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Communication Satellite Link Budget Optimization Using Gravitational Search

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Conference Paper · May 2015

DOI: 10.1109/CEIT.2015.7233120

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 Communication Satellite Link Budget Optimization
Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
S.Berrezzoug1,2 F.T.Bendimerad
1
Centre of Satellite Development (CDS), Laboratory of Telecommunications LTT
Space Technology Research Division BP.: Department of Electrical Engineering,
4065 Ibn Rochd USTO Oran, Algeria, (phone: Tlemcen University BP 230, Pôle Chetouane,
+21341620324; fax: +21341620320; 13000, Algeria)
2
Laboratory of Telecommunications LTT
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Tlemcen University BP 230, Pôle Chetouane,
13000, Algeria) e-mail:
(souleima5@gmail.com)
Abstract— A communication satellites play a large role in the
socio-economic development of a country, however the satellite
communication system design trade-offs increase with the
complexity of the payload requirements. For reliable and
dynamic in-orbit satellite operations, the payload receiver must
have the capability to adapt to emergent mission and post-
mission application requirements. The communication link
between a satellite and the Earth Station (ES) is exposed to a lot
of impairments such as noise, rain and atmospheric attenuations.
It is also prone to loss such as those resulting from antenna
misalignment and polarization. It is therefore crucial to design
for all possible attenuation scenarios before the satellite is
deployed. This paper presents the fundamentals of a satellite link
budget of generic communication satellite. Furthermore, a system
engineering case study for a satellite communications mission is
presented. Adopting this design philosophy in future space
satellite payload module promises stable, economical, optimal,
broadband and adaptive space operations. In this paper a
Gravitational Search Algorithm based on the law of gravity and
mass interactions is introduced. In the proposed algorithm, the
searcher agents are a collection of masses which interact with
each other based on the Newtonian gravity and the laws of
motion.
Keywords- Gravitational search algorithm; Optimization;
Communication Satellite; link budget; Earth station;
I. INTRODUCTION
A communications spacecraft consists of two generic
subsystems: the communications payload subsystem and
spacecraft bus subsystem [1]. The payload subsystem houses
the transponder equipment used for the reception and
transmission of communication signals. A key element of the
payload subsystem of a communications satellite system is the
wideband receiver. This follows the antenna subsystem at the
input of the transponder equipment. The uplink performance of
the satellite communication network depends on the receive
antenna gain and noise temperature of the satellite receiver.
The satellite link is essentially a radio relay link, much like
the terrestrial microwave radio relay link with the singular
advantage of not requiring as many re-transmitters as are
A. Boudjemai
Centre of Satellite Development (CDS),
Space Technology Research Division BP.:
4065 Ibn Rochd USTO Oran, Algeria, (phone:
+21341620324; fax: +21341620320; e-mail:
(a_boudjemai@yahoo.fr)
required in the terrestrial link. Transmission of signals over a
satellite communication link requires Line-of-Sight (LoS)
communication, but since theoretically three equidistant
satellites in the geosynchronous orbit can effectively cover over
90 percent of the earth surface, the need for multiple
retransmissions is removed. Satellite communication
specialists, radio and broadcast engineers are in the business of
determining the factors required for optimal link availability
and quality of performance. These factors can be divided into
two broad categories; the conduit factors and the content
factors. The conduit factors include such factors as:
- Earth space and space.
- Earth path (a.k.a. uplink and downlink) effect on signal
propagation, quality of earth station equipments, and the
impact of the propagation medium in the frequency band
of interest, etc.
The content factors deal mainly with the type of message
transmitted and the devices involved in its transformation from
one form to another for suitability for transmission over a
microwave medium. These include, but are not limited to:
satellite functionality, nature and peculiarities of the precise
nature of information, data protocol, timing, and the
telecommunications interface standards that apply to the
service. It is for these reasons that a proper engineering
methodology is required to guarantee timely deployment and
effective and efficient exploitation of satellite communication
applications and devices. These in turn must guarantee delivery
of objectives for quality, reliability and availability.
The objective of this paper is to establish a list of
parameters that must be considered when the link power
budget of a communication system satellite is established, and
the conditions in which these settings apply. The paper
presents the various component parts necessary for designing a
robust satellite link with appreciable availability and required
signal/noise ratios.
 II. GRAVITATIONAL SEARCH ALGORITHM fit i (t ) − worst(t )
mg i (t ) = (4)
GSA is a novel heuristic optimization method which has best(t ) − worst(t )
been proposed by E. Rashedi and all in 2009 [2]. The basic
physical theory which GSA is inspired from is the Newton’s
theory that states: Every particle in the universe attracts every Where fiti(t) is the fitness of the ith agent of t time.
other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the mg i (t )
square of the distance between them. The algorithm considers Mg i (t ) = N
(5)
agents as objects consisting of different masses proportional to
their value of fitness function. During generations, all these
¦ j=1
mg i (t )

objects attract each other by the gravity force, and this force
Where Mgi(t) is the mass of the ith agent of t time.
causes a global movement of all objects towards the objects
with heavier masses. Hence, masses cooperate using a direct • Step 5: Calculate the Total Force
form of communication, through gravitational force. The
heavy masses - which correspond to good solutions - move In this step, the total force acting on the ith agent (Fid (t)) is
more slowly than lighter ones, this guarantees the exploitation calculated as follows.

¦ rand F (t )
step of the algorithm; the GSA was mathematically modeled
in [2-11]. Fid (t ) = j
d
ij
(6)
j∈kbest j≠ i

Where randj is a random number between interval [0, 1]

GSA algorithm can be explained following steps and kbest is the set of first K agents with the best fitness value
and biggest mass.
• Step 1: Initialisation
The force acting on the ith mass (Mi(t)) from the jth mass
When it is assumed that there is a system with N (Mj(t)) at the specific t time is described according to the
(dimension of the search space) masses, position of the ith gravitational theory as follows.
mass is described as follows. At first, the positions of masses
are fixed randomly. M i (t )M i (t ) d
Fijd (t ) = G (t )
R ij (t ) + ε
[ ]
x j (t ) − x dj (t ) (7)
X i = (x 1i , x i2 ,....., x in ) , i=1,…N (1)
Where, xid is the position of the ith mass in dth dimension. Where Rij(t) is the Euclidian distance between ith and jth

• Step 2: Fitness Evaluation of All Agents

( )
agents x i (t ), x j (t ) 2 and İ is the small constant.

In this step, for all agents, best and worst fitness are
computed at each epoch described as follows. • Step 6: Calculate the Acceleration and Velocity
best (t ) = min fit j (t ) In this step, the acceleration (aid (t)) and velocity (vid (t))
j∈{1,..., N }
(2) of the ith agent at t time in dth dimension are calculated through
worst(t ) = max fit j (t )
j∈{1,..., N } law of gravity and law of motion as follows.
Where fitj(t) is the fitness of the jth agent of t time, best(t) Fid (t )
and worst(t) are best (minimum) and worst (maximum) fitness a di (t ) = (8)
of all agents. Mg id (t )

• Step 3: Compute the Gravitational Constant G(t) v di (t + 1) = randi .v id (t ) + a di (t ) (9)

In this step, the gravitational constant at t time G(t) is Where randi is the random number between interval [0,1].
computed as follows.
• Step 7: Update the Position of the Agents
§ t·
G (t ) = G 0 exp¨ − a ¸ (3) In this steps the next position of the ith agents in dth
© T¹
(xid(t+1)) dimension are updated as follows.
Where G0 is the initial value of the gravitational constant
chosen randomly, Į is a constant, t is the current epoch and T x di (t + 1) = x id (t ) + v di (t + 1) (10)
is the total iteration number.
• Step 4:Update the Gravitational and Inertial Masses
The principal of the GSA is shown in Figure 1.
In this step, the gravitational and inertial masses are
updated as follows.

Fig1: The principal of GSA.
III. FORMULATION OF THE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
The key issue in the design of communication satellite is the
link budget optimization such as (C/N) for uplink and
downlink.
The (C/N) is known as the “objective function” since this is
what we wish to optimize. Taking into account the
consideration a set of design parameters.
୲ǡୠ െ ୤ୣୣୢǡୠ െ ୤ ൅
୰ǡୱ െ ୤ୣୣୢǡୱ െ ୱǡୱ െ 
• RF power,
• Power consumption,
• Power dissipation
• Mass, volume, cost,
• Combinations of these constraints.
This is to ensure a balance of RF link given by consuming
the minimum of a limited resource.
IV. LINK BUDGET FOR A COMMUNICATION SATELLITE
The Link budget played a vital role in the deployment of
any radio frequency network. It defines the amount of power
available in the communication link and signal-to-noise ratio
required to perform transmission with the required quality [8].
Link budget is a method to evaluate the received power and
noise power in a radio link and is the result of the summary of
all gain and losses that affect the signal along the path, such as
decibel units are more practical for those quantities (see Fig.2).
Fig2: Geostationary communication satellite link.
The calculation of the link budget consists in the
determination of the ratio of signal to noise at the level of the
satellite for the uplink and at the level of the reception station
for the downlink; this report is given by the following
equations [9]:
• For the uplink
ሺΤ଴ ሻ୙ ൌ ୲ǡୠ ൅
ሺΤ଴ ሻ୙ ൌ ୠ െ ୤ ൅
୰ǡୱ െ ୱǡୱ െ ୤ୣୣୢǡୱ ൅ ʹʹͺǤ͸†œሺͳͳሻ
A. Optimization Constraints
Like all optimization problems, a number of constraints • For the downlink
must be verified during the resolution process. ሺΤ଴ ሻୈ ൌ ୲ǡୱ ൅
୲ǡୱ െ ୤ୣୣୢǡୱ െ ୤ ൅
୰ǡୠ െ ୤ୣୣୢǡୠ െ ୱǡୠ െ 
In the case of the resolution of GEO satellite links
୰ǡୠ െ ୱǡୠ െ ୤ୣୣୢǡୠ ൅ ʹʹͺǤ͸†œሺͳʹሻ
deployment problems, we face several constraints which are
either technological constraints or traffic-imposed constraints.
We enumerate in the following subsections these different
constraints.
• Uplinks number constraint
• Capacity constraints
• Cost constraint
• Delay constraint
B. Optimization Problems
The optimization of the capacity of satellites must take into
account the limitations imposed by the payload and platform
technologies:
ሺΤ଴ ሻୈ ൌ ୱ െ ୤ ൅
• Global link budget
ͳ ͳ
ሺΤ଴ ሻ୘ ൌൌ ሾ ൅ ሿିଵ ‫ݖܪ‬ሺͳ͵ሻ
ሺ‫ ܥ‬Τܰ଴ ሻ௎ ሺ‫ ܥ‬Τܰ଴ ሻ஽
Where: C: power of signal at the receiver input, N0: spectral
density of the noise, EIRP: Equivalent Isotropic Radiated
Power, K: constant of Boltzmann =1.38.10-23 J/K, Gr/TS:
figure of merit, Lf: free space loss.
A. Figure of Merit
The figure of merit (G/T) has been introduced to describe
the capability of an earth station or a satellite to receive a
signal. Since the C/N ratio is the ratio of signaal power to noise a) The attenuation due to atm
mospheric gases: [11]
power, we have that:
The attenuation due to atmospheric gases is defined by the
‫ܥ‬ ‫ܩ‬௥ following equation:
ൌ ݂ ൬ ൰ሺͳͶሻ
ܰ ܶ௦ ݄଴ ߛ଴ ൅ ݄௪ ߛ௪
‫ܣ‬ൌ ሺ݀‫ܤ‬ሻሺʹͳሻ
The ratio G/T is known as the Figure of Merit which ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺߠሻ
indicates the quality of receiving satellite earthh system and it is
measured in dB/K [10]. γ0 : attenuations of oxygen

1) Gain of Antenna γw : attenuation of the water vaapor

݂ h0 : height equivalent to the oxyg

gen
‫ ܩ‬ൌ ʹͲǤͶ ൅ ͳͲ݈‫ ߟͲͳ݃݋‬൅ ʹͲ݈‫ Ͳͳ݃݋‬൬‫ ܦ‬ൈ ൰ሺͳͷሻ
ͳͲͲͲ hw : height equivalent to the wateer vapor
Where θ : Elevation angle of satellite
Ș is efficiency of antenna accounts for all losses between the Fig.3 shows the attenuation due to atmospheric gases.
incident wavefront and the antenna output porrt.
D is the diameter of antenna in meters; f is frrequency in MHz
(Mega Hertz).
2) The System Noise Temperature (°K)
The System Noise Temperature of the eearth station has
four main components (i) Due to atmospherric attenuation in
the main beam (ii) Side lobe pick up by the aantenna (iii) Due
to low noise amplifier (LNA) (iv) Misc. Ohm mic losses in the
feed and wave guide system (pre LNA losses).[11]
ܶ௔௡௧ ͳ
ܶ௦ ൌ ൅ ܶோ ൅ ܶி ȉ ቆͳ െ ቇ ݀‫ܤ‬ሺͳ͸ሻ
‫ܮ‬ிೃ೉ ‫ܮ‬ிೃ೉
B. Free space path loss
Losses in the free space can be expressed by the following
report:
Fig.3: attenuation due to atmospheric gases in
i function of frequency.
Ͷߨ݀ ଶ
‫ܮ‬௙ ൌ ൬ ൰ ݀‫ ܤ‬ሺͳ͹ሻ b) The Atmospheric Attenuatiion due to rain
ߣ
The attenuation due to rain is defined by the following
The determination of the losses in the freee space is a basic
equation:
step in the calculation of a link of communication especially
ߛோ ൌ ݇ ȉ ܴఈ ሺ݀‫ܤ‬ሻሺʹʹሻ
satellite in geostationary orbit because of thhe large distance
between the satellite to Earth. K and Į are coefficients which h depend on the frequency
and polarization. R is the intensity of
o rainfall in mm /h [12].
C. Other source of loss
It is necessary also to take into accounnt all sources of The influence of rain becomess important when working
losses that can cause degradation of the link bbudget. Thus, it is with frequencies above 10 GHz (seee Fig.4).
affected by a set of losses that will degradde it, defined as
follows:
‫ܮ‬௦ ൌ ‫ܮ‬ா௠ ȉ ‫ܮ‬஺௧௠ ȉ ‫ܮ‬௉௢௟ ȉ ‫ܮ‬௉௢௜௡௧ ȉ ‫ܮ‬௙௙௘௘ௗ ሺͳͺሻ
Among these sources of degradation, we find the losses due to
the depointing antenna, noted by Lpoin andd defined by the
following equations:
ଶ
ߠ்
‫ܮ‬ఏ೅ ൌ ͳʹ ȉ ൬ ൰ ሺ݀‫ܤ‬ሻሺͳͻሻ
ߠିଷௗ஻
ଶ
ߠோ
‫ܮ‬ఏೃ ൌ ͳʹ ȉ ൬ ൰ ሺ݀‫ܤ‬ሻሺʹͲሻ
ߠିଷௗ஻
We have the atmospheric losses (LAtm) duee to the diverse
atmospheric phenomena: Fig.4: attenuation due to rain in function
n of frequency.
We also have other sources of loss, such as: The results obtained by the GSA are clearly better than the
results given by [13]. We note also that the GSA algorithm
a) LEm: Corresponds to the losses between the output of the converge quickly. We notice also from the results that the
transmitter and the antenna (line, duplexers, filters...). optimization is a compromise between limited resources:
b) Lfeed: Corresponds to the losses between the receiving • Resources related technologies payload or platform:
antenna and the input of the receiver.
1. Nominal RF power amplifier (power saturation or
c) Lpol: Corresponds to the polarization losses from a bad
power x dB compression ...)
adaptation of polarization between two antennas.
- Technology amplifiers
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Regulation
- Number and total mass amplifiers,
In this section, the simulation was performed using the
GSA algorithm. The value of gravitational search algorithm implementation, cost.
parameters is given in table I. 2. Power Consumption
- Technology solar panels and batteries,
- Mass, volume, cost.
TABLE I PARAMETERS SETTING FOR GSA 3. Power dissipation (by the total chain, amplifier or a
critical part of the amplifier).
GSA parameters Value • Technology radiators and heat pipes,
Dimension of problem 04 • Size, weight, cost
Number of agents 50
Max-iteration. 50 • The resource bandwidth, which leads to search:
Velocity clock
Acceleration. gateway node flag - C/N up to increase satellite capacity within the power
Mass. Ma=Mp=Mi=M time master node flag resources available
Position of agents. for internal clock - Or the C/N required in order achieving, for a given
synchronization capacity using the minimum power resource.
Distance between for external clock
agents in search space. synchronization The gain-to- noise temperature ratio is the vital parameter
for qualifying the downlink operation of a given satellite.
Generally, the satellite system engineering reveals that G/T
The designs parameters considered in the simulation are ratio decreases as the effective receiver system noise
given in the table II. temperature increases. For a given antenna gain and
waveguide loss factor, the governing parameter in the
wideband receiver noise performance is the noise figure of the
TABLE II THE DESIGNS PARAMETERS USED IN SIMULATION
LNA. Though this reduces with the gain of the succeeding
Designs parameters Ranges amplifier stages, the noise of the first stage still dominates.
This has the effect of lowering the carrier and data links
Uplink frequency [5.9 7] GHz margins of the satellite link. Since the figure of merit is
inversely proportional to the system noise temperature, so the
Downlink frequency [3.8 4.2] GHz figure of merit will decrease as the system noise temperature
Earth transmit Power increase. We note that the values of (C/N0)up (Fig.5) and
[26 30] dBW
(C/N0)down (Fig.6) depend mainly on the design variables
Satellite transmit Power [8 11] dBW (Fig.9 to Fig.12) for the uplink and (Fig.13 to Fig.16) for the
downlink. The repeater in this design is a simple bent pipe that
Earth transmit and receive [50 70] % does not alter or recover data from the transmission from the
antenna efficiency uplink. The noise on the uplink will be transferred directly to
Earth transmit and receive [2.5 4.5] m
the downlink and added to the downlink noise. So, the last
antenna diameter step in link budgeting for this repeater is to combine the two
link performances. The total budget link (C/N0)Total is 91.767
using GSA algorithm which is the best value regarding the
results given by [13]. We note that the values of (C/N0)Total
The set data used in the simulation was based on Telstar V
(Fig.8) depend also mainly on the design variables (Fig.9 to
communication satellite and the receiving earth station in Los
Fig.16). Table III give the comparison results.
Angeles [13]. The capacity optimization is an extremely
important point in the development of satellite
communications systems. In the space sector, the figure of
merit or the G / T is the primary criterion for measuring the
performance of a station. More G / T is higher the better the
station. The Fig5, Fig6 and Fig8, represents the evolution of
link budget parameters of the generic communication satellite
using the GSA algorithm.
 TABLE III COMPARISON BETWEEN REEL AND SIMULATED VALUE.

C/No Telstar V [13] GSA

C/NoUplink (dB) 105.7 110.20

C/NoDownlink(dB) 85.4 92.08

Fig.9: Uplink frequency convergence
G/Tdown (dB/k) 18.2 22.37

C/No Total (dB) 84.5 91.767

Fig.10: Earth station power transmitter convergence.

Fig.11: Earth station antenna transmitter efficiency convergence. .

Fig.5: C/N0 uplink convergence.

Fig.12: Earth station antenna transmitter diameter convergence.

Fig.6: C/N0 downlink convergence. Fig.13: Downlink frequency convergence.

Fig.14: Power satellite transmitter convergence

Fig.7: G/T downlink convergence.

Fig.15: Earth station antenna receiver efficiency convergence.

Fig.16: Earth station antenna receiver diameter convergence.

Fig.8: C/N0 Total convergence.

 VI. CONCLUSION
In this study, an optimization methodology for a link budget
optimal parameters design was presented. The gravitational
search algorithm (GSA) was adopted as search algorithm. The
results illustrate the efficiency of this algorithm.
The results, convergence rate and reliability of the
algorithm are quiet promising and show that the GSA
performs very well and in all the distinguished advantage of
the technique is significant gain in the speed of convergence.
A number of factors have to be taken into consideration in
the design of a robust satellite link. We have presented the
most important of these factors and examined how they are
interrelated in comparison with satellite link design in order to
have optimal service availability.
The transmitted and received power of the link between the
satellite and earth stations must be accounted for, losses due to
the link and communication equipment must be taken into
consideration etc. The link ratios, which include carrier to
noise is good indicator of the feasibility of the system design.
The system availability is another factor of high interest, and
must therefore be taken into account.
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