events
of battle.  The Famous Chronicle of King Edward, the first (1593) : It is a play by George
Peele, published 1593, chronicling the career of Edward I of England.  The Old Wives Tale
(1595) : It is a play by George Peele first printed in England in 1595. It was a romantic satire
on the current dramatics taste. The play has been identified as the first English work to
satirize the romantic dramas popular at the time.  The Love of King David and Fair
Bathsheba (1599) : The work has its source from scriptures. Thomas Kyd : Thomas Kyd, the
English dramatist was born in 1558 in London. He is considered one of the most important
figures in the development of Elizabethan drama. Although well-known in his own time, Kyd
fell into obscurity until 1773 when Thomas Hawkins (an early editor of The Spanish
Tragedie) discovered that Kyd was named as its author by Thomas Heywood in his Apologie
for Actors (1612). A hundred years later, scholars in Germany and England began to shed
light on his life and work, includingDrama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com |
Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 13 the controversial finding that he
may have been the author of a Hamlet play pre-dating Shakespeare. Evidence suggests that in
the 1580s Kyd became an important playwright, but little is known about his activity. Francis
Meres placed him among the best for tragedy and Heywood elsewhere called him Famous
Kyd. Ben Jonson mentions him in the same breath as Christopher Marlowe (with whom, in
London, Kyd at one time shared a room) and John Lyly in the Shakespeare's First Folio. In
1593, after falling under suspicion of heresy, he was arrested on the charge of atheism and
tortured into giving evidence against his roommate. Kyd denied the charge of atheism and
attributed the offending manuscript to his roommate, Christopher Marlowe: "shuffled with
some of mine (unknown to me) by some occasion or writing in one chamber two years
since." The situation is rich with remarks of treachery: that Marlowe set Kyd up, that Kyd
returned the Favor, that Marlowe's subsequent death was covertly arranged as a result.
Current evidence suggests that Marlowe may have been an agent provocateur employed by
the Privy Council in its anti-Catholic activities. Kyd was eventually released from prison, but
seems to have been broken by the imprisonment, torture, and disgrace. He died in December
of 1594, in poverty, not yet thirty-six years old. Works  The Spanish Tragedie (Hieronymo
is Mad Again): Kyd probably began his career as a popular playwright about 1583 and
produced this most significant work. It was based on the tragedies written by the Roman
playwright Seneca, whose plays focused on murder and revenge. It was Kyd who established
the revenge tragedy on the Elizabeth Stage which included William Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The Spanish Tragedy tells the story of Hieronymo, marshal of Spain, whose son Horatio is
murdered by Balthasar, son of the viceroy of Portugal, and Lorenzo, son of the Duke of
Castile, because Balthasar has his eye on Bellimperia. Bellimperia is Lorenzo's sister, and she
loves Horatio – and this is why poor Horatio is murdered by Balthasar and Lorenzo.
Bellimperia, who witnesses the brutal murder of her lover, sends a letter to Horatio's father
Hieronymo, informing him that it was Balthasar and Lorenzo who murdered his son, and
Hieronymo vows revenge on the two men. However, before he can avenge his son's death,
Hieronymo decides – much like Hamlet in Shakespeare's later play – that he needs to prove
that the letter was indeed from Bellimperia and that both Balthasar and Lorenzo are indeed
guilty of Horatio's murder. There follows a series of delays in Hieronymo's enactment of
revenge, delays which succeed in sending him mad.  Cornelia (1594): This work can be
attributed to Kyd which he adapted from a French play by Robert Garnier.  Arden of
Feversham: Another play which has sometimes been attributed to Kyd is Arden of
Feversham, a dramatization of a crime that had been reported in Holinshed's Chronicles. Did
You Know ? Thomas Heywood is supposed to have written almost two hundred and twenty
plays. Charles Lamb called him . 'a prose Shakespeare' Thomas Lodge: Poet, playwright, and
physician Thomas Lodge was the son of a lord mayor of London. Lodge made his first
appearance at the University of Oxford about the year 1573 and was afterwards a scholar
under the learned Mr Edward Hobye of Trinity College. In 1578, he joined Lincoln's Inn,
London for the study of law. However, he left it midway, went against the wishes of his
family and took up literature. He first was noticed in literacy circles for his Defence of Plays
in 1580. This pamphlet was written in reply to Stephen Gosson's attack on stage plays.
Lodge's best known play in his prose romance is Rosalynde, which provided the plot for
Shakespeare's As You Like It. His other plays include An Alarum Against Usurers (1584),
Scillaes Metamorphosis (1589), The Wounds of Civil War (1594) and A Margarite of
America (1596). Lodge also collaborated with Robert Greene on the play A Looking Glass
for London and England. While Lodge gained some success for his literary endeavors, he
gradually became convinced about its lack of monetary potential.Drama Contact Us :
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Robert Greene: Greene, who achieved distinction in the vigorous characterization and could
handle better a love story, was born about 1560. His plays comprise Orlando Furioso, Friar
Bacon and Friar Bunguy (The Honorable Historie of Frier Bacon and Frier Bongay),
Alphonus king of Aragan, etc. His most effective play Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay deals
partly with the tricks of the Friar, and partly with a straightforward romantic love story. His A
Notable Discovery of Coosnage (1591) seeks to expose the practices of the panders and
whores, swindlers and card-sharps of London for the unwary, and A Disputation Betweene a
Hee Conny-Catcher and a Shee Conny-Catcher (1592) and The Blacke Bookes Messenger
(1592) continue in this genre with lurid descriptions of the London underworld. His Quip for
an Upstart Courtier or A Quaint Dispute between Velvet-Breeches and Cloth-Breeches
(1592) compares the lives of the courtier (Velvet Breeches) and the merchant (Cloth
Breeches) in order to find which is deserving of more respect. Greene criticised Shakespeare
'an upstart crow' beautified with our feathers in Groats-Worth of Wit. Ques. : Identify the
correct group of playhouses in late sixteenth century London from the following groups :
(NTA UGC-NET June 2014 P-II) (A) Curtain, Rose, Swan, Globe, Hope (B) Curtain, Rose,
Swan, Globe, Sejanus (C) Hope, Curtain, Rose, Swan, Globe (D) Swan, Curtain, Rose,
Globe, Thames Ans. : (A) The Playhouses : Seven amphitheater playhouses were built in
London in the sixteenth century : the Red Lion in 1567, the Theatre in 1576, the Curtain in
1577, the rose in 1587, the Swan in 1595, the Globe in 1599 and the Fortune in 1600. The
Red Lion (First English Theatre) 1567 Theatres of Elizabethan Britain 1576 The Black Friars
1576 The Theatre built by James Burbage 1587 The Rose 1577 The Curtain 1599 The Globe
Theatre 1595 The Swan 1600 The Red Bull 1600 Fortune 1614 The Hope Christopher
Marlowe (1564-1593) : Marlowe is considered to be the most talented of pre-Shakespearean.
Christopher Marlowe was an English dramatist, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. He
was the first English playwright to reveal the full potential of dramatic blank verse and the
first to exploit the tragic implications of Renaissance humanism. Marlowe was the second
and eldest son of John Marlowe, a Canterbury shoemaker. Marlowe received a scholarship
from Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury to study music, religion, Latin and literature
and entered Kings school, Canterbury. Later, he joined Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,
from late 1580 until 1587. He wrote only tragedies and no comedies. His plays are known for
the use of blank verse and their overreaching protagonists. He greatly influenced William
Shakespeare, who followed in his innovative play-writing his footsteps, particularly with
regards to the history plays. He was official spy of queen Elizabeth. The heroes of the first
three plays of Marlowe were consumed by burning passion which leads them to their
miserable end. Tamburlaine had thirst for power over all Asia, Dr Faustus had thirst of
limitless knowledge and Barabas had a sense of revenge.Drama Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 15 Works  Dido,
Queen of Carthage: It was his first play which was written while he was a student at
Cambridge with contributions by Thomas Nashe, but it was not published until 1594. The
story of the play is based on the classical figure of Dido, the Queen of Carthage following an
intense dramatic tale of Dido and her intense love for Aeneas (induced by Cupid), Aeneas'
betrayal of her and her eventual suicide on his departure for Italy. The book has its source
from Books 1, 2, and 4 of Virgil's Aeneid.  Tamburlaine: His second play, Tamburlaine The
Great, about a Scythian Shepherd and his thirst for power was published in 1590. It was about
the conqueror Timur, who rises from shepherd to warrior. It is among the first English plays
in blank verse and with Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy, generally is considered the
beginning of the mature phase of the Elizabethan theatre. Tamburlaine was a success, and
was followed with Tamburlaine the Great, Part II. The term Marlowe's mighty line was
coined by Ben Jonson. Come, let us march against the powers of heaven, And set black
streamers in the firmament, To signify the slaughter of the gods. – (Tamburlaine, Act 5 Scene
3) Marlowe's famous mighty lines first came into focus in this play and also established blank
verse as the staple medium for later Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatic writings. The play
details the brutal rise to power and the mysterious end of the bloody 14th-century Mongol
conqueror Timur, or Tamburlaine. Marlowe's gifts are displayed not only in his supple poetry
but also in his ability to view his tragic hero from several angles, revealing both the brutality
and the grandeur of the character.  Dr. Faustus (1604): This play of Marlowe is about a
scholar, who in his quest for infinite knowledge and power, sells his soul to the Devil. It is
based on the German Faust Buch. It was the first dramatized version of the Faust legend of a
scholar dealing with the devil. Doctor Faustus, a respected German scholar, is bored with the
traditional types of knowledge available to him and yearns to know more than logic,
medicine, law, and religion. His friends, Valdes and Cornelius, begin to teach him magic,
which he uses to summon a devil named Mephistophilis. Faustus tells Mephistophilis to
return to his master, Lucifer, with an offer of his soul in exchange for twenty-four years of
having Mephistophilis with all knowledge of magic.Drama Contact Us : Website :
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Mephistophilis' return Faustus signs the contract in his own blood and Mephistophilis
provides Faustus valuable gifts and a book of spells to learn to make him happy with his
decision. He also answers all Faustus' questions about the nature of the world and refuses to
answer only when Faustus wants to know who created the universe. Mephistophilis and
Lucifer bring in the seven deadly sins in human form to dance for Faustus. At the fame of
Faustus, he reaches to the emperor and impresses him by conjuring up an image of Alexander
the Great. One of the emperors' knights sneers at Faustus' magical powers and Faustus
punishes him by making antlers sprout from his head. As the end of his contract approaches,
Faustus begins to dread his impending doom, and asks Mephistophilis to call up Helen of
Troy so that he might impress a group of his colleagues. An old man urges Faustus to repent
and turn back to God, but he sends Mephistophilis to torment the old man, and drive him
away. Faustus then summons up Helen again so that he might immerse himself in her ancient
beauty. But time grows short. Faustus, filled with dread, confesses his misdeeds to a group of
his colleagues, who vow to pray for him. On the final night of his life, Faustus is overcome
by fear and remorse. He begs for mercy, but it is too late. The clock strikes midnight and a
group of devils enters Faustus' study to claim his soul. The next morning, his colleagues find
his body torn limb from limb, and decide to give him a proper burial.  The Jew of Malta
(1590): This work of Marlowe was about a Maltese Jew's barbarous revenge against the city
authorities, has a prologue delivered by a character representing Machiavelli. It was probably
written in 1589 or 1590 and was first performed in 1592. The play is a good example of
religious conflict, intrigue and revenge, and is considered to have been a major influence on
Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. The title character, Barabas, is seen as the main
inspiration for Shakespeare's Shylock character in Merchant of Venice. The play is also
considered the first (successful) black comedy, or tragicomedy. The character of Barabas was
much debated for its representation of Jews and controversial themes intermingled with
monks and nuns. “Then were my thoughts so frail and unconfirmed, And I was chained to
follies of the world: But now experience, purchased with grief, has made me see the
difference of things. My sinful soul, alas, hath paced too long The fatal labyrinth of misbelief,
Far from the Son that gives eternal life.” – Abigail in the Jew of Malta  Edward the Second
(1594): It is an English history play about the deposition of King Edward II by his barons and
the Queen, who resent the undue influence of the king's favourites have in court and state
affairs. The play was entered the Stationers Register on 6 July 1593, five weeks after
Marlowe's death. The full title of the earliest extant edition, of 1594, is The Troublesome
Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall
of Proud Mortimer. The play presents the homosexual relationship between Edward II and
Gaveston. The play was first acted in 1592 or 1593. It paved the way for Shakespeare's more
mature histories, such as Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V. Marlowe found most of his
material for this play in the third volume of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles (1587).  The
Massacre at Paris (1593): It is a short and luridly written work, the only surviving text of
which was probably a reconstruction from memory of the original performance text,
portraying the events of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, which English
Protestants invoked as the blackest example of Catholic treachery. Apart from his dramatic
verse, Marlowe also succeed in nondramatic verse. His is a mythological poem Hero and
Leander consisting of 818 lines. This unfinished poem was completed after his death by
George Chapman.Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 17 Did You Know ? Shakespeare paid a
tribute to his master Christopher Marlowe when he made the character Phebe in to Hero and
Leander quote the lines from As You Like It: Dead Shepherd, now I find thy saw of might
Whoever loved, that loved not at first sight? “Was this the face that launched a thousand
ships And burnt the topless towers of Ilium? Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss.” –
Dr Faustus “Cut is the branch that might have grown full straight And burned is Apollo's
laurel bough That sometime grew within this learned man.” – Part of Epilogue in Dr Faustus
Ques. : Christopher Marlowe's heroes are said to be larger than life, exaggerated both in their
faults and in their qualities. They have a desire for everything in extreme. In one of his plays
the hero wants to conquer the whole world. The name of the play is __________. (NTA
UGC-NET June 2015 P-II) (A) The Jew of Malta (B) Doctor Faustus (C) Tamburlaine the
Great (D) Edward II Ans. : (C) Tamburlaine the Great, first play by Christopher Marlowe,
produced about 1587 and published in 1590. Ques. : There is a play on the name of
Machiavelli in the prologue to Christopher Marlowe’s (NTA UGC-NET July 2016 P-II) (1)
Doctor Faustus (2) The Jew of Malta (3) Tamburlaine, the Great (4) Edward II Ans. : (2) The
Jew of Malta (The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta) is a play by Christopher
Marlowe, probably written in 1589 or 1590. The plot is an original story of religious conflict,
intrigue, and revenge, set against a backdrop of the struggle for supremacy between Spain
and the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean that takes place on the island of Malta. Ques. :
Which of the following pair best describes the characteristic features of Marlowe's portrait of
Tamburlaine ? (NTA UGC-NET June 2015 P-III) (a) ambition (b) apathy (c) cruelty (d)
sympathy The right combination according to the code is __________ . (A) (a) and (b) (B)
(a) and (d) (C) (a) and (c) (D) (b) and (c) Ans. : (C) Ambition is a characteristic feature in
Marlowe’s portrait of Tamburlaine. Tamburlaine is a workaholic. He enjoys no rest. He is
voraciously greedy for glory. He tests himself in furious, fanatic and bloody deeds, and
dreams of his own empire. The main theme is the cruelty of Tamburlaine with no
sympathy.Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com |
Call Us : 7665435800 18 Ques. : Christopher Marlowe was one of the first major writers to
affirm what can be identified as a clearly homosexual sensibility. Which drama of him deals
with it ? (NTA UGC-NET Dec. 2015 P-II) (1) Edward II (2) The Jew of Malta (3) Doctor
Faustus (4) Dido, Queen of Carthage Ans. : (1) Marlowe is often described today as
homosexual, although the evidence for this is inconclusive. Much like other aspects of
Marlowe's biography, speculation on his sex-life abounds while evidence is nowhere to be
found. Elizabethan Theatre Elizabethan drama was the dominant art form that flourished
during and a little after the reign of Elizabeth I, who was Queen of England from 1558 to
1603. She was a powerful, resolute monarch who returned England to Protestantism, quelled
a great deal of internal turmoil, and unified the nation. She was also an avid supporter of the
arts which sparked a surge of activity in the theater. During her reign, some playwrights were
able to make a comfortable living by receiving royal patronage. There was a great deal of
theatrical activity at Court, and many public theaters were also built on the outskirts of
London. Some of the most important playwrights come from the Elizabethan era, including
William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson and Christopher Marlowe. These playwrights wrote plays
that were patterned on numerous previous sources, including Greek tragedy, Seneca's plays,
Attic drama, English miracle plays, morality plays, and interludes. Elizabethan tragedy dealt
with heroic themes, usually centering on a great personality who is destroyed by his own
passion and ambition. The comedies often satirized the fops and gallants of society.
Elizabethan theatre derived from several medieval theatrical traditions, such as the mystery
plays, based on biblical themes that were a part of the religious festivals in England and other
parts of Europe during the Middle Ages, the morality plays that evolved out of the mysteries;
and the plays by University Wits that attempted to recreate the Greek tragedy. The Italian
tradition of Commedia Dell'arte (artistic comedy) as well as the elaborate masques frequently
presented before the court also helped in the shaping of public theatre. But the Elizabethan
theatre was different from the medieval age dramas as the theatre came out of the purview of
the church to become secular and dealt with themes which are not typically religious as that
of the medieval age. Shakespeare and the playwrights of his time, took stories from English
and European history, and from other poems and plays. In the sixteenth century, plays were
first performed in the yards of inns (hotels) with a stage set up against a wall. Groups of
actors used to travel around the country performing plays in inns and in the houses of the
rich. In 1576, three theatres were set up in London. One was at Blackfriars and the other two,
"The Theatre" and "The Curtain", were erected in Shoreditch fields. The City of London
authorities, primarily Puritans, were generally hostile to public performances, but its hostility
was overmatched by the Queen's taste for plays. Theatres sprang up in suburbs, accessible
across the Thames River to city dwellers, but beyond the authority's control. Did You Know ?
In 1576, James Burbage, an actor and theatre-builder, built the first successful English
playhouse in London on land he had leased in Shoreditch which was named as and was The
Theatre supported by young playwrights from Cambridge and Oxford Universities. These
young men became known as the University Wits and included Thomas Kyd, Robert Green,
John Lyly, Thomas Nash and George Peele. All the theatres of London during the
Elizabethan era had individual differences; yet their common function necessitated a similar
general plan. The public theatres were three stories high and built around an open space at the
center. Usually polygonal in plan to give an overall rounded effect, the three levels of inward-
facing galleries overlooked the open center, into which jutted the stage — essentially a
platform surrounded on three sides by the audience, only the rear being restricted for the
entry and exit of the actors and seating for the musicians. The upper level behind the
stageDrama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call
Us : 7665435800 19 was used as a balcony. Since Elizabethan theatre did not make use of
lavish scenery, instead left the stage largely bare, with a few key props, the main visual
appeal on stage was in the costumes. Costumes were often bright in colour and visually
entrancing. Costumes were expensive and so the actors usually wore contemporary clothing
regardless of the time period of the play. Occasionally, a lead character would wear a
conventionalized version of the more historically accurate garb, but secondary characters
would nonetheless remain in contemporary clothing. Moreover, the Elizabethans did not have
elaborate props for stage. Stage was primarily bare and the backdrop of the play was left for
the audience to imagine. Mostly a placard was hung on the stage door to suggest where the
scene is set. A flag was unfurled to suggest that the play has started. After some music, an
actor through the prologue would give the gist of the setting of the play to make the audience
understand the backdrop in which the play is about to be performed. If the play lacked a
prologue, then in the opening scene(s) the backdrop of the play is referred to make the
audience know where the play is set. If the Royalists promoted literature and theatre, then
there was a faction in England called Puritans who had a strong dislike for theatre, as theatre
was seen as an immoral place. Though Queen Elizabeth herself was a great admirer and
promoter of theatre, still women were not allowed to act in plays in the Elizabethan era. The
women characters were mostly played by boys who used to cross-dress as females. Margaret
Hughes (1645 – 1 October 1719), also Peg Hughes or Margaret Hewes, is often credited as
the first professional actress on the English stage. Hughes certainly played Desdemona in the
performance of Othello seen by Samuel Pepys on 6 February 1669. Ques. : The commedia
dell'arte originated in Italy in the sixteenth century. Which of the following descriptions are
the most appropriate ? (NTA UGC-NET June 2015 P-III) (a) Tears alternating with crude
laughter (b) Comedy of the guild or by the professionals in the "art" (c) Plautine comedy
alternating with ritualistic manoeuvres (d) Improvised comedy that follows a scenario rather
than written dialogue The right combination according to the code is : (A) (a) and (b) (B) (b)
and (d) (C) (a) and (c) (D) (b) and (c) Ans. : (B) The Commedia dell’arte (comedy of the
guild or by the professionals in the “art”) is improvised comedy that follows a scenario rather
than written dialogue. Improvised comedy of the commedia dell’arte developed and spread
throughout Europe. LEARN A FACT!!! From the start of Elizabeth's reign, it was expected
that she would marry, and the question arose to whom. Although she received many offers
for her hand, she never married and was childless.   William Shakespeare is widely
regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time and occupies a unique position in world of
literature. The prophecy of his contemporary, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson, that
Shakespeare "was not of an age, but for all time," has come true and probably will always be
true. The parish register of Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, shows
that he was baptized there on April 26, 1564; his birthday is conventionally celebrated on
April 23. His father, John Shakespeare, was engaged in various kinds of trade and appears to
have suffered some fluctuations in prosperity. His mother, Mary Arden of Wilmcote,
Warwickshire, came from an ancient family and was the heiress to some land. Thus,
Shakespeare belonged to an affluent family, but not to a family who are close to art and
literature.Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com |
Call Us : 7665435800 20 Shakespeare studied in the Grammar School, Stratford where he
acquired some knowledge of Latin and Greek. He did not have the benefit of university
education. His father had suffered losses in business, in order to help his family Shakespeare
had to give up his studies. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway of Stratford, and they
had two daughters – Susanna and Judith and one son, Hamnet. How Shakespeare spent the
next eight years or so, until his name began to appear in London theatre records, is not
known. There are many stories; some of them being - earning his living as a schoolmaster in
the country; of going to London and gaining entry to the world of theatre by minding the
horses of theatre goers, etc. But these stories have no strong proofs to assert their validity,
and at the same time it is of no concern to us as we are more interested in knowing about his
dramatic works and his presence in the Elizabethan theatrical world. The first reference to
Shakespeare in the literary world of London was made in 1592, when a fellow dramatist,
Robert Greene, talked about him in a pamphlet. It is not clear how his career in the theatre
began; but from about 1594 onward he was an important member of the company of players
known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men (called the King's Men after the accession of James I
in 1603). By the end of that year, six of his plays had already been performed. In 1599,
Shakespeare and other members of the Lord Chamberlain's Men arranged finance for the
building of the Globe Theatre, and the Lord Admiral's Men continued to mount popular
performances there, including many of Shakespeare's plays. The Lord Admiral's Men became
the foremost London company, performing at Court on 32 occasions between 1594 and 1603.
After his ascension to the throne, James I granted the Lord Chamberlain's Men a royal patent,
and the company's name was changed to the King's Men. Shakespeare's talent as a playwright
was widely recognized. He became one of the wealthiest dramatists of his day and lived a
comfortable life. He retired to Stratford in 1610 and died on April 23, 1616. In 1623, actors
Henry Condell and John Heminge published his plays as a collection known as the First
Folio. Shakespeare took to theatre full-time sharing in a cooperative enterprise and was
intimately concerned with the financial success of the plays he wrote. For twenty years
Shakespeare dedicated himself industriously to his art, writing thirty-seven plays, one
hundred and fifty-four sonnets and two longer narrative poems – Venus and Adonis and Rape
of Lucrece. “When I read Shakespeare, I am struck with wonder that such trivial people
should muse and thunder in such lovely language.” – D H Lawrence “If I say that
Shakespeare is the greatest of intellects, I have said all concerning him. But there is more in
Shakespeare's intellect than we have yet seen. It is what I call an unconscious intellect; there
is more virtue in it that he himself is aware of.” – Thomas Carlyle Dramatic Works of
William Shakespeare The Early Plays: The record of Shakespeare's early theatrical success is
obscure. His brilliant two-part play on the Wars of the Roses, The Whole Contention betwixt
the two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster, is among his earliest achievements. The
Comedy of Errors had hilariously comic situations. Titus Andronicus is a tragedy in the high
Roman fashion. The Two Gentlemen of Verona was a new kind of romantic comedy. The
Taming of the Shrew is famous for its wit. Love's Labour's Lost is a witty and satirical
observation on the society. Romeo and Juliet combine a tragic situation with comedy and
gaiety. The Histories: For his English history plays, Shakespeare primarily drew upon
Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles, which appeared in 1587, and on Edward Hall's earlier
account of The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre and Yorke (1548).
From these and numerous secondary sources he inherited traditional themes: the divine right
of royal succession, the need for unity and order in the realm, the evil of dissension and
treason, the cruelty and hardship of war, the power of money to corrupt, the strength of
family ties, the need for human understanding and careful calculation, and the power of God's
providence, which protected his followers, punished evil, and led England toward the
stability of Tudor rule. After the last group of English history plays, Shakespeare chose to
write about Julius Caesar, who held particular fascination for the Elizabethans. After six or
seven years Shakespeare returned to the Roman theme again in, Antony and Cleopatra and
Coriolanus.Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com
| Call Us : 7665435800 21 The Great, or Middle Comedies: The comedies written between
1596 and 1602 have much in common. With the exception of The Merry Wives of Windsor,
all are set in some "imaginary" lands –Illyria, Messina, Venice and Belmont, Athens, or the
Forest of Arden. In these plays, the lovers are young and witty. The action involves wooing;
and its conclusion is marriage. Whether Shakespeare's source was an Italian novel (The
Merchant of Venice and Much Ado About Nothing), an English pastoral tale (As You Like
It), an Italian comedy (the Malvolio story in Twelfth Night), or something of his own
invention (probably A Midsummer Night's Dream, and parts of each), he portrayed
remarkable mastery in theatre. The Great Tragedies: Shakespeare's greatness is nowhere more
visible than in his tragedies – Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, Antony
and Cleopatra and Coriolanus. The tragedies deal with divergent themes and have
distinctiveness of their own. The Dark Comedies: Troilus and Cressida, All's Well That Ends
Well and Measure for Measure are known as dark comedies for their distempered vision of
the world. They are questioning, satiric, intense, and very dark in respect to the comic
essence. The Late Plays: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, The Tempest, and Henry
VIII, written between 1608 and 1612, are commonly known as Shakespeare's "late plays," or
his "last plays." One of the common characteristics of these plays is that, although they
portray tragic or pathetic emotions, events move toward a resolution of difficulties in which
reconciliations and reunions are prominent. The four most famous Shakespeare tragedies are
King Lear, Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth. Difference Between Private Theatres and Public
Playhouses  Hamlet is about an emotionally scarred young man trying to avenge the murder
of his father, the king. The ghost of Hamlet's father appears to Hamlet, telling him that he
was murdered by his brother, Claudius, who has now become the king. Claudius has also
married Gertrude, the old king's widow and Hamlet's mother. Hamlet feigns madness,
contemplates life and death, and seeks revenge. His uncle, fearing for his life, also devises
plots to kill Hamlet. The play ends with a duel, during which the King, Queen, Hamlet's
opponent and Hamlet himself are all killed. "What a piece of work is man! how noble in
reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action
how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world, the paragon of
animals!". – . Hamlet (Act II, Scene II)Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com |
Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 22  Othello, a Moor serving as a
general in the military of Venice, is victimized as a result of his love for Desdemona, the
daughter of a Venetian statesman. The villain of the play is Iago, a career military man who
plots revenge against Othello, Desdemona, and Michael Cassio because Othello has
promoted Cassio to Lieutenant, a position to which Iago feels he is entitled. Iago is furious
about being overlooked for promotion and plots to take revenge against his General; Othello,
the Moor of Venice. Iago manipulates Othello into believing his wife Desdemona is
unfaithful, stirring Othello's jealousy. Othello allows jealousy to consume him, murders
Desdemona, and then kills himself.  Macbeth is about a noble warrior who gets caught up in
a struggle for power. Supernatural events and Macbeth's ruthless wife play a major role in his
downfall. Three witches tell the Scottish general Macbeth that he will be King of Scotland.
Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth kills the king, becomes the new king, and kills more people
out of paranoia. Civil war erupts to overthrow Macbeth, resulting in more death. “Is this a
dagger which I see before me, the handle towards my hand. – Macbeth Act 2 Scene 1 “Life's
but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then
is heard no more. It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.” –
Macbeth  King Lear is a tragic story of an old man's descent into madness as his world
crumbles around him. It is also a tale of Lear's pride and his blindness to the truth about his
three daughters and others around him. A subplot of the play involves another family (that of
the Earl of Gloucester) torn apart by a scheming child (Edmund plots against his half-brother,
Edgar). Both fathers suffer a great deal for their inability to see the truth about their children.
Through the basic plot, King Lear divides his kingdom among the two daughters who flatter
him and banishes the third one who loves him. His eldest daughters both then reject him at
their homes, so Lear goes mad and wanders through a storm. His banished daughter returns
with an army, but they lose the battle and Lear, all his daughters and more, die. Seven
Soliloquies of Hamlet 1. Hamlet's First Soliloquy O that this too too solid flesh would melt,
Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew!... (Act 1, Scene 2) 2. Hamlet's Second Soliloquy O all
you host of heaven! O earth! what else? And shall I couple hell? O, fie! — Hold, my heart...
(Act 1, Scene 5) 3. Hamlet's Third Soliloquy Ay, so, God b' wi' ye! Now I am alone. O, what
a rogue and peasant slave am I!... (Act 2, Scene 2) 4. Hamlet's Fourth Soliloquy (to be or not
to be) To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The
slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by
opposing end them?... (Act 3, Scene 1)Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com |
Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 23 5. Hamlet's Fifth Soliloquy 'Tis
now the very witching time of night, When churchyards yawn, and hell itself breathes out
Contagion to this world... Soft! now to my mother... Let me be cruel, not unnatural; I will
speak daggers to her, but use none... (Act 3, Scene 2) 6. Hamlet's Sixth Soliloquy Now might
I do it pat now he is praying, And now I'll do it, and so he goes to heaven. And so am I
revenged, that would be scanned... (Act 3, Scene 3) 7. Hamlet's Seventh Soliloquy How all
occasions do inform against me And spur my dull revenge!... (Act 4, Scene 4)  Coriolanus:
The tragedy of Coriolanus by William Shakespeare is a five act play based on the life of
Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus, a legendary Roman hero of the late 6th and early 5th centuries
BCE. He is shown as an arrogant young nobleman in peacetime, as a bloodstained and valiant
warrior against the city of Corioli, as a modest victor, and as a reluctant candidate for consul.
When he refuses to flatter the Roman citizens, for whom he feels contempt, or to show them
his wounds to win their vote, they turn on him and banish him. The ancient Rome falls in war
with neighboring Italian tribe, the Volscians, who are led by Martius' great rival, Tullus
Aufidius. The Volscians are defeated, and the Rome takes the Italian city of Corioles all
owing to the heroism of Martius. In recognition of his great deeds, he is granted the name
Coriolanus. Upon his return to Rome, Coriolanus is given a hero's welcome, and the Senate
offers him to go out and plead for the votes of the plebeians, a task that he undertakes
reluctantly. At first, the common people agree to give him their votes, but they later reverse
their decision at the prodding of two clever tribunes, Brutus and Sicinius, who consider
Coriolanus an enemy of the people. This drives the proud Coriolanus into a fury, and he
speaks out intemperately against the very idea of popular rule; Brutus and Sicinius, seizing on
his words, declare him a traitor to the Roman state and drive him into exile. Desiring revenge
against Rome, Coriolanus goes to his Volscian enemy, Aufidius, in the city of Antium, and
makes peace with him. Aufidius is planning a new campaign against the Romans, and he
welcomes Coriolanus' assistance, although he soon feels himself to be falling into his new
ally's shadow. Their army proceeds to march on Rome, throwing the city into a panic. Rome's
armies are helpless to stop the advance, and soon Aufidius and Coriolanus are encamped
outside the city walls. Two of his oldest friends come pleading for mercy, but Coriolanus
refuses to hear him. However, when his mother, Volumnia, to whom he is devoted, begs him
to make peace, he relents, and the Romans hail Volumnia the savior of the city. Meanwhile,
Coriolanus and the Volscians return to Antium, where the residents hail Coriolanus as a hero.
Aufidius, feeling insulted, declares that Coriolanus's failure to take Rome amounts to
treachery; in the ensuing argument, some of Aufidius' men assassinate Coriolanus.  Romeo
and Juliet : It is an enduring tragic love story written by William Shakespeare about two
young starcrossed lovers whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families. Shakespeare
borrowed his plot from an original Italian tale. It is believed Romeo and Juliette were based
on actual characters from Verona. An age-old political rivalry between two powerful families
erupts into bloodshed. A group of masked Montagues risk further conflict by entering without
invitation a Capulet party. A young lovesick Romeo Montague falls instantly in love with
Juliet Capulet, who is due to marry her father's choice, the County Paris. With the help of
Juliet's nurse, the women arrange for the couple to marry the next day, but Romeo's attempt
to halt a street fight leads to the death of Juliet's own cousin, Tybalt, for which Romeo is
banished. In a desperate attemptDrama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 24 to be reunited with Romeo, Juliet follows
the Friar's plot and fakes her own death. The message fails to reach Romeo, and believing
Juliet dead, he takes his life in her tomb. Juliet wakes to find Romeo's corpse beside her and
kills herself. The grieving family agree to end their feud. "Good Night, Good night! Parting is
such sweet sorrow, that I shall say good night till it be morrow." – Romeo and Juliet (Act II,
Scene II). Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616. He was buried in the same church where he
was baptized. On his tombstone, the following lines are inscribed: "Good Friend for Jesus'
sake forbear To dig the dust enclosed here; Blest be the man who spares these stones, And
curst be he that moves my bones." There is one another category of Shakespeare's work i.e.
Problem Play. It was the critic Frederick Boas who first used the term problem plays for
some of Shakespeare's plays in 1896, though the term was not his coinage and was already in
use before writers like Ibsen and Shaw. Boas borrowed and adapted the term for
Shakespearean use. The three plays that are usually categorized as problem plays are All is
Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure Troilus and and Cressida. All three of these plays
were written between 1599 and 1605.  All is Well That Ends Well: Helen heals the King of
France, and the King grants her permission to marry Bertram, the man she loves. Bertram
rejects her and leaves a list of tasks that she must do to have him acknowledge their marriage.
She follows him to Italy, completes all the tasks, and Bertram accepts her as his wife. 
Measure For Measure: The Duke leaves Angelo in charge of Vienna, where he quickly
condemns Claudio to death for immoral behaviour. Angelo offers to pardon Claudio if his
sister, Isabella, sleeps with him. Isabella agrees but has Angelo's fiance switch places with
her. The Duke returns to spare Claudio, punish Angelo, and propose to Isabella.  Troilus and
Cressida: Trojan prince Troilus falls in love with Cressida, as war rages around them. After
vowing to be faithful, Cressida is traded to the Greek camp, where she then agrees to see
another man. Troilus witnesses Cressida's unfaithfulness and vows to put more effort into the
war. The play ends after further deaths on both sides and with no resolution in sight. 
Twelfth Night: Viola, separated from her twin Sebastian, dresses as a boy and works for the
Duke Orsino, whom she falls in love with. Orsino is in love with the Countess Olivia and
sends Viola to court her for him, but Olivia falls for Viola instead. Sebastian arrives, causing
a flood of mistaken identity, and marries Olivia. Viola then reveals she is a girl and marries
Orsino. “Some are born great; some achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon
them. – Twelfth Night Act 2 Scene 5 “How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a
thankless child.” – King Lear Act 1 Scene 4 “If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle
us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not
revenge?". – (Shylock in The Merchant of Venice, Act III, scene I)Drama Contact Us :
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Love's Labour's Lost: After vowing to avoid women, the King and three of his friends have to
host a princess and her three ladies. The four men fall in love and decide to court the women.
In the end, the women must return to their kingdom for a year after which they will marry the
king and his friends, providing they remain true to them.  Two Gentlemen of Verona: Two
best friends, Proteus and Valentine, travel to Milan where they both fall in love with Silvia.
Silvia loves Valentine, but Proteus pursues her despite the fact he has a girlfriend at home.
After an apology, Proteus and Valentine reconcile, Proteus loves his girlfriend again, and
both couples marry.  The Winter's Tale: The jealous King Leontes falsely accuse his wife
Hermione of infidelity with his best friend, and she dies. Leontes exiles his newborn daughter
Perdita, who is raised by shepherds for sixteen years and falls in love with the son of Leontes'
friend. When Perdita returns home, a statue of Hermione "comes to life", and everyone is
reconciled.  The Tempest: Prospero uses magic to conjure a storm and torment the survivors
of a shipwreck, including the King of Naples and Prospero's treacherous brother, Antonio.
Prospero's slave, Caliban, plots to rid himself of his master, but is thwarted by Prospero's
spirit-servant Ariel. The King's young son Ferdinand, thought to be dead, falls in love with
Prospero's daughter Miranda. Their celebrations are cut short when Prospero confronts his
brother and reveals his identity as the usurped Duke of Milan. The families are reunited and
all conflict is resolved. Prospero grants Ariel his freedom and prepares to leave the island.
Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his
eyes: Nothing of him that doth fade, But doth suffer a sea-change Into something rich and
strange. – The Tempest Act 1 Scene 2 A Midsummer Night's Dream: Four Athenians run
away to the forest only to have Puck the fairy make both of the boys fall in love with the
same girl. The four run through the forest pursuing each other while Puck helps his master
play a trick on the fairy queen. In the end, Puck reverses the magic, and the two couples
reconcile and marry. Ques. : Which of these Greek plays was a source for The Winter’s
Tale ? (NTA UGC-NET Dec. 2015 P-III) (1) Iphigeneia at Aulis (2) AIcestis (3) Medea (4)
Iphigenaia at Tauris Ans. : (2) The Statue Scene in Act V of “The Winter’s Tale” has been
directly borrowed from Greek playwright Euripides’s play – ‘Alcestis’. Ques. : Like
Cordelia, the Fool in King Lear is __________ . (NTA UGC-NET June 2015 P-III) (A) killed
by Goneril's troops. (B) referred to by Lear as his child. (C) disliked by Regan and Cornwall.
(D) punished for not telling the truth. Ans. : (B) Fool in King Lear is referred to by Lear as
his child. The Fool is essential to the narrative of the drama. One of the most important
reasons is because he is the only individual who can openly criticize King Lear. Since he is
licensed, the Fool is able to speak any truth about King Lear and not receive banishment or
death for it. This enables him to become a voice of reason and conscience, criticizing Lear
when he is wrong.Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 26 Ques. : Match the phrase with character :
(NTA UGC-NET Dec. 2015 P-II) List-I List-II (a) “motiveless malignity” (i) Macbeth (b)
“Reason In Madness” (ii) Hamlet (c) “Supp’d full of horrors” (iii) Lear (d) “To be, or not be”
(iv) Iago Codes : (1) (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv) (2) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i) (3)
(a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii) (4) (a)-(iiii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv) Ans. : (3)  Iago's
characterization as being "motive-hunting of a motiveless malignity" helps to explain the
fundamental sense of bitterness and resentment that eats away at Iago. Coleridge uses the
term to suggest that Iago appropriates the world around him through a "motiveless
malignity."  In King Lear, Shakespeare uses “reason in madness” throughout King Lear by
using unexpected characters to help with his overall theme of recognition and realization.
However, reason in madness can also refer to Shakespeare himself, because in all the chaos
and tragedy throughout King Lear, he preaches to us a very real and intended message. 
Macbeth has physically taken in horrors as shows in the lines saying he supp'd full of horrors.
He closes this with a direct reference to his slaughterous thoughts.  "To be, or not to be..." is
the opening phrase of a soliloquy in the "Nunnery Scene" of William Shakespeare's play
Hamlet. Ben Jonson was another the leading dramatist of the age. He was born in 1572 in
Westminster, near London. He followed bricklayer trade in his youth as his stepfather was a
master bricklayer. He also spent a brief time as a soldier, returning to England and marrying
sometime prior to 1592. Upon his return to England, Jonson became an actor and by 1597
was working as a dramatist for the theatrical entrepreneur Philip Henslowe. In the prologue to
Everyman in his Humour he attacked the romantic conventions of contemporary theatre and
expounded his own theory of drama. Speaking of comedy, he observes: But deeds and
language such as men do use, And persons such as comedy would choose When she would
show an image of the times And sport with human follies, not with crimes. The comedy
which Ben Jonson created is known as the comedy of humour—humour not in its modern but
medieval sense. It was supposed that everyman had four 'humours' or fluids in his body—
choler, bile, phlegm, and blood. Choler made him choleric or irritable, bile melancholy or
pessimistic, phlegm phlegmatic or slow and sluggish, and blood sanguine or lively and
optimistic. Humour thus came to mean an idiosyncrasy, eccentricity or oddity of character.
Ben Jonson seizes upon the characteristic 'humour' or eccentricity of a character and
exaggerates it to the point of absurdity. This conception of character is illustrated in Ben
Jonson's first comedy Everyman in his Humour which is the key to all his comic plays.
Though realism was the strong point of Ben Jonson, he was not without a delicate poetic vein
as is evidenced by his unfinished pastoral drama, The Sad Shepherd or A Tale of Robinhood.
Besides, the large number of masques he wrote contain delightful poetry. His song 'Drink to
me only with thine eyes' is one of the most famous lyrics in the language.Drama Contact Us :
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chief works include: Every man in his Humour (1596), Volpone (1605) Epicoene or The
Silent Woman (1609), The Alchemist (1610), Caroline (1611), The King's Men;
Bartholomew Fair (1614). He is more a classicist than romantic. Unlike Shakespeare, he
deals with human life in section rather than as a whole: being content to satirize men and
women. In 1616, King James I made him poet laureate, the official poet of the Court. This
position also came with an annual pension, allowing Jonson to live out his life comfortably.
Jonson suffered a severe stroke in 1628 and died in Westminster on August 6, 1637. Jonson's
first play, co-written with Thomas Nashe in 1597, was The Isle of Dogs. Shakespeare and
Ben Jonson Ben Jonson is considered antithetical to Shakespeare. Shakespeare did not
theorise about his art and accepted the conditions of the stage as he found them. In writing he
was a law unto imself h and wrote as he pleased without caring for rule or authority. Ben
Jonson conformed strictly to the rules of classical drama. He observed the 'unities' while
Shakespeare flouted them. He kept tragedy and comedy rigidly apart instead of mixing them
as Shakespeare did. He was scrupulously accurate in his historical facts and is never guilty as
Shakespeare is, of anachronisms.  Every man in his Humour (1596) : He has first struck the
anti-romantic note and sought to establish a satirical comedy of manners framed in a definite
plan. The word humour is meant for some characteristic whim or quality of society. It aimed
at ridiculing the humors of the society. The plot of the play is based on two different stories.
One is about a gentleman Knowell who is badly concerned for his son's moral development
and for this purpose he keeps an eye on his son by a servant Brainworm. In the subplot, a
merchant named Kitely suffers intense jealousy, fearing that his wife is cuckolding him with
some of the good-for-nothing characters brought to his home by his brother-in-law, Wellbred.
The play works through a great humour when the justice, Clement, hears and decides all of
the characters' various grievances, exposing each of them as based in humour, misperception,
or deceit.  Cynthia's Revels or the Fountain of Self Love (1600) : The second satire, satirizes
the humors of the court. The play begins with three pages disputing over the black cloak
usually worn by the actor who delivers the prologue. They draw lots for the cloak, and one of
the losers, Anaides, starts telling the audience what happens in the play to come; the others
try to suppress him, interrupting him and putting their hands over his mouth. Soon they are
fighting over the cloak and criticizing the author and the spectators as well.  The Poetaster
(1601) : The third satire is seen as a result of his quarrel with his contemporaries. Enveloped
in the literary quarrels and rivalries, the play is a sharp satire on John Marston and Thomas
Dekker.  Volpone (1605) : It is a keen and merciless analysis of a man governed by an
overwhelming love of money for its own sake. Volpone (the Fox) is a Venetian gentleman
who pretends to be on his deathbed after a long illness in order to dupe Voltore (the Vulture),
Corbaccio (the Raven) and Corvino (the Crow), three men who expect to inherit his wealth.
Volpone, childless and rich, and his servant and parasite, Mosca (the Fly), are playing a
cunning and farcical game of deceit with three supposed friends who have each set their
sights on becoming Volpone's sole heir. Volpone, although healthy, feigns deathly illness to
urge the three to shower him with valuable gifts in hopes of gaining his favor, and soon his
money. All characters are bad except Celia (Corvino's wife) and Bonario.Drama Contact Us :
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The Alchemist (1610): The play is related to the turmoil of deception that begins when
Lovewit leaves his London house due to spread of plague, in the care of his scheming
servant, Face. With the aid of a fraudulent alchemist named Subtle and his companion, Dol
Common, Face starts doing some immoral works at home. These include many people like
the knight Sir Epicure Mammon, the pretentious Puritans Ananias and Tribulation
Wholesome, the ambitious tobacconist Abel Drugger, the gamester law clerk Dapper, and the
parvenu Kastril with his widowed sister, Pliant. When Lovewit reappears without warning,
Subtle and Dol flee the scene, leaving Face to make peace by arranging the marriage of his
master to the beautiful and wealthy Dame Pliant. Ques. : Why does Lovewit in Ben Jonson’s
play The Alchemist leave his house, setting the stage for his servant Face, alongwith Subtle, a
fake alchemist to fleece people ? (NTA UGC-NET July 2016 P-III) (1) To visit his father
who left him long ago. (2) To find out new sources of minting money. (3) Because of an
epidemic of plague. (4) To make a pilgrimage. Ans. : (3) To find out new sources of minting
money. Ques. Identify the right chronological sequence : (NTA UGC-NET Dec. 2014 P-III)
(A) The Game of Chess – Volpone – The Duchess of Malfi – The City Madam (B) The City
Madam – The Duchess of Malfi – Volpone – A Game of Chess (C) Volpone – The Duchess
of Malfi – A Game of Chess – The City Madam (D) The Duchess of Malfi – Volpone – A
Game of Chess – The City Madam Ans. : (C)  “Volpone” is a comedy play by English
playwright Ben Jonson. It was first produced in 1605-06.  “Duchess of Malfi” by John
Webster was written in 1612-13.  “A Game at Chess” was written by Thomas Middleton
and staged by the King's Men in August 1624.  “The City Madam”, a comedy in five acts,
by Philip Massinger, was licensed in 1632. The Silent Woman (1609) : In the play, the
leading character is called Morose, and his special whim or humor is a horror of noise. His
home is on a street so narrow at both ends that it will receive no coaches nor carts, nor any of
these common noises. He has mattresses on the stairs, and he dismisses the footman for
wearing squeaking shoes. For a long time, Morose does not marry, fearing the noise of a
wife's tongue. Finally, he commissions his nephew to find him a silent woman for a wife, and
the author uses to good advantage the opportunity for comic situations. Cutbeard, his barber,
in league with Eugenie, finds such a woman in Epicoene. The marriage ceremony is
performed by a parson who can hardly speak because of a bad cold. When the parson coughs
after the ceremony, he is asked to give back five shillings of the fee paid to him. He saves it
only by coughing more on Cutbeard's instructions and is thrust out of the house. Immediately
after the marriage the wife finds her tongue which she begins to use vigorously by scolding
the husband and counter-manding his orders. Morose tries his best to get divorce but finally it
is found that Epicoene is a boy which ends up the marriage readily. Dryden preferred The
Silent Woman to any of the other plays. George Chapman : George Chapman was an English
dramatist, translator, and poet. He was a classical scholar whose works show the influence of
Stoicism. Chapman has been identified as the Rival Poet of Shakespeare's sonnets by William
Minto, and as an anticipator of the Metaphysical Poets of the 17th century. Chapman's
earliest drama, The Blind Beggar of Alexandria, was produced in 1596, and he quickly
gained a reputation as a talented playwright. Chapman wrote approximately twenty-one plays
between 1596 and 1613, but his output was very less. Chapman experienced financial
troubles throughout his life and spent some time in debtor's prison. His fortune changed for a
brief time in 1603, when he was given a position in the household of the young Prince
Henry.Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com |
Call Us : 7665435800 29 Translations by Chapman Chapman's most successful bid for noble
patronage began with his first translations of Homer in 1598: his translations in Seven Books
of the Iliad, fourteeners of books 1, 2, and 7-11; and a partial translation Achilles Shield, of
book 18 of the in decasyllabic couplets. Both were dedi Iliad cated to the brilliant Robert
Devereux, second Earl of Essex. Chapman is best remembered for his translations of Homers
Iliad and Odyssey, and the Homeric Batrachomyomachia (Battle of Frogs and Mice). His
earliest published works were the obscure philosophical poems The Shadow of Night (1594)
and Ovid's Banquet of Sense (1595). The latter has been taken as a response to the erotic
poems of the age such as Philip Sydney's Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare's Venus and
Adonis. Chapmans life was troubled by debt and his inability to find a patron whose fortunes
did not decline. Did You Know ? Alexander Pope, the master of Heroic couplet, also
translated Homer's and in heroic couplets. He Iliad Odyssey used the Roman names of the
Olympian Gods. Among the other writers, Samuel Butler (1835-1902) translated Homer's in
prose. Iliad Andrew Lang (1844-1912) also translated Homer's in Iliad Prose Comedies by
Chapman By the end of the 1590s, Chapman had become a successful playwright, working
for Philip Henslowe and later for the Children of the Chapel. Among his comedies are The
Blind Beggar of Alexandria (1596; printed 1598), An Humorous Days Mirth (1597; printed
1599), All Fools (printed 1605), Monsieur Dolive (1605; printed 1606), The Gentleman
Usher (printed 1606) May Day (printed 1611) and The Widows Tears (printed 1612). His
plays show a willingness to experiment with dramatic form: A Humorous Days Mirth was
one of the first plays to be written in the style of humours comedy which Ben Jonson later
used in Every Man in his Humour and Every Man Out of his Humour. With 'the Widows
Tears' he was also one of the first writers to blend comedy with more serious themes, creating
the tragicomedy later made famous by Beaumont and Fletcher. He also wrote one noteworthy
play in collaboration, Eastward Ho (1605), written with Jonson and John Marston, contained
satirical references to the Scots which landed Chapman and Jonson in jail. Tragedies by
Chapman His greatest tragedies took their subject matter from recent French history, the
French ambassador taking offence on at least one occasion. These include Bussy D'ambois
(1607), The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron (1608), The Revenge of
Bussy D'Ambois (1613) and The Tragedy of Chabot, Admiral of France (published 1639).
His only work of classical tragedy, Caesar and Pompey (ca. 1613) is generally regarded as his
most modest achievement in the genre. Chapman also translated the Homeric Hymns, the
Georgics of Virgil, The Works of Hesiod (1618, dedicated to Francis Bacon), the Hero and
Leander of Musaeus (1618), and the Fifth Satire of Juvenal (1624). John Webster (1580-
1625) John Webster was probably born in London in 1578. He was the son of a coach-maker
and a member of the Merchant Taylors Company. It is believed that Webster studied at the
Merchant Taylors School. He later married Sara Peniall. Webster was employed as a
playwright in the theatre company of Phillip Henslowe. His literary career began with
collaborative works with writers such as Dekker, Rowley, Ford and Heywood. Between 1602
and 1605, he collaborated on 5 plays, including Caesar's Fall, Lady Jane, Westward Ho! and
Northward Ho!Drama Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 30 Webster's first individually written play
was The Devils Law Case, a tragicomedy. This was followed by his two most famous plays,
The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi, that were derived from Italian stories and are
among the finest of all Jacobean tragedies. Both of them are revenge tragedies. Webster died
sometime around November 1634. Elizabethan theatre rapidly declined after his death.  The
White Devil (1612): The tragedy is founded on Italian history and is centered on Vittoria
Corombona and the Duke of Brachiano, who are in an adulterous relationship. The Duke
murders Vittoria's husband and his own wife. After the murders, both of them get married.
However, justice is restored at the end with both the Duke and Vittoria getting killed at the
hands of Isabella's (Dukes slain wife) avengers. "Both flowers and weeds spring when the sun
is warm, And great men do great good, or else great harm." – Conjurer in The White Devil
“Glories, like glow-worms, afar off shine bright But looked to near, have neither heat nor
light." "Oft gay and honored robes those torture try: 'We think caged birds sing, when indeed
they cry'." – Flamineo in The White Devil "Fool! Princes give rewards with their hands, But
death or punishment by the hands of others." – Gasparo in The White Devil  The Duchess of
Malfi (1614): The play was first performed at the Globe Theatre in London in 1614 and
published in 1623. It revolves around a widowed Duchess, who marries her steward, Antonio
Bologna secretly without her brother's knowledge. The duchess becomes the mother of three
children after marriage. The two brothers of Duchess, Cardinal and Ferdinand appointed
Bosola to keep an eye on her and finally become aware of her secret marriage. When the
couple was ready to flee and save themselves, the Duchess with one child is captured and is
subjected to prolonged mental tortures. She is even shown the artificial dead bodies of
Antonio and two children. In all these miseries she is strangled to death. Ferdinand seeing her
dead body exclaims, "Cover her face; mine eyes dazzle: She died young." However, here too
justice prevails with the death and downfall of the evil characters at the end of the play and
Antonio with his children becomes the ruler of Malfi. Ques. : Which of the following
characters in The White Devil describes the glory of great men as : “Glories, like glow
worms a far off shine bright / But looked to near have neither heat nor light". (NTA UGC-
NET Dec. 2015 P-III) (1) Vittoria (2) Lodovico (3) Flamineo (4) Cornelia Ans. : (3)
Flamineo (The White Devil – Act – V, Scence I) “Do you not weep? Other sins only speak;
murder shrieks outs. The element of water moistens the earth, But blood flies upwards and
bedews the heavens.” – Bosola in The Duchess of MalfiDrama Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 31 Exercise-2 :
Review Your Progress Check Your Progress based on above reading : 1. Mark True/False in
the following sentences : (a) The Elizabethan age was golden age for Drama in English
Literature. (True/False) (b) John Lyly is the prime member of University Wits. (True/False)
(c) Euphuistic style is known for the use of ornamental style of language with simile,
proverbs etc. (True/False) (d) It was Ben Jonson who established Revenge tragedy on the
Elizabethan Stage. (True/False) (e) Christopher Marlowe greatly influenced William
Shakespeare. (True/False) (f) The Swan and the Hope are the popular public theatres in the
Elizabethan Age. (True/False) 2. Match the following literary woks with the writers : (a) The
Famous Chronicle of King Edward I George Peele (b) The Jew of Malta John Lyly (c) The
Old Wives Tale Thomas Nashe (d) Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit George Chapman (e) Friar
Bacon and Friar Bungay George Peele (f) The Isle of Dogs Christopher Marlowe (g) Arden
of Feversham Ben Jonson (h) Edward the Second Christopher Marlowe (i) Epicoene or the
Silent Woman Robert Greene (j) Translation of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey Thomas Kyd 3.
Choose the correct option : (a) In Webster's , the two brothers Ferdinand and Duchess of
Malfi Cardinal appointed to keep an eye on Duchess. Bosola/Antonio (b) The Duke in
murders Vittoria's husband and his own the White Devil wife in order to Vittoria. marry/kill
(c) George Chapman/John Webster wrote the play Eastward Ho! in collaboration with Ben
Jonson and John Marston. (d) The character of Morose in Jonson's is fond of . Epicoene
music/silence (e) The Woman in the Moone, the earliest romantic comedy was written by
William Shakespeare/John Lyly. (f) Shakespeare played the role of Adam in Hamlet/As you
Like it. (g) The Lunatic, the Love and the Poet/ Are of the Imaination all compact' occurs in
As You Like it/A Midsummer Night's Dream. (h) by Christopher Marlowe was influenced
Dido, the Queen of Carthage by Virgil's / Ovid's . Aeneid MetamorphosesGeneral Paper-1
(MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call
Us : 7665435800 1 1. The planning Commission is in India (A) A Statutory Body (B) An
Advisory body (C) A constitutional Body (D) An Independent and Autonomous body 2.
Value education should (A) Familiarize students with all the virtues of life (B) Enable
students to develop a scale of values by themselves (C) Teach students to distinguish between
right and wrong (D) Develop interest in students to read about values 3. The goal of
formative assessment is to (A) compare student learning against a standard or benchmark (B)
Promote student to next level (C) Monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback (D)
From a group of students on the basis of their learning. 4. A teacher is introducing a new
subject when meeting the class for the first time it would be best to (A) Being the first lesson
without delay (B) Give a class, a board outline of the subject (C) Being at once with the
review of the relevant material of the previous grade (D) Concrete on identifying potential
trouble - makers and leaders of the classroom mischief. 5. A teacher gives lot of positive and
negative example of support his/her presentations in the classroom. This will be related to
which level of teaching? (A) Autonomous development level (B) Memory level (C)
Understanding level (D) Reflective level 6. In application of research Synchronous
interaction are included i. E-mail ii. Blogs (Weblogs) iii. Live assessment testing and voting
iv. Listserv v. Voice and video-conferencing Choose the correct option given below : (A) (i)
and (ii) (B) (ii) and (iv) (C) (iii) and (iv) (D) (iii), and (v) General Paper-1 Model Solved
Paper-7 Note : This paper contains fifty (50) objective type questions, each question carries
two (2) marks. Attempt all the questions. Time : 60 min. Maximum Marks : 100General
Paper-1 (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com |
Call Us : 7665435800 2 7. Which of the following is a plagiarism checking website? (A)
http://go.turnitin.com (B) http://www.researchgate.com (C) http://www.editorial.elsevier.com
(D) http://www.grarmmarly.com 8. Software program designed for computer-assisted
qualitative and mixed methods data, text and multimedia analysis in academic, scientific, and
business institutions. (A) SPASS Text analysis (B) MAXQDA (C) SAS (Statistical Analysis
Software) (D) GraphPad Prism 9. The process of establishing a relationship of mutual trust
between the researcher and the participants is known as: (A) Intimacy (B) Informality (C)
Rapport (D) Nexus 10. The synopsis of research is called: (A) Blueprint (B) Mapping of
Problem (C) Base of a Problem (D) All of the above Direction (11-15) : Read the following
passage and answer the questions that follow : Talent is a force not a tool, Talent is neither
good nor bad. Being multi-talented is a very mixed blessing. For some people, it is a curse.
Ability or performance is the result of complex interaction between various parts of the
mind / body system. Some parts of the ability are due to "nurture". The most important of
these environmental factors is knowledge in one form or another. Nature is the basis of talent.
We all know, understand and operate on more levels than just the conscious. Talents or
Aptitudes are unleaded abilitiesgut-level and non-conscious ways of operating. Some people
call them knacks. Aptitudes have major impact not just on performance, but on our individual
and unique states of being. They are a big part of the reason "One man's meat is another
man's poison". Most people know for more than they realize about knacks and talents. People
usually know if they are mechanical, have a sequence of direction, pickup language enjoy
puzzles or are good with their hands. Anyone who has managed or trained people has seen
the clear impact of learned abilities. In any area, some folks take to it like ducks to water.
Once trained they stay ahead of the crowd. Others sweat to keep up or fail miserably. Strong
talents do not equal high performance. Having the right knacks or talents provides a head
start and on-going advantage. They are not useful without knowledge and motivation.
Aptitudes have to be trained in order to be used well. Peak performance occurs when one has
the right combination of talents, knowledge, motivation, opportunity, courage, luck, tools and
X factors. 11. A child always opening the "crossword puzzles page in a newspaper" is an
analogy for (A) Some folks take to it like ducks to water (B) One man's meat is another man's
poison (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of the above 12. "One man's meat is another man's
poison". In this statement we are referring to : (A) The food habits of a person (B) The likes
and dislikes of a person (C) The relative importance of people's talents (D) None of the
aboveGeneral Paper-1 (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 3 13. Aptitudes are : (i) Talents (ii) Knacks
(iii) Performance (iv) Unlearned abilities (A) (i), (ii), (iv) (B) (ii), (iii), (iv) (C) (i), (ii), (iii)
(D) (i), (iii), (ii) 14. Peak performance occurs when one has the right combination of (i)
Talents (ii) Knowledge (iii) Opportunity (iv) Motivation Of the above the aspects that are
nurtured are (A) (i) and (ii) (B) (ii) and (iii) (C) (ii) and (iv) (D) (i) and (iii) 15. Out of the
four alternatives choose the one which best expresses the meaning of the given word Knack
(A) Ineptitude (B) Inability (C) Ingenuity (D) Incapacity 16. Which of the following is true
about cross cultural communication? (A) Effective Cross-Cultural Communication Minimize
Problem Stemming from Misinterpretation (B) Cross-cultural communication should be
avoided as it reduces the productivity of a workplace. (C) Being able to communicate, cross-
culturally requires that favor certain cultures over others (D) Cross-cultural communication
should be avoided as it reduces group cohesiveness. 17. Includes processes such as
Knowledge, attention, Memory and working memory, Judgment and evaluation reasoning,
Problem solving and Decision Making, Comprehension and production of language is also
known as? (A) Internal Communication (B) External Communication (C) Mass
Communication (D) Cognitive Communication 18. Principle of effective communication
(7Cs) does not include (A) Correctness (B) Consciousness (C) Concreteness (D) Compile 19.
Which of the following elements a good classroom communication should adopt? (i)
Concreteness (ii) Courtesy (iii) Filibustering (iv) Fictionalization (v) Coherence Choose the
answer from the options given below : (A) (i), (ii) and (iv) (B) (ii), (iv) and (v) (C) (i), (ii)
and (v) (D) (i), (iii) and (iv)General Paper-1 (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 4 20. Firmware is
(A) The particular hardware that it runs on and usually has processing and memory
constraints (B) Helps to manage, maintain and control computer resources. (C) Software can
be written in almost any programming language (D) Used for software created for a specific
purpose or task Direction (21-25) : The bar graph shows the production (in thousand tones) of
Wheat, Rice and Maize in different states. 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 30 32.5 25 15 35 30
Wheat Rice Maize UP MP Bihar Odisha Haryana Punjab The bar-graph shows the
percentage of agricultural land in the given six states. Productivity = Total production / Area
of agricultural land Total agricultural land = 2 lakh square km 21. The productivity of which
state is the maximum ? (A) Bihar (B) Haryana (C) Punjab (D) UP 22. The production of
which state is the maximum ? (A) Bihar (B) MP (C) Haryana (D) Punjab 23. The production
of wheat in Punjab is what percent more than the production of Maize in Odisha ? (A) 350%
(B) 250% (C) 300% (D) 200% 24. What is the ratio of the production of Rice in Bihar to the
production of Wheat in Haryana ? (A) 2 : 3 (B) 3 : 2 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 1General Paper-1
(MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call
Us : 7665435800 5 25. If MP exports 40% of Rice at the rate of Rs. 30 per kg and UP exports
30% of Rice at the rate of Rs. 32 per kg, then what is the ratio of the incomes from the
exports ? (A) 65 : 48 (B) 31 : 42 (C) 43 : 54 (D) 57 : 62 26. E-mail is one of the most popular
and important services provided by the Internet. What are the main advantages of E-mail?
(A) Saves paper and allows users to edit a message easily (B) Transmits messages faster than
other conventional forms of communication, such as postal service (C) Sends messages
according to the sender's convenience (D) All of these 27. The main difference between a
dial-up and a broadband connection is : (A) Speed (B) Continuous connectivity (C)
Download rate (D) All of the above 28. Which of these should be avoided in an E-mail ? (A)
Wrong E-mail address (B) Subject line (C) Smileys (D) Re-reading 29. Interactive system is
(A) Disturbed Operating System (B) Batch Operating System (C) Time Sharing Operating
System (D) Multitasking 30. Data Scrubbing is also known as (A) Data Stewardship (B) Data
cleaning (C) Data acquisition (D) None of these 31. If MOBILITY is coded as '46293927'
then EXAMINATION is coded as (A) 67250623076 (B) 56149512965 (C) 45038401854 (D)
57159413955 32. A woman Introduces a man as the son of the brother of her mother. How is
the man related to the women? (A) Nephew (B) Son (C) Cousin (D) Uncle 33. In the series 7,
14, 28, …, what will be the 10th term ? (A) 1792 (B) 2456 (C) 3584 (D) 4096General Paper-
1 (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call
Us : 7665435800 6 34. If a man stands facing the North, at the time of sunrise his shadow
will be (A) Towards his left and at the time of sunset it will be towards his right. (B) Towards
his right and at the time of sunset it will be towards his left (C) Towards his Centre and at the
time of sunset it will be towards his right. (D) None of these 35. Ratio between three numbers
is 2 : 3 : 4 and sum of their squares is 1044, then find the first number. (A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 11
(D) 14 36. One is True other is False is called (A) Sub Alternation (B) Contrary (C) Sub
Contrary (D) Contradictory 37. There are not exactly four types of categorical propositions.
(A) The whole subject class is included in the predicate class. (B) The whole subject class is
excluded from the predicate class. (C) Part of the subject class is included in the predicate
class. (D) Part of the subject class is excluded from the predicate class. 38. Quantatively data
can be generated through I. Market Report II. Tests III. Questioners IV. Observation The
choose the correct answer from the option given below (A) i. and iii (B) i. and iv (C) i and ii
(D) ii and iii 39. An argument is not true (A) Is a form of reasoning (B) Is comprised of
claims (sometimes also called statements or assertions) (C) It is type of deductive and
inductive argument (D) Aims at establishing a premise based on conclusion 40. Following
statement is not true in reference Mood, Figure and Dilemma (A) Figure: 'figure' of a
syllogism is determined by 'middle term'. (B) Mood: 'mood' of a syllogism is determined by
the 'quantity' and 'quality' of the two propositions. (C) Dilemma: A dilemma in logic means
an argument that presents an antagonist with a choice of two or more alternatives, each of
which appears to contradict the original contention and is inconclusive. The dilemma is a
powerful instrument of persuasion and a devastating weapon in controversy. (D) None of
theseGeneral Paper-1 (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 7 41. Which of the following phenomena is
not a natural hazard? (A) Hydrological (B) Geophysical (C) Chemical contamination (D)
Meteorological 42. One of the anthropogenic sources of gaseous pollutants
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in air is (A) Cement industry (B) Fertiliser industry (C) Foam
industry (D) Pesticide industry 43. The Disaster Risk Management Act was implemented in
year ___________. (A) 2005 (B) 2006 (C) 2007 (D) 2002 44. Which Mission derives its
mandate from Sustainable Agriculture Mission which is one of the eight Missions outlined
under National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). (A) National Mission for a
Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) (B) National Water mission (NWM) (C) National Mission
on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC) (D) National Mission for Green
India (NMGI) 45. Which article of constitution shall be duty of every citizen of India to
protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild- life and
to have compassion for living creatures (A) Article 48 (B) Article 48 -A (C) Article 51-A (g)
(D) Article 47 46. Reservation in professional higher education opportunities is adopted in
India because (A) It helps to please political groups of the country (B) It enables lower strata
of society for a better standard of living (C) It compensates for social and economic
handicaps of certain sections of the population (D) It reflects the commitment of the
government of the poor people 47. Gyan Vani is (A) A satellite channel of DD India to
telecast programmes in association with IGNOU. It is programs related to open and distance
education courses offered by IGNOU. (B) FM based radio service airing programs related to
higher and technical education. (C) An internet based live discussion service for students
where they can participate by asking questions through email or telephone. (D) Exclusive
satellite launched for broadcasting classroom educational content for distance learning. 48.
Conventional or Customary Education is called (A) Traditional Education (B) Modern
Education (C) Behavioural Education (D) None of theseGeneral Paper-1 (MSP-7) Contact Us
: Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 8 49.
Which commission or committee recommended fulfilling compulsory education for all
children up to age of 14 as stipulated by the constitute of India. (A) Kothari (B) Acharaya
Rammurti (C) Yash Pal (D) k. Kasturirnagan 50. Which committee under prepare a Draft
New education policy, 2019 (A) Kothari (B) Acharaya Rammurti (C) Yash Pal (D) k.
KasturirnaganGeneral Paper-1 (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 9 Answer Key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B B C B C
D A B C D 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 A C A C C A D D C C 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 B D C D A D D A C B 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B C C A B D D C D B 41 42 43
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 C C A A C C B A A DGeneral Paper-1 (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 10 Solutions 1.
(B) Planning Commission is an Advisory Body which Indicate the factors which are tending
to retard economic development, and determine the conditions which, in view of the current
social and political situation, should be established for the successful execution of the Plan. 2.
(B) Enable students to develop a scale of values by themselves 3. (C) Monitor student
learning to provide ongoing feedback 4. (B) A teacher is introducing a new subject when
meeting the class for the first time it would be best to give a class, a board outline of the
subject 5. (C) A teacher gives lot of positive and negative example of support his/her
presentations in the classroom. This will be related to understanding level of teaching 6. (D)
(iii), and (v) 7. (A) http://go.turnitin.com 8. (B) MAXQDA (software program designed for
computer-assisted qualitative and mixed methods data, text and multimedia analysis in
academic, scientific, and business institutions.) 9. (C) Rapport is a close and harmonious
relationship in which the people or groups concerned are "in sync" with each other,
understand each other's feelings or ideas, and communicate smoothly. 10. (D) The synopsis
of research is called Blueprint of Research, Mapping of Problem, Base of Problem of
research. 11. (A) A child always opening the "crossword puzzle page in a newspaper" is an
analogy for some folks take to it like ducks to water. 12. (C) "One man's meat is another
man's poison". In this statement we are referring to the relative importance of people's talents.
13. (A) Aptitudes are  Talents  Knacks  Unlearned abilities 14. (C)  Knowledge 
Motivation 15. (C) Ingenuity 16. (A) Effective Cross-Cultural Communication Minimize
Problem Stemming from Misinterpretation. 17. (D) Includes processes such as Knowledge,
attention, Memory and working memory, Judgment and evaluation reasoning, Problem
solving and Decision Making, Comprehension and production of language is also known as
Cognitive Communication 18. (D) Principle of effective communication (7Cs) does not
include compile.General Paper-1 (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 11 19. (C) (i), (ii) and (v)  Concreteness 
Courtesy  Coherence 20. (C) Firmware is similar to software in that it can be written in
almost any programming language. However, firmware is stored on a medium that is usually
internal to a processor but can also be stored on an external medium such as a FLASH,
EPROM, or EEPROM chip. 21. (B) Productivity = Total Production / Area of agricultural
land  Productivity of UP = (35 + 30 + 25) × 1000 / [2 Lakh × (30/100)] = 90000 / 60000 =
1.5 tones per sq. km  Productivity of MP = (30 + 32.5 + 27.5) × 1000 / [2 Lakh × (25/100)]
= 90000 / 50000 = 1.8 tone per sq. km  Productivity of Bihar = (22.5 + 25 + 27.5) × 1000 /
[2 Lakh × (20/100)] = 75000 / 40000 = 1.875 tones per sq. km  Productivity of Odisha =
(22.5 + 15 + 10) × 1000 / [2 Lakh × (5/100)] = 47.5 × 1000 / 10000 = 4.75 tones per sq. km 
Productivity of Haryana = (25 + 35 + 30) × 1000 / [2 Lakh × (8/100)] = 90000 / 16000 =
5.625 tones per sq. km  Productivity of Punjab = (40 + 30 + 35) × 1000 / [2 Lakh ×
(12/100)] = 105000 / 24000 = 4.375 tones per So, productivity of Haryana is the maximum
22. (D) Production of Punjab is maximum = 1,05, 000 tones 23. (C) Production of Wheat in
Punjab = 40000 tones Production of Maize in Odisha = 10000 tones So, required % = (40000
- 10000) / 10000 × 100% = 300% 24. (D) The ratio of production of Rice in Bihar to the
production of Wheat in Haryana = 25000 tones: 25000 tones = 1 : 1 25. (A) Income of MP
from export of 40% of Rice at the rate of Rs. 30 per kg = 32500 × (40/100) × 1000 × 30 =
Rs.39 Crore Income of UP from export of 30% of Rice at the rate of Rs. 32 per kg = 30000 ×
1000 × (30/100) × 32 = Rs.28.8 Crore So, required ratio = 39 : 28.8 = 390 : 288 = 65 : 48 26.
(D) All of these 27. (D) All of the above 28. (A) For writing successful E-mail messages,
precautions should be taken. There should be use of correct E-mail address.General Paper-1
(MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call
Us : 7665435800 12 29. (C) Time Sharing Operating System type of OS provides on-line
communication between the user and the system, the user gives his instructions directly and
receives intermediate response, and therefore it called interactive system. 30. (B) Data
Scrubbing is also known as data cleaning. It is the process of amending or removing data in a
database that is incorrect, incomplete, improperly formatted, or duplicated. Data editors, data
mining tools, data linking tools as well as version control, workflow and project management
systems are included among software types that help organization's attain better data quality.
31. (B) Since M is the 13th letter in the alphabet M = 13 = 1 + 3 = 4 Similarly, O = 15 = 1 + 5
= 6 B = 2, I = 9, L = 12 = 1 + 2 = 3 T = 20 = 2 + 0 = 2 and Y = 25 = 2 + 5 = 7 "MOBILITY"
is coded as '46293927' Similarly "EXAMINATION" is coded as 56149512965. 32. (C) Here
the woman's relation with man is expressed in elaborate manner. So, it is better to step by
step. Mother's brother means uncle in Hindi we call him as Mama, but there is no such word
in English. So, mother's brother son means uncle's son and Uncle's son means cousin. 33. (C)
Clearly, 7 × 2 = 14, 14 × 2 = 28, … and so on. So, the given series is a G.P. in which a = 7
and r = 2. 10th term = ar(10-1) = ar9 = 7 × 29 = 7 × 512 = 3584. 34. (A) If a man stands
facing the North, at the time of sunrise his shadow will be towards his left and at the time of
sunset it will be towards his right. 35. (B) 1st 2nd 3rd 2 : 3 : 4 (2x)2 + (3x)2 + (4x)2 = 1044
4x2 + 9x2 + 16x2 = 1044 29x2 = 1044 1044 x = 29 2 x 2 = 36 x = 6 1st number = 2 × 6 = 12
36. (D) Contradictory 37. (D) The predicate class is excluded from part of the subject. 38. (C)
i and ii Quantitative data can be generated through:  Tests  Experiments  Surveys 
Market reports  MetricsGeneral Paper-1 (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com
| Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 13 39. (D) An argument has three
important characteristics or features in that it : (i) Is a form of reasoning (ii) Is comprised of
claims (sometimes also called statements or assertions) (iii) Aims at establishing a conclusion
(i.e., one claim) based on evidence provided (by other claims) 40. (B) Mood is determined by
the 'Quantity' and 'quality' of three proposition (Two premises and one conclusion) 41. (C)
Chemical contaminants are chemicals toxic to plants and animals in waterways. The phrase
'chemical contamination' is used to indicate situation. The qualifier "natural" eliminates such
exclusively manmade phenomena as war, pollution, and chemical contamination. 42. (C)
Foam industry one of the anthropogenic sources of gaseous pollutants chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC) in air. 43. (A) The Disaster Management Act, 2005, was passed on 23 December 2005
by the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India on 28 November, and by the
Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament, on 12 December 2005. 44. (A) National
Mission for a Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) derives its mandate from Sustainable
Agriculture Mission which is one of the eight Missions outlined under National Action Plan
on Climate Change (NAPCC). 45. (C) Article 51-A (g) says that "It shall be duty of every
citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers
and wild- life and to have compassion for living creatures." 46. (C) It compensates for social
and economic handicaps of certain sections of the population. 47. (B) Gyan Vani is FM based
radio service airing programs related to higher and technical education. 48. (A) Conventional
or Customary Education is called Traditional Education. In conventional education the
student learns about custom and traditions of the society. The main object of conventional
education is to pass the values, manners skill and the social practice to the next generation
which is necessary to the survival. 49. (A) Based on the Report and recommendation of the
kothari Commission the Govt. announced the First National Policy on Education in 1968
which is called for a "Radical Restructuring" and equalise educational opportunities. The
policy called for fulfilling compulsory education for all children up to age of 14 as stipulated
by the constitute of India. 50. (D) The Govt. appointed a new committee under k.
Kasturirnagan to prepare a Draft for the new National Education Policy in 2017. It is third
National Education Policy. The draft National Education Policy was submitted on the govt. in
31 May 2019.English (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 1 1. In which poem does W.H. Auden say “For
poetry makes nothing happen”? (A) Musee des Beaux Arts (B) 1 September 1939 (C) In
Memory of W. B. Yeats (D) The Shield of Achilles 2. Which Greek God appears in the guise
of a swan in Yeats’s poem, ‘’Leda and the Swan’’? (A) Apollo (B) Dionysius (C) Poseidon
(D) Zeus 3. Who has written the poem ‘Red Wheelbarrow’? (A) T S Eliot (B) William Carlos
William (C) Hart Crane (D) Wallace Stevens 4. ’Tis that from change to change their being
rolls’ is a line composed by : (A) Wordsworth (B) Coleridge (C) Mathew Arnold (D) Thomas
Hardy 5. Match the following concepts with their respective followers/practitioners: (a)
Stream of Consciousness (i) Harold Bloom (b) The Anxiety of Influence (ii) James Joyce (c)
Suspension of Disbelief (iii) T S Eliot (d) Dissociation of Sensibility (iv) S T Coleridge
Choose the correct option: (A) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii) (B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii),
(d)-(iv) (C) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii) (D) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii) 6. In which
poem is modern humanity described as “stuffed men” with “headpiece filled with straw”? (A)
‘The Hollow Men’ (B) ‘Ash Wednesday’ (C) ‘East Coker’ (D) ‘Little Gidding’ 7. Which of
the following poets named one of his poems as Ars Poetica? (A) Philip Larkin (B) William
Wordsworth (C) T S Eliot (D) Archibald Macleish English Model Solved Paper-7 Note : This
paper contains hundred (100) objective type questions, each question carries two (2) marks.
Attempt all the questions. Time : 120 min. Maximum Marks : 200English (MSP-7) Contact
Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 2 8.
What does The Zoo Story aim at presenting? (A) a savage fantasy (B) alienation (C) a satire
on modern American life (D) hypocrisy of American life 9. Which poem begins with the
following lines: In summer season when the sun was mild I clad myself in clothes as I’d
become a sheep. (A) The Legend of Good Women (B) Purity (C) The Vision of Pier’s
Plowman (D) Pearl 10. The dedication of which poem begins with the following lines Bob
Southey! You are a poet, poet laureate And representative of all the age. (A) Don Juan (B)
Revolt of Islam (C) Lamia (D) Childe Harold Pilgrimage 11. Name the painting referred to in
the poem by W H Auden which begins with the following lines: About suffering they were
never wrong, The old masters _______. (A) The Crucifixion of St Peter (B) The fall of
Phaeton (C) The Fall of Europa (D) The Fall of Icarus 12. 1914 is a sequence of five war
sonnets written by? (A) Wilfred Owen (B) Sassoon (C) Rupert Brooke (D) Robert Graves 13.
Who said? “Willy was a salesman ...riding on a smile and a shoeshine ... Nobody blame this
man. A salesman is got to dream, boy. It comes with the territory”. (A) Biff (B) Happy (C)
Charley, a friend (D) Howard Wagner 14. Here is a list of partition novels which have
violence on the woman’s body as a significant theme. Pick the odd one out : (A) The
Pakistani Bride (B) What the Body Remembers (C) Train to Pakistan (D) The Ice-Candy
Man 15. _______ is the story of a nameless man who struggles to reconcile himself with the
reality of post-independence Ghana written by Ayi Kwei Armah. (A) Beautiful Ones are not
yet Born (B) Why are we so Best (C) Fragments (D) The Healers 16. Dickens’ Nicholas
Nickleby deals the sad condition of______ (A) Industries (B) Slums (C) Working places (D)
Boarding schoolsEnglish (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 3 17. Match the following Works with their
respective Authors: (a) The Art of Fiction (i) I A Richards (b) Two Uses of Language (ii)
Walter Ernest Allen (c) The Craft of Fiction (iii) Henry James (d) The English Novel (iv)
Percy Lubbock Choose the correct option: (A) (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii) (B) (a)-(iii),
(b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii) (C) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii) (D) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-
(iv) 18. Who among the following American writers is known for antagonizing traditional
minded Jews? (A) John Updike (B) John Barth (C) Philip Roth (D) Ralph Ellison 19. Choose
the novel among the ones given below which wrote in reaction to the New Poor Law of 1834.
(A) Oliver Twist (B) David Copperfield (C) Hard Times (D) Nicholas Nickleby 20. Which of
the following novels deals with the aboriginal Stolen Generation? (A) Cloudstreet (B) The
Tree of Man (C) Benang (D) For the Term of his Natural Life 21. The inhabitants of the land
of Houyhnhnms in Gulliver’s Travels are (A) wild horses and primitive humans (B) giant
creatures and irrational humans (C) rational horses and humanoid creatures (D) Dwarfish
horses and filthy human beings 22. This Australian novel was published in 1901. The author
at 16 tells a life story expressing an intense desire to be a writer. Suddenly life is transformed,
one could choose between the dreams and a conventional life. Which novel is this? (A) Miles
Franklin’s My Brilliant Career (B) Sally Morgans My Place (C) Mudrooroo’s Wild Cat
Falling (D) Kevin Gilbert’s The Cherry Pickers 23. Death of a Salesman is called “time bomb
expertly placed under the edifice of Americanism” because of (A) general sociological and
psychological fear of failure (B) fear of Russia subverting American freedom (C) In Willy
Loman people discovered their own collapse of enterprise (D) it strikes at the base of
capitalist economic system 24. What is there in common between these novels – Thackeray’s
Henry Esmond, George Eliot’s Romola, Thomas Pynchon’s Mason and Dixon and Chaman
Nahal’s Azadi. (A) They are all historical novels (B) They are all psychological novels (C)
They are all novels about romance and adventure (D) They are all bildungsromansEnglish
(MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call
Us : 7665435800 4 25. Flaubert’s Madame Bovary ends with (A) the death of Emma (B) her
husband’s discovery of her long faithlessness (C) Emma’s reverie (D) Emma’s affair with
Rodolphe Direction (26-30) : Read the following passage carefully and answer the question
given below it : There is a pleasure in painting which none but painters know.’ In writing,
you have to contend with the world; in painting, you have only to carry on a friendly strife
with Nature. You sit down to your task, and are happy. From the moment that you take up the
pencil, and look Nature in the face, you are at peace with your own heart. No angry passions
rise to disturb the silent progress of the work, to shake the hand, or dim the brow: no irritable
humours are set afloat: you have no absurd opinions to combat, no point to strain, no
adversary to crush, no fool to annoy—you are actuated by fear or favour to no man. There is
‘no juggling here,’ no sophistry, no intrigue, no tampering with the evidence, no attempt to
make black white, or white black: but you resign yourself into the hands of a greater power,
that of Nature, with the simplicity of a child, and the devotion of an enthusiast—’study with
joy her manner, and with rapture taste her style.’ The mind is calm, and full at the same time.
The hand and eye are equally employed. In tracing the commonest object, a plant or the
stump of a tree, you learn something every moment. You perceive unexpected differences,
and discover likenesses where you looked for no such thing. You try to set down what you
see—find out your error, and correct it. You need not play tricks, or purposely mistake: with
all your pains, you are still far short of the mark. Patience grows out of the endless pursuit,
and turns it into a luxury. A streak in a flower, a wrinkle in a leaf, a tinge in a cloud, a stain in
an old wall or ruin grey, are seized with avidity as the ‘spolia opima’ of this sort of mental
warfare, and furnish out labour for another half-day. The hours pass away untold, without
chagrin, and without weariness; nor would you ever wish to pass them otherwise. Innocence
is joined with industry, pleasure with business; and the mind is satisfied, though it is not
engaged in thinking or in doing any mischief. 26. What is the main theme of the passage? (A)
The Pleasure of Painting (B) Painting and its lacunas (C) Painters and their lost art (D) None
of the above 27. Which of the following statements are true? (i) According to the passage
Painting is much better art than writing (ii) Painting is less complicated. (A) Only (i) (B)
Only (ii) (C) Both (i) and (ii) (D) Neither (i) nor (ii) 28. What is “Chagrin”? (A)
Disappointment (B) Appointment (C) Pleasure (D) Innocence 29. Painting is better than
writing because (A) there is no absurd opinions to combat, (B) There is no point to strain, (C)
There is no adversary to crush or no fool to annoy (D) All the above 30. In which act pleasure
is joined with business according to the author? (A) in Watching nature (B) in Writing (C) in
Painting (D) None of the aboveEnglish (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com |
Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 5 31. The structuralist method of
language teaching was influenced by the ideas of: (A) Ferdinand de Saussare (B) Edwin
Sapin (C) Noam Chomsky (D) Zellig Harris 32. English uses _____ for yes/no questions. (A)
The falling rising tone (B) The falling tone (C) The rising tone (D) The falsetto 33. When we
use a computer to learn a language, it is called (A) Console Based Classroom (B) Computer
Generated Programs (C) Computer Based Classroom (D) Computer Assisted Language
Learning 34. Which of the following is not a Humanistic Method of ELT? (A) Audio-lingual
method (B) Total Physical Response (C) The Silent Way (D) Suggestopedia 35. _______
said, “Language is a system of interdependent terms in which the value of each term results
solely from the simultaneous presence of the others ……” (A) F. R. Leavis (B) C. P. Snow
(C) Saussure (D) R. S. Crane 36. Which of the following poets are in the correct
chronological order? (A) Philip Larkin – Ted Hughes – Seamus Heaney (B) Philip Larkin –
Seamus Heaney – Ted Hughes (C) Ted Hughes – Seamus Heney – Philip Larkin (D) None of
the above 37. Code switching is a kind of (A) Grammatical system (B) Linguistic
Performance (C) Linguistic competence (D) Meaningless babbling 38. Who wrote an
Introduction to Functional Grammar? (A) Halliday (B) Harris (C) Chomsky (D) Bloomfield
39. The History of English Language Teaching was written by (A) David Crystal (B) Hornby
(C) Anthony P R Howatt (D) McCathy 40. Given below is the transcription of an English
word. Select the word from the option : (A) Gem (B) Germ (C) Jam (D) GymEnglish (MSP-
7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us :
7665435800 6 41. Specs, gym, maths, fax are some of the examples of word formation in
Morphology, chiefly recognized as (A) Acronym formation (B) Blending (C) Clipping (D)
Backformation 42. The novel Two Virgins has been written by (A) Bharati Mukherjee (B)
Chitra Divakaruni Banerjee (C) Anita Desai (D) Kamala Markandaya 43. Who among the
following wrote the Foreword to Mulk Raj Aanand’s Untouchables? (A) E M Forster (B)
Graham Greene (C) W B Yeats (D) T S Eliot 44. Name one of the following novels translated
into English which deals with the problem of dalit entry into the temple in Karanataka. (A)
Samskara (B) The Wild Bapu of Garambi (C) Bharatipura (D) The Village Had No Walls 45.
In a play by Girish Karnad, there are two friends - one is Brahmin and the other is an
ironsmith. Name the novel. (A) Hayavadana (B) Yayati (C) The Fire and the Rain (D)
Nagmandala 46. Aurobindo’s following book deals with the mythological theme in the epic
form : (A) Karmayogin (B) The Renaissance (C) Savitri (D) Collected poems of Aurobindo
Ghosh Direction (47-51) : Read the following Passage carefully and pick out the most
appropriate answers. PORTIA : Therefore prepare thee to cut off the flesh. Shed thou no
blood, nor cut thou less nor more But just a pound of flesh: if thou cut’st more Or less than a
just pound, be it but so much As makes it light or heavy in the substance, Or the division of
the twentieth part Of one poor scruple, nay, if the scale do turn But in the estimation of a hair,
Thou diest and all thy goods are confiscate. GRATIANO : A second Daniel, a Daniel, Jew!
Now, infidel, I have you on the hip. PORTIA : Why doth the Jew pause? take thy forfeiture.
SHYLOCK : Give me my principal, and let me go. BASSANIO : I have it ready for thee;
here it is. PORTIA : He hath refused it in the open court: He shall have merely justice and his
bond.English (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 7 GRATIANO : A Daniel, still say I, a second
Daniel! I thank thee, Jew, for teaching me that word. SHYLOCK : Shall I not have barely my
principal? PORTIA : Thou shalt have nothing but the forfeiture, To be so taken at thy peril,
Jew. SHYLOCK : Why, then the devil give him good of it! I’ll stay no longer question.
PORTIA : Tarry, Jew: The law hath yet another hold on you. It is enacted in the laws of
Venice, If it be proved against an alien That by direct or indirect attempts He seek the life of
any citizen, The party ‘gainst the which he doth contrive Shall seize one half his goods; the
other half Comes to the privy coffer of the state; And the offender’s life lies in the mercy Of
the duke only, ‘gainst all other voice. In which predicament, I say, thou stand’st; For it
appears, by manifest proceeding, That indirectly and directly too Thou hast contrived against
the very life Of the defendant; and thou hast incurr’d The danger formerly by me rehearsed.
Down therefore and beg mercy of the duke. 47. What is Shylock forfeiture ? (A) Three
thousand ducats (B) All the wealth of Antonio (C) All the wealth of Antonio and Bassanio
(D) A pound of flesh of Antonio 48. Why should Shylock ask for mercy of the Duke ? (A)
Shylock has tiraded the Duke earlier (B) Shylock has attempted to take the life of a Venetian
citizen (C) Shylock is a Christian and therefore he is an outsider (D) None of the above 49.
Who is being referred to as a “Daniel” ? (A) Antonio (B) Bassanio (C) Shylock (D) Portia 50.
What has Shylock refused in open court ? (A) To give money (B) To accept the principal
amount (C) To give up his property (D) To tell Portia as a DanielEnglish (MSP-7) Contact Us
: Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 8 51.
What is Shylock’s position at the end of the passage ? (A) He is being forced to ask for mercy
from the Duke (B) He has won the case and is celebrating (C) He has lost the case as he is
only getting the principal amount (D) None of these 52. R K Narayan’s debut novel is : (A)
Swami and Friends (B) The Guide (C) Malgudi Days (D) The Financial Expert 53. Which of
the following scholars is famous for his translation of Mahabharata ? (A) D D Kosambi (B)
Ganesh N Devi (C) Meenakshi Mukherjee (D) P Lal 54. The Algebra of Infinite Justice by
Arundhati Roy is a _______. (A) Collection of essays (B) Collection of Short Stories (C)
Novel (D) Collection of poems 55. Annihilation of Caste by Dr B R Ambedkar is a (A)
Speech (B) Dissertation (C) Essay (D) Thesis 56. V S Naipaul’s essay Indian
Autobiographies is taken from the anthology entitled: (A) India a Wounded Civilization (B)
Literary Occasions (C) An Area of Darkness (D) The Mimic Men 57. Who has written the
poem The Negro Speaks of Rivers? (A) James Weldon Johnson (B) Carl Sandburg (C)
Langston Hughes (D) Claude McKay 58. Name the modern Marxist philosopher who coined
the term ‘Ideological State Apparatus’. (A) Edward Said (B) Terry Eagleton (C) Listening
and Speaking (D) Louis Althusser 59. Edward E Said’s Culture and Imperialism deals with
one of the following themes: (A) The development of novel as a vehicle of (B) The
colonizer’s civilizing mission (C) imperialism The image of the Oriental in Literature (D)
The theory of Colonialism 60. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano is
(A) A fairy tale (B) A tribal narrative (C) An American Indian narrative (D) A slave
narrativeEnglish (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 9 61. Frederic Jameson is known for his work
titled (A) Structuralist Poetics (B) The History of Sexuality (C) Literary Theory: A Short
Introduction (D) The Prison House of Language 62. Who coined the term queer studies? (A)
Teresa de Lauretis (B) Gloria Anzaldua (C) Bell Hooks (D) Judith Butler 63. Identify from
the following a novel that deals with the Jazz Age. (A) The Farewell to Arms (B) The Sound
and the Fury (C) The Great Gatsby (D) Mainstreet 64. Ngugi Wa Thiongo’s River Between
deals with (A) Socio-cultural unrest in Kenya due to colonizers (B) The adverse impact of
industrialization (C) The cultural conflict between the natives and the outsiders (D) The
terrible conflict in Kenya 65. Which Caribbean poet of 20th century makes folk music a
major part of his poetry in which he presents drumming, work songs and blues? (A) Kamau
Brathwaite (B) Linton Kwesi Johnson (C) Derek Walcott (D) Cynthia James 66. The idea of
negritude as the cultural response of the native to the onslaught by colonialism’s culture was
propagated by (A) Ayi Kwei Armah (B) Aime Cesaire (C) Franz Fanon (D) Arjun Appadurai
67. An Essay of Dramatic Poesie is written by? (A) John Dryden (B) Joseph Addison (C)
Oliver Goldsmith (D) Jonathan Swift 68. For Aristotle, tragedy is an imitation of action
which is serious, complete in itself and having a certain _______. (A) Length (B) Magnitude
(C) Intension (D) Attitude 69. The most common method wherein the details of a reference
are included within the text of the paper/ book in brackets. (A) Parentheses (B) Footnotes (C)
Endnotes (D) None of them 70. Who said art is twice removed from reality? (A) Plato (B)
Socrates (C) Longinus (D) AristotleEnglish (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 10 71. Who has
defined drama as ‘a just and lively image of human nature’? (A) Aristotle (B) Dr Johnson (C)
John Dryden (D) Longinus Direction (72-76) : Read the following passage carefully and
answer the question given below it : All children, except one, grow up. They soon know that
they will grow up, and the way Wendy knew was this. One day when she was two years old
she was playing in a garden, and she plucked another flower and ran with it to her mother. I
suppose she must have looked rather delightful, for Mrs. Darling put her hand to her heart
and cried, “Oh, why can’t you remain like this forever!” This was all that passed between
them on the subject, but henceforth Wendy knew that she must grow up. You always know
after you are two. Two is the beginning of the end. Of course they lived at 14 [their house
number on their street], and until Wendy came her mother was the chief one. She was a
lovely lady, with a romantic mind and such a sweet mocking mouth. Her romantic mind was
like the tiny boxes, one within the other, that come from the puzzling East, however many
you discover there is always one more; and her sweet mocking mouth had one kiss on it that
Wendy could never get, though there it was, perfectly conspicuous in the righthand corner.
The way Mr. Darling won her was this: the many gentlemen who had been boys when she
was a girl discovered simultaneously that they loved her, and they all ran to her house to
propose to her except Mr. Darling, who took a cab and nipped in first, and so he got her. He
got all of her, except the innermost box and the kiss. He never knew about the box, and in
time he gave up trying for the kiss. Wendy thought Napoleon could have got it, but I can
picture him trying, and then going off in a passion, slamming the door. 72. This passage best
demonstrates which narrative technique ? (A) Denouement (B) Characterization (C)
Foreshadowing (D) Pathos 73. The author’s description of Mrs. Darling’s “sweet mocking
mouth” implies : (A) While pretty, Mrs. Darling frequently chides others. (B) Although
subject to slight disfigurement, Mrs. Darling’s mouth is still pleasant in appearance. (C) The
description implicitly likens Mrs. Darling to a mockingbird, which sings a sweet song yet is a
trickster. (D) Mrs. Darling is a loving woman, yet she does not wholly give her love away.
74. Overall, from this passage you can infer that Mrs. Darling : (A) Is a dominant, complex
woman. (B) Accidentally denies those around her. (C) Is artistic and absent-minded. (D) Has
a troubled marriage. 75. “Oh, why can’t you remain like this forever!” The statement
implies : (A) Cheerful appreciation (B) love for flowers (C) expression of forgiveness (D)
regret at the immaturity 76. Mr Darling won Mrs Darling love as : (A) he got all of her (B) he
took a cab and nipped in first (C) he never knew about the box (D) he kissed her first 77.
“Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon the
poetry.” Who said it? (A) T S Eliot (B) I A Richards (C) Northrop Frye (D) W B
YeatsEnglish (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 11 78. Who made the following observation
about Wordsworth : “Wordsworth himself was a great critic and it is to be sincerely regretted
that he has not left us more criticism….” (A) F R Leavis (B) S T Coleridge (C) Matthew
Arnold (D) T S Eliot 79. Horace’s Ars Poetica is in the form of an epistle to (A) Aristotle (B)
Pisos (C) Plato (D) Homer 80. Who among the following was not the member of the
Bloomsbury Circle? (A) D H Lawrence (B) Virginia Woolf (C) Leonard Woolf (D) Cleve
Bell 81. Practical Criticism is related to (A) T S Eliot (B) I A Richards (C) Ferdinand
Saussure (D) F R Leavis 82. Adapt, Adopt and Adept is associated with (A) Structuralism (B)
Feminism (C) New Historicism (D) Post Colonialism 83. Which of the following fictional
works by David Herbert Lawrence are in the correct chronological order? (A) Kangaroo –
The White Peacock – The Rainbow –The Plumed Serpent (B) The Rainbow – The White
Peacock –Kangaroo – The Plumed Serpent (C) The Plumed Serpent - The White Peacock –
The Rainbow – Kangaroo (D) The White Peacock – The Rainbow – Kangaroo – The Plumed
Serpent 84. Who described nations as imagined communities? (A) Benedict Anderson (B)
Raymond Williams (C) Stuart Hall (D) Parry Anderson 85. Who is the author of
Mythologies? (A) Roland Barthes (B) Levi Strauss (C) Donald Barthelme (D) John Barth 86.
The famous work Culture and Society is authored by _______. (A) Terry Eagleton (B)
Richard Hoggart (C) Raymond Williams (D) F R Leavis 87. In this mode, the data is
collected through new experiment, survey, group-discussion, questionnaires, etc. (A) Primary
data collection (B) Secondary data collection (C) Random sampling (D) All of the
aboveEnglish (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 12 88. Which two poets belonging to the
group known as the ‘Movement’ were also novelists? (A) John Wain and Kingsley Amis (B)
Donald Davie and Kingsley Amis (C) Elizabeth Jennings and Kingsley Amis (D) D J Enright
and Kingsley Amis 89. Which among of the following novels of Jane Austen has been
studied by Edward Said to explore the links between domestic prosperity and overseas
plantation? (A) Mansfield Park (B) Northanger Abbey (C) Persuasion (D) Sense and
Sensibility 90. The relationship between signifier and signified is one of the theoretical
proposals of: (A) Ferdinand de Saussure (B) Julia Kristeva (C) Michel Foucault (D) Roland
Barthes 91. Which of the following critics formulated the performative theory of gender? (A)
Elaine Showalter (B) Judith Wright (C) Judith Butler (D) Gayatri Chakraborty Spivak 92. A
well-written _______ attracts potential readers and facilitates the cataloguing of a research
report in an electronic database. (A) title (B) summary (C) abstract (D) synopsis 93. Which of
the following is the most recent and dependable source of information on a broad scientific
topic? (A) Research paper (B) Bibliography (C) Review article (D) New textbook 94. The
_______ is the best indicator of the total importance of a journal to researchers. (A) Garfield
quotient (B) Impact factor (C) Eigen factor (D) g-index 95. What is the full form of ICSSR?
(A) Indian Council of Social Science Research (B) Indian Council of Space Science Research
(C) Indian Council of Scientific Search and Research (D) Indian Congress of Space and
Scientific Research 96. An appropriate source to find out descriptive information is _______.
(A) Bibliography (B) Directory (C) Encyclopedia (D) DictionaryEnglish (MSP-7) Contact Us
: Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 13
Direction (97-100): Read the following poem carefully and pick out the most appropriate
answers. Go, lovely Rose ! Tell her, that wastes her time and me, That now she knows, When
I resemble her to thee, How sweet and fair she seems to be. Tell her that’s young And shuns
to have her graces spied, That hadst thou sprung In deserts where no men abide, Thou must
have uncommended died. Small is the worth Of beauty from the light retired : Bid her come
forth, Suffer herself to be desired, And not blish so to be admired. Then die ! that she The
common fate of all things rare May read in thee : How small a part of time they share That
are so wondrous sweet and fair ! 97. What does the rose symbolise? (A) time (B) love (C)
valour (D) death 98. How is the beloved compared to the rose? (A) as fair as a rose (B) as
dull as a desert (C) a source of spying (D) unglorified death 99. Why are ‘her graces spied’?
(A) because the beloved is cruel (B) because they spring from desert (C) because they live for
a short time (D) because people don’t like them 100. What is the fate of small beauties? (A)
They suffer unnecessarily (B) They feel bleshed (C) They are rare (D) They vanish
quicklyEnglish (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 14 Answer Key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C D B C
D A D A C A 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 D C C C A D B C A C 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 C A A A A A C A D C 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A C D A C A B A C B 41 42 43
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 C D A C A C D B D B 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 A A D A A B C
D A D 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 D A C A A B A B A A 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
C B D A A B B C B A 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 B D D A A C A D A A 91 92 93 94 95
96 97 98 99 100 C A C C A C B A B DEnglish (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 15 Solution 1. (C)
In Memory of W B Yeats, W H Auden seeks to immortalize W. B. Yeats by writing a poem
about his memory and its value. It was written in 1939, following the death of the Irish poet
W. B. Yeats in January of that year. He celebrates the immortality of Yeats’s great poetry
instead of mourning the man’s demise. The poem is divided into three parts and possesses the
elegiac note. 2. (D) “Leda and the Swan” was published in Yeats’s 1928 collection The
Tower in which other great poems like “Among Schoolchildren” and “Sailing to Byzantium
are also included.” The poem is a retelling of a story from Greek mythology, the rape of the
girl Leda by the god Zeus, who had assumed the form of a swan. 3. (B) The American
modernist poet William Carlos Williams wrote the poem The Red Wheelbarrow which was
published in his 1923 book 4. (C) “The Scholar Gipsy” (1853) is a poem by Matthew Arnold,
based on a 17th-century Oxford story found in Joseph Glanvill’s The Vanity of Dogmatizing.
5. (D) Stream of Consciousness: It is a literary style in which a character’s thoughts, feelings,
and reactions are depicted in a continuous flow by objective description or conventional
dialogue. James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Marcel Proust are among its notable early
exponents. It is commonly credited to William James who used it in 1890 in his The
Principles of Psychology. In 1918, the novelist May Sinclair (1863–1946) first applied the
term stream of consciousness, in a literary context, when discussing Dorothy Richardson’s
(1873–1957) novels. Sometimes this device is also called “internal monologue”. Anxiety of
Influence : Anxiety of Influence is a type of literary criticism established by Harold Bloom in
1973, in his book, The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry. It refers to the
psychological struggle of aspiring authors to overcome the anxiety posed by the influence of
their literary antecedents. Suspension of Disbelief: This term was coined by Samuel Taylor
Coleridge in 1817 with the publication of his Biographia literaria or biographical sketches of
my literary life and opinions. Suspension of disbelief is especially important when reading in
genres like Magical Realism, Gothic Literature, Science Fiction, or Fantasy, where some
weird stuff is bound to go down. Dissociation of Sensibility: The phrase with Unification of
sensibility was first used by Eliot in his essay on the Metaphysical Poets of the early 17th
century. By unification of sensibility, T. S. Eliot means “a fusion of thought and feeling”, “a
recreation of thought into feeling”, “a direct sensuous apprehension of thought”. Such fusion
of thought and feeling is essential for good poetry. Eliot finds such unification of sensibility
in the Metaphysical poets, and regrets that a dissociation of sensibility set in the late 17th
century; there was a split between thought and feeling and we have not yet recovered from
this dissociation. The influence of Dryden and Milton has been particularly harmful in this
respect. 6. (A) The Hollow Men” (1925) is a poem by T. S. Eliot. The poem is divided into
five parts and consists of 98 lines. We are the hollow men, We are the stuffed men Leaning
together, Headpiece filled with straw. Alas!” 7. (D) “Ars Poetica” (Latin for “The Art of
Poetry”) is a lyric poem of twenty-four lines. It describes the qualities a poem should have if
it is to stand as a work of art. MacLeish wrote it in 1925 and published it in 1926. 8. (A)
Edward Albee, the American playwright published his first one act play,The Zoo Story . It
was written in 1958 and completed in just three weeks. The play explores themes of isolation,
loneliness, social disparity and dehumanization in a materialistic world. 9. (C) The Vision of
Piers Plowman is a Middle English alliterative poem by William Langland. The poem takes
the form of a series of dream visions dealing with the social and spiritual predicament of late
14th-century England.English (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 16 10. (A) Don Juan is a satiric poem by Lord
Byron, based on the legend of Don Juan portraying Juan not as a womaniser but as someone
easily seduced by women. Byron completed 16 cantos, leaving an unfinished 17th canto
before his death in 1824. Towards the end of the III canto, Byron insults his contemporaries
Robert Southey who was the Poet Laureate of England when Byron was writing Don Juan.
11. (D) “Musée des Beaux Arts” (French for “Museum of Fine Arts”) is a poem written by
W. H. Auden and published in 1939. Auden begins the lyric by praising the painters of old,
like Brueghel, who understood the nature of suffering and humanity’s indifference to it. 12.
(C) Written during late 1914, Rupert Brooke introduced the group of five war sonnets titled
Nineteen Fourteen. These sonnets express the hopeful idealism and enthusiasm with which
Britain entered the war 13. (C) Charley is Willy Loman’s neighbor and only friend in Arthur
Miller’s Death of a Salesman. He and Willy have a friendly relationship that is depicted in
one scene when they are playing cards. 14. (C) The Pakistani Bride (1983) by Bapsi Sidhwa
What the Body Remembers (1999) by Shauna Singh Baldwin The Ice Candy Man (1988) by
Bapsi Sidhwa Train to Pakistan (1956) by Khushwant Singh 15. (A) Ayi Kwei Armah’s first
novel, The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, was published in 1968, and tells the story of a
nameless man who struggles to reconcile himself with the reality of post-independence
Ghana. 16. (D) The third novel of Charles Dickens was Nicholas Nickleby; or, The Life and
Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby. It was originally published as a serial from 1838 to 1839.
The novel centres on the life and adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, a young man who must
support his mother and sister after his father dies. 17. (B) The Art of Fiction by Henry James
Two Uses of Language by I A Richards The Craft of Fiction by Percy Lubbock The English
Novel by Walter Ernest Allen 18. (C) hilip Milton Roth (1933 – 2018) was an American
novelist and short-story writer. In his 1959 novella, Goodby Columbus, Philip Roth used the
term. 19. (A) The second novel by Charles Dickens is Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Boy’s
Progress which was first published as a serial from 1837 to 1839. The story centres on orphan
Oliver Twist, born in a workhouse and sold into apprenticeship with an undertaker. After
escaping, Oliver travels to London, where he meets the “Artful Dodger”, a member of a gang
of juvenile pickpockets led by the elderly criminal Fagin. In Oliver Twist, Dickens mixes
grim realism with merciless satire to describe the effects of industrialism on 19thcentury
England and to criticise the harsh new Poor Laws. 20. (C) Benang is Indigenous Australian
Kim Scott’s second novel which is about forced assimilation and finding how one can return
to one’s own culture. The novel presents how difficult it is to form a working history of a
population who had been historically uprooted from its past. Benang follows Harley, a young
man who has gone through the process of “breeding out the colour”, as he pieces together his
family history through documentation, such as photograph and his grandfather’s notes, as
well as memories and experiences. Harley and his family have undergone a process of
colonial scientific experimentation called “breeding of the colour”, which separated
individuals from their indigenous families and origins.English (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website
: www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 17 21. (C)
Gulliver’s Travels is a prose satire of 1726 by the Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift.
The novel is divided into four parts : Part I: A Voyage to Lilliput. Part II: A Voyage to
Brobdingnag. Part III: A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib and Japan.
Part IV: A Voyage to the Land of the Houyhnhnms. 22. (A) My Brilliant Career is a 1901
debut novel which was written while the athor was still a teenager, as a romance to amuse her
friends. 23. (A) Death of a Salesman is a 1949 stage play written by American playwright
Arthur Miller. It won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. 24. (A) Historical fiction is a literary
genre in which the plot takes place in a setting located in the past. 25. (A) French writer
Gustave Flaubert’ debut novel Madame Bovary was published in 1856. Madame Bovary tells
the bleak story of a marriage of Emma and Charles Bovary that ends in a tragedy. In the final
part of the book, Emma, in despair, swallows arsenic and dies an agonizing death. 26. (A)
The above passage is taken from William Hazlitt’s essay “On the Pleasure of Painting” and
so is its theme. 27. (C) Both (i) and (ii) 28. (A) Disappointment 29. (D) All the above 30. (C)
in painting 31. (A) The origins of the structuralist approach of linguistics come from
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), a Swiss language scholar. The structuralist theory of
language and linguistics says that the components of language are interrelated to one another
and get their meaning from that relationship. 32. (C) The rising tone is used in ‘yes or no type
of questions’ whereas the wh-questions are used with falling tone. 33. (D) Computer-assisted
language Learning (CALL) is an approach to teaching and learning in which the computer
and computer-based resources such as the Internet are used to present, reinforce and assess
material to be learned. 34. (A) Humanistic language teaching is an approach based on the
principle that the whole being, emotional and social, needs to be engaged in learning, not just
the mind. Humanistic teaching approaches include the Silent Way, Community Language
Learning, Total Physical Response and Suggestopedia. 35. (C) The statement was used by
Ferdinand de Saussure in his book Course in General Linguistics. 36. (A) New poets starting
their careers in the 1950s and 1960s include Philip Larkin (1922–1985) (The Whitsun
Weddings, 1964), Ted Hughes (1930–1998) (The Hawk in the Rain, 1957) and Irishman
(born Northern Ireland) Seamus Heaney (1939–2013) (Death of a Naturalist, 1966). 37. (B)
Code switching refers to the use of two languages within a sentence or discourse. It is a
natural conflation that often occurs between multilingual speakers who have two or more
languages in common. 38. (A) An Introduction to Functional Grammar was written by M. A.
K. Halliday.English (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email :
support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 18 39. (C) The History of English Language
Teaching by Anthony P R Howatt was published in 1984. This book traces the history of
English language teaching right up to the origins of the communicative approach, ending with
a discussion of the impact of applied linguistics on language teaching in both America and
Britain. 40. (B) Germ 41. (C) Clipping: Shortening of a polysyllabic word to create a new
word where the clipped word is used more. Examples: bro (brother), pro (professional), prof
(professor), math (mathematics), fridge (refrigerator) 42. (D) ‘Two Virgins’ published in
1973 is a sensitive coming of age story of two young sisters that portrays a struggle between
the Eastern and Western values. 43. (A) Untouchable by Mulk Raj Anand was published in
1935. The later editions of the novel carry a foreword written by E M Forster. 44. (C) U R
Ananthmurthy’s Bharatipura was published in 1973 in Kannada. Jagannatha, the England
returned Brahmin, fights for the rights of the Harijan i.e. dalits in Manjunatha Shiva temple.
45. (A) Hayavadana is a 1972 published play by Girish Karnad that records the story of three
characters, Kapila, an ironsmith ; Devdatta, a Brahmin and Padmini, a beautiful girl that
causes a love triangle complexity for both the male characters. 46. (C) Savitri: A Legend and
a Symbol is an epic poem in blank verse by Sri Aurobindo which approached merely to
24000 lines as it remained unfinished due to Aurobindo’s death. The masterpiece is based on
the theology from the Mahabharata published in two parts in 1950 and 1951. 47. (D) It is the
Court scene in The play The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare where Shylock has
brought Antonio to court as he hasn’t been able to pay the three thousand ducats on time. 48.
(B) Shylock has attempted to take the life of a Venetian citizen 49. (D) Portia 50. (B) To
accept the principal amount 51. (A) He is being forced to ask for mercy from the Duke 52.
(A) The first novel by R K Narayan in his trilogy- Swami and Friends, The Bachelor of Arts
and The English Teacher. His first novel, Swami and Friends (1935), is an episodic narrative
recounting the adventures of a group of schoolboys. 53. (D) Purushottama Lal is best known
as the translator into English of the entire Indian epic poem Mahabharata. He also translated
modern writers such as Premchand (from the Hindi) and Tagore (from the Bengali). 54. (A)
Published in 2001 the book discusses several perspectives of global and local concerns,
among them one being the abuse of nuclear bomb display. 55. (A) Annihilation of Caste is an
undelivered speech written in 1936 by B. R. Ambedkar who fought against the country’s
practice of untouchability. 56. (B) The eleven articles in the book include Naipaul’s boyhood
experiences of reading books and his first youthful efforts at writing them. It was published in
2003. 57. (C) The Negro Speaks of Rivers is a poem by American writer Langston Hughes
under the influence of American poet, Carl Sandburg.English (MSP-7) Contact Us :
Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 19 58.
(D) Louis Althusser, a structuralist Marxist wrote the essay ‘Ideology and Ideological State
Apparatuses’ in French in 1970. Marxist sociologist Louis Althusser suggests that the
bourgeoisie maintain power by using both repressive state apparatus (coercive power like the
police and the army) and ideological state apparatus: institutions that spread bourgeois
ideology and ensure that the proletariat is in a state of false class consciousness. Schools and
educational institutions are, for Althusser, part of the ideological state apparatus: they prepare
working-class pupils to accept a life of exploitation. 59. (A) Edward Said wrote a collection
of essays in 1993 entitled Culture and Imperialism which introduces a connection between
imperialism and culture and how it influenced the English and French novels. 60. (D) The
slave narrative is a type of literary genre involving the (written) autobiographical accounts of
enslaved Africans in Great Britain and its colonies, including the later United States, Canada,
and Caribbean nations. 61. (D) The Prison House of Language is a critical account of
structuralism and Russian formalism. 62. (A) Italian feminist and film theorist Teresa de
Lauretis coined the term queer theory for a conference she organized at the University of
California, Santa Cruz in 1990. 63. (C) The Jazz Age’ was a term coined by Fitzgerald
himself to describe the 1920s, in his work Echoes of the Jazz Age (1931). 64. (A) The 1965
novel by Kenyan Writer Ngugi Wa Thiongo tells the story about the struggle of a young
leader, Waiyaki, to unite the two villages of Kameno and Makuyu through sacrifice and pain.
65. (A) Edward Kamau Brathwaite (born 1930) is a Barbadian poet and academic who is
known as major figure in the Caribbean literary canon. Brathwaite is noted for his studies of
Black cultural life both in Africa and throughout the African diasporas of the world in works
such as Folk Culture of the Slaves in Jamaica (1970); The Development of Creole Society in
Jamaica, 1770-1820 (1971); Contradictory Omens (1974); Afternoon of the Status Crow
(1982); and History of the Voice (1984). 66. (B) Aime Ceisure, a French author and
politician, was one of the founders of negritude movement in Francophone literature. 67. (A)
Dryden’s mature thoughts of literary criticism on ancient, modern and English Literature,
especially on Drama, are presented in dialogue forms in An Essay on Dramatic Poesy. In An
Essay on Dramatic Poesy there are four speakers. Each one argues strongly as to which one is
better, “Ancient or Modern, and French or English?” Neander supports the views of Dryden
reflecting the importance of English drama. 68. (B) In the Poetics by Aristotle, he insists
about the plot of tragedy, “It is an imitation of an action that is complete, and whole and of a
certain magnitude.” 69. (A) Parentheses is the most commonly followed method as it is that
of parenthetical referencing wherein the details of a reference are included within the text of
the paper/ book in brackets 70. (A) In ‘The Republic’ Book X: Plato says that poetry does not
lead to, but drives us away from the realization of the ultimate reality - the Truth. Philosophy
is better than poetry because Philosophy deals with idea and poetry is twice removed from
original idea. He looked at poets as breeders of falsehood and poetry as mother of lies. 71.
(C) In his ‘Essay on Dramatic Poesy’ Dryden defined Poetry as “just and lively image of
human nature, representing its passions and humours, and the changes of fortune to which it
is subject, for the delight and instruction of mankind.” 72. (B) CharacterizationEnglish (MSP-
7) Contact Us : Website : www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us :
7665435800 20 73. (D) Mrs Darling is a loving woman, yet she does not wholly give her love
away. 74. (A) Is a dominant, complex woman 75. (A) Cheerful appreciation 76. (B) He took
a cab and nipped in first 77. (B) T.S.Eliot’s “Tradition and Individual Talent” was published
in 1919 in The Egoist - the Times Literary supplement. The essay was then published in The
Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism. The essay is divided into three main sections:
 The first gives us Eliot’s concept of tradition;  The second exemplifies his theory of
depersonalization and poetry. And  The third part he concludes the debate by saying that the
poet’s sense of tradition and the impersonality of poetry are complementary things. 78. (C)
Matthew Arnold stated the statement in his 1865 critical book ‘The Function of Criticism at
the Present Time’. 79. (B) Horace’s Ars Poetica is an epistle presented as an informal letter to
members of the Piso family. Originally written in dactylic hexameter, the piece is typically
translated into prose. 80. (A) A group of English writers, artists and intellectuals who held
informal artistic and philosophical discussions in Bloomsbury district of London, from
around 1907 to the early 1930s. At various times, the circle included Virginia Woolf, E. M.
Forster, Clive Bell, Lytton Strachey and John Maynard Keynes. 81. (B) In Practical Criticism
(1929) I. A. Richards distinguishes four different meanings in a poem: (a) the sense - what is
actually said; (b) feeling - the writer’s emotional attitude towards it; (c) tone - the writer’s
attitude towards his reader; (d) intention - the writer’s purpose, the effect he is aiming at. 82.
(D) Peter Barry points out three phases in postcolonial literature: adopt, adapt, adept. 83. (D)
The White Peacock – The Rainbow – Kangaroo – The Plumed Serpent David Herbert
Lawrence (1885 – 1930) was an English writer and poet. His collected works represent an
extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation with an
exploration of sexuality, emotional health, vitality, spontaneity, and instinct.  The White
Peacock (1911)  The Trespasser (1912)  Sons and Lovers (1913)  The Rainbow (1915) 
Women in Love (1920)  The Lost Girl (1920)  Aaron’s Rod (1922)  Kangaroo (1923) 
The Boy in the Bush (1924)  The Plumed Serpent (1926)  Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928)
84. (A) An imagined community is a concept developed by Benedict Anderson in his 1983
book Imagined Communities, to analyze nationalism.English (MSP-7) Contact Us : Website :
www.eduncle.com | Email : support@eduncle.com | Call Us : 7665435800 21 85. (A) The
book Mythologies (1957) is divided into two sections. In the first section— from which all of
the pieces that follow have been taken, Barthes analyses a variety of cultural objects or
practices, ranging from “Soap Powders and Detergents” to “The Brain of Einstein” to
“Oriental Crockery”. In the second part, titled “Myth Today”, Barthes discusses the
theoretical basis of his analysis. 86. (C) Raymond Williams in his book Culture and Society
(1958) embarked on a radical theoretical construction- ‘culture’ as “a whole way of life.” 87.
(A) In research, Primary data collection is the process of gathering data through surveys,
interviews or experiments. 88. (D) Dennis Joseph Enright (1920 – 2002) was a British
academic, poet, novelist and critic. He authored Academic Year (1955), Memoirs Of A
Mendicant Professor (1969) and many other popular works. Sir Kingsley William Amis
(1922 –1995) was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. Amis’s famous first novel
Lucky Jim (1954) satirises the high-brow academic set of an unnamed university, through the
eyes of its protagonist, Jim Dixon, a struggling young lecturer of history. It was widely
perceived as part of the Angry Young Men movement of the 1950s. 89. (A) Edward Said’s
analysis of Jane Austen’s narrative in her 3rd novel ‘Mansfield Park’ (1814) is based on his
own studies of ‘orientalism’. This term is defined by Said as a variety of false assumptions
/depictions of Eastern people within Western attitudes. 90. (A) In Saussure’s view, words are
not symbols which ‘refers’ to things, but are ‘signs’ which are made up of two parts : a sound
pattern (either written or spoken) called a ‘signifier’, and a concept called a ‘signified’ 91.
(C) The term “gender performativity” was first coined in American philosopher and gender
theorist Judith Butler’s 1990 book Gender Trouble. 92. (A) The title is the part of a paper that
is read the most, and it is usually read first. The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of
your study. A good title contains the fewest possible words that adequately describe the
contents and/ or purpose of your research paper. 93. (C) A review article surveys and
summarizes previously published studies, rather than reporting new facts or analysis. Review
articles are sometimes also called survey articles or, in news publishing, overview articles.
94. (C) Eigenfactor and impact factor are two widely used measures of a journal’s value. The
Eigenfactor (EF) is an overall rating of the importance of a scientific journal whereby all
articles published in a journal during a year are taken in to consideration when making the
calculation. What counts in the Eigenfactor is the size of the journal, or how many articles a
journal publishes. 95. (A) Indian Council of Social Science Research The Indian Council of
Social Science Research (ICSSR) is the national body overseeing research in the social
sciences in India. It was established in New Delhi in 1969.It provides funding to scholars and
to a network of twentyseven research institutes. 96. (C) An encyclopedia is a reference work
designed to cover all branches and topics of knowledge. 97. (B) love 98. (A) as fair as a rose
99. (B) because they spring from desert 100. (D) They vanish quickl