ENGLISH LANGUAGE

AERONAUTICAL ENGLISH
 AERONAUTICAL ENGLISH

VOCABULARY
AERONAUTICAL ENGLISH
Accomplish verb (in formal technical texts) to do something _ Feathering is
accomplished by moving the pilot’s control lever. _ Retraction of the undercarriage is
accomplished by electrical power.
Access panel noun. A part of the aircraft skin which can be easily removed so internal
components can be inspected.
Accordance noun _ in accordance with: in agreement with or following something such
as rules, instructions or laws _ Fuels must be used in accordance with instructions.
Accurate adjective. Correct _ Skill in accurate flying can only be achieved by practice. _
accurate results: results which are exactly correct 2. precise _ This watch is very
accurate.
Accumulator noun. A device for storing energy in hydraulic systems _ An accumulator is
fitted to store hydraulic fluid.
Actuator noun A device which changes electrical or hydraulic energy into mechanical
motion _ The actuator control is sensitive to engine rpm.
Adapter noun. A piece of equipment or device which allows a change or modification.
Aerial noun. A device to send or receive radio or TV signals _ Ice-covering reduces the
effectiveness of aerials. (NOTE: The US English word with this meaning is antenna.)
Aero-engine noun. An engine used in aircraft _ Most piston aero-engines are cooled by
air.
Afterburner noun A system that injects fuel into the hot exhaust gases of a jet engine in
order to increase thrust
Aft adjective Towards the rear part of the aircraft _ The rear part of the fuselage is called
the aft section. _ aft cabin: the passenger compartment at the back of the aircraft _
adverb rearwards or backwards _ to move the control column aft: to move the control
column backwards. Opposite: fore, forward.
Aircraft configuration noun A particular combination of moveable parts such as flaps
and landing gear that affects the aerodynamics of the aircraft.
Air intake noun. The front part of a jet engine where air enters.
Align verb. To position along an axis or line _ The nose wheel must be aligned in a fore
and aft direction during retraction.
Alter verb. To change, modify or adjust. The rudder linkage was altered to comply with
certification requirements.

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Anticlockwise adjective. Adverb referring to a circular movement in the opposite

direction to the hands of a clock _ Turn the nut anticlockwise to loosen it. Opposite
clockwise.
Anomaly noun. Something unusual, unexpected or otherwise not within the normal
order or range _ Any anomalies in the localiser will be detected during calibration.
Anti-icing adjective. Preventing icing _ anti-icing additive.
Anti-skid adjective. Designed to prevent skidding.
Array noun. An arrangement of antennas _ The localiser antenna array is very wide.
Assembly noun 1. Something that is made up of smaller parts 2. The act of putting parts
together to make a whole _ Final assembly of the A320 takes place in France.
Auxiliary power unit noun. A small jet engine used to generate electrical power for air-
conditioning, etc., when the aircraft is parked on the ground. Abbreviation APU.
Avionics noun. Electronic communication, navigation, and flight-control equipment of
an aircraft _ The trainee engineer is doing an avionics course.
Axis noun. An imaginary line around which a body rotates _ The Earth rotates around its
own axis.
Axle noun. A shaft on which a wheel is mounted _ Unequal tyre-pressures, where two
wheels are mounted on the same axle, will result in one tyre carrying a greater share of
the load than the other.

Backup adjective, noun. A second or third system, instrument or computer disk available
to be used if the first one fails _ The backup system or the backup failed as well. _ Backup
generators are driven by the engine.
Bay noun 1. A space or area in the structure of an aeroplane where equipment can be
located _ To avoid damage to the wheel bay, the nose wheel must be aligned in a fore
and aft direction during retraction. 2. A part of the coast that curves inwards _ the Bay
of Bengal.
Belt-driven adjective (of a wheel) moved by a belt linked to another wheel which, in
turn, is moved by a motor or an engine _ Aircraft generators are belt-driven or shaft-
driven.
Bimetallic strip noun. A strip made of two separate metals with different rates of
expansion, joined together side by side so that when the strip is heated, it bends and
makes, or breaks, electrical contact _ Circuit breakers use a bimetallic strip as the sensing
element.

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Bleed air noun. Compressed air from the engine compressor used for cabin
pressurisation or to drive other services _ Bleed air from the right engine can power
items normally powered by the left engine.
Bolt noun 1. A metal rod with a head, which screws into a nut _ The two halves of the
wheel are held together by bolts. 2. _ bolt of lightning: one electrical discharge of
lightning _ verb to attach with a bolt _ Aircraft wheels are constructed in two halves
which are bolted together.
Boost noun. An increase or improvement _ The improvement in a country’s economy
often gives a boost to the airline industry. _ verb 1. To make or to help something
increase _ An oil pump boosts engine oil pressure. 2. To increase _ The instructor’s
comments boosted the student pilot’s confidence.
Bowser noun. A mobile fuel tank for refuelling aircraft _ It is important to prevent the
possibility of an electric spark by earthing the aircraft and the bowser.
Brittle adjective. Having a tendency to break easily, like thin glass _ Absorption of oxygen
and nitrogen from the air at temperatures above 1,000° F makes titanium brittle.
Bulb noun 1. A glass ball inside a lamp that gives electric light _ If a lamp does not work,
the bulb may need replacing. 2. Something shaped like a lamp bulb _ The most common
type of hygrometer is the wet and dry bulb thermometer arrangement.
Bulkhead noun. A dividing partition across the structure of the fuselage separating one
compartment from another for reasons of safety or strength _ A fireproof bulkhead is
provided to separate the cool area of the engine from the hot area.

Centre of gravity noun. The point at which a body can be balanced _ Distribution of the
tanks and the fuel in the tanks is vital in maintaining the aircraft centre of gravity and
trim. Abbreviation CG.
Certificate of airworthiness noun. A document issued by an aviation authority stating
that an aircraft meets specific safety and performance requirements that allow it to be
used in service _ An authorised person may require production of the Certificate of
Airworthiness.
Checklist noun. A list of items, often in booklet form, to be checked in a given sequence
_ Before every flight, the pilot should perform pre-flight checks using a checklist.
Choke noun. A valve in a carburettor, which controls the amount of air combining with
fuel _ verb 1. To block a tube, etc., making a liquid unable to move _ a choked nozzle: a
blocked or partly-blocked nozzle 2. To stop breathing because you have inhaled water
or smoke.

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Clog verb. To prevent movement of fluid through a pipe, etc., because of a build-up of
solid matter _ Most filters allow unfiltered fluid to pass to the system when the filter
becomes clogged.
Combustion chamber noun. The part of the cylinder in a piston engine where the
ignition of the fuel/air mixture takes place.
Contact breaker noun. A mechanically operated switch which is timed to break the
primary circuit when maximum current is flowing.
Cowling noun. A covering usually made up of hinged or removable panels _ Access to
the engine compartment is normally via hinged cowling panels.

ENGINE
COWLING

Detach verb. To remove a part from something, or to be removed _ A fuselage panel

became detached and had to be replaced.
Device noun. An object, especially mechanical or electrical, which has been made for a
particular purpose _ A capacitor is a device with the ability to temporarily store an
electric charge.
Diagram noun. An often simplified drawing showing the structure or workings of
something _ The diagram shows a simple open-circuit system.
Dismantle verb. To take apart into single components _ One type of inspection is able
to reveal fatigue cracks, corrosion, internal damage, the presence of loose articles and
mercury spillage without the need to dismantle the aircraft.
Drop noun 1. A small amount of liquid that falls _ a drop of water _ a few drops of rain
2. A sudden lowering _ The passage of a cold front is usually followed by a drop in
temperature.
Duct noun. A channel or tube through which fluids or cables can pass _ The modern jet
engine is basically a duct into which the necessary parts are fitted.

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Ear defenders plural noun. Acoustic ear muffs.

Edge noun. A line of intersection or joining of two surfaces.
Ejection seat, ejector seat noun. An emergency escape seat in military aircraft which is
fired out of the aircraft while the crew-member is still in it
Electrolyte noun. A chemical compound that becomes conductive when dissolved or
molten _ The electrolyte in a lead-acid battery consists of sulphuric acid diluted with
distilled water.
Enclose verb. To surround on all sides _ The housing encloses the various mechanical
parts.
Engine intake noun. The front part of the engine where air enters the engine.
Ensure verb. To make certain, to make sure _ The generator cut-out ensures that the
battery cannot discharge.
Equipment noun. Devices, systems, machines, etc., that are needed for a particular
purpose.
(NOTE: Equipment has no plural form; for one item say: a piece of equipment.)
Escape hatch noun A small doorway only used in emergencies.
Exceed verb. To be greater than _ Vertical velocity of updraughts can exceed 50 kt.
Exhaust 1. The escape or release of vaporous waste material from an engine 2. A pipe
through which waste gases pass out of the engine _ The exhaust valve opens to allow
for the exit of exhaust gases. _ verb to consume or use up all of something _ Supplies of
fuel are exhausted. (NOTE: To run out: is less formal.)
Extinguisher noun A portable mechanical device for spraying and putting out a fire with
chemicals _ Hand-operated fire extinguishers are provided to combat any outbreaks of
fire in the flight crew compartment and passengers’ cabins.

Fabric noun. Material or cloth produced especially by knitting or weaving _ A breathing

mask has a fabric carrying bag.
Fail verb 1. To stop working properly _ the brakes failed: the brakes did not work _ the
wing failed during a high-speed turn: the wing broke during a high-speed turn 2. To
receive an academic grade below the acceptable minimum in an examination or a course
of study _ the trainee failed his navigation examination: the trainee did not pass her
navigation exam.

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Failure noun. A stoppage or a breakdown _ bearing failure _ Engine failure is sometimes

accompanied by fire.
Fan noun. A circular device with rotating blades, powered by an engine or motor, for
moving a gas such as air _The compressor has large rotating fan blades and stator blades.
Fatigue noun 1. Physical or mental tiredness resulting from exertion _ Pilot fatigue was
a contributing factor in the accident. 2. The weakening or failure of a material such as
metal, resulting from stress _ Fan blades must be resistant to fatigue and thermal shock.
Feather verb _ to feather a propeller: to turn the blades of a stopped propeller edge on
to the airflow in order to reduce drag or wind resistance _ The feathered position not
only reduces drag, but also minimises engine rotation, thus preventing any additional
damage to the engine.
Feedback noun 1. The return of part of the output of a process or system to the input,
especially when used to maintain performance or to control a system _ The LC ensures
that a feedback signal of the monitored output frequency is sent back to the CSDU. 2. A
feedback mechanism.
Flaw noun. An imperfection in a material, often hidden, that may be an indication of
future structural failure.
Frame noun 1. A structure that gives shape or support _ Early aircraft fuselages were
made of a frame covered by a fabric. 2. An open structure for holding, or bordering _ a
door or window Frame.

Hinge noun. A device which allows a door, flap or lid to open and close on a stationary
frame _ Flying control hinges should be inspected before flight.

Hose noun. A long, flexible pipe usually made of fabric, plastic or rubber for pumping
gases or liquids _ refueling hose: a flexible pipe used to pump fuel from the bowser to
the aircraft.

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Idle noun. The state of an engine when it is running but not delivering power to move
the vehicle or aircraft _ verb to turn over slowly without providing enough power to
move the vehicle or aircraft _ After starting a piston engine from cold, it is good practice
to allow it to idle for a short time before opening the throttle wide.
Ingest verb. To take in, or to absorb into, something such as a jet engine through the
intake _ Jet engines may be damaged by ingested chunks of ice.
Insulate verb 1. To prevent the passing of heat, cold or sound into or out of an area 2.
To prevent the passing of electricity to where it is not required, especially by using a
non-conducting material _ Bus bars are insulated from the main structure and are
normally provided with some form of protective covering.
Intake noun. An opening through which a fluid is allowed into a container or tube.
Intend verb. To have a particular plan, aim or purpose _ A battery is intended to supply
only limited amounts of power.
Isolate verb. To separate something from other things or somebody from other people
_ The low-pressure fuel cock isolates the airframe fuel system from the engine fuel
system to enable maintenance and engine removals to be carried out.

Jack noun. A powered device to move heavy components, such as control surfaces of
large aircraft.
Jam verb. To cause moving parts to become locked and unable to be moved _ a jammed
door: a door which has become fixed and unmovable _ The investigation revealed that
the accident had been caused by the controls being jammed due to a spanner caught in
the control cables.
J.A.T.O. noun. An auxiliary jet or rocket designed to aid the combined thrust of aircraft
jet engines during take-off.
Jettison verb. To throw off or release from a moving aircraft _ The undercarriage failed
to retract and the captain had to jettison the fuel over the sea before landing the aircraft.
Join verb 1. To connect _ Join the two wires. _ With a pencil and ruler, join point A to
point B. 2. To bring together to make one whole part _ Wing panels are joined by rivets.
Joint noun. The place at which two or more things are joined together _ Fuselage frame
rings are formed with only one joint. _ adjective combined, with two or more things
linked together or shared by two or more people _ a joint effort.
Junction noun. A place where two things meet _ the junction of two wires.

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JUNCTION BOXES

Junction box noun. Electrical unit where a number of wires can be connected together.

Kerosene, kerosine noun. A thin fuel oil made from petroleum _Kerosene will only burn
efficiently at, or close to, a ratio of 15:1.
Knot noun. A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, approximately 1.85
kilometres or 1.15 statute miles per hour. Abbreviation kt (NOTE: Wind speeds in
aviation are usually given in knots.) COMMENT: American light aircraft manufactured
prior to 1976 had airspeed indicators marked in statute miles per hour. Knot means
‘nautical miles per hour’. It is therefore incorrect to say ‘knots per hour’.

Label noun. A small piece of paper or cloth attached to an article with details of its
owner, contents, use, destination, etc. _ Hydraulic tubing has a label with the word
HYDRAULIC. _ verb 1. To identify by using a label _ Parts are labelled with the
manufacturer’s name. 2. To add identifying words and numbers to a diagram _ There is
a standard way of labelling the navigation vector.
Lack noun. The absence of something or a need for something _ The engine stopped
because of a lack of fuel.
Lag noun. A delay, especially the time interval between an input and the resultant
output _ There is a time lag between the piston moving down and the mixture flowing
into the cylinder.
Layout noun. The way in which things are arranged _ cockpit layout: the design of the
cockpit and the particular placement of controls, instruments, etc.

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Lead noun. A very heavy soft metallic element. Symbol Pb _ leadfree: not containing
lead _ Low-lead or lead-free fuel is used in most modern piston engines.
Lead noun 1. An electrical wire or narrow cable _ A lead connects the monitor to the
computer. 2. _ to take the lead to take control of a situation _ It is vital in any emergency
situation that a crew member should take the lead. _ verb 1. to guide or show the way
by going first _ In an emergency situation the aircraft commander may lead his
passengers to safety
Leak noun. The escape of liquid or gas from a sealed container, or the amount of liquid
or gas that has escaped _ Any failure of the aircraft structure may cause a leak of
pressurised air which might be very difficult to cure.

Leakage noun. The escape of liquid or gas from a sealed container _ Any internal or
external leakage of fuel will cause a reduction in the operating period. (NOTE: Leak is
normally used for an individual instance while leakage is used more generally: There is
a fuel leak from the central tank; Fuel leakage is a safety hazard.)
Lock noun. A device operated by a key for securing a door, etc. _ verb 1. To secure a
door by turning a key in the lock _ Lock the door before leaving the building. 2. To be in
or to move into a secure position 3. to block or prevent moving _ Anti-skid braking
systems units are designed to prevent the brakes locking the wheels during landing.
Longeron noun. The main structural part of an aircraft fuselage extending from nose to
tail _ Longerons are normally used in aircraft which require longitudinal strength for
holds underneath the floor.

Maintenance noun. A regular periodic inspection, overhaul, repair and replacement of

parts of an aircraft and/or engine _ The gas turbine is a very simple engine with few
moving parts when compared with a piston engine, giving it a high reliability factor with
less maintenance.
Malfunction noun. A failure to work or to function correctly _ The oil pressure and
temperature of the CSDU can be monitored by the pilot and if a malfunction occurs, the
pilot can then choose to disconnect the CSDU from the engine. _ verb. To function

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incorrectly or fail to function _ Oscillating outputs from the alternators could cause
sensitive equipment to malfunction.
Marshal verb. To direct aircraft into their parking positions on the apron by means of
hand signals _ After taxiing, a marshaller marshals the aircraft to the disembarkation
and unloading point.
Marshaller noun. A member of ground staff whose job is to direct aircraft into parking
positions by means of hand signals ‘…when under a marshaller’s control, reduce speed
to a walking pace’ [Civil Aviation Authority, General Aviation Safety Sense Leaflet].
Mechanical adjective. Referring to machines_Activation may be electrical or
mechanical.
mechanical pump A pump operated by the engine rather than by electrical power
mechanical advantage noun. The ratio of the output force produced by a machine to
the input force.
mechanical linkage noun. A system of rods, cables and levers in a light aircraft, which
connect the control column in the cockpit to the control surfaces on the wings, tailplane
and fin.
mechanism noun 1. The arrangement of connected parts in a machine or system _ the
landing gear mechanism _ the nose wheel steering mechanism 2. a physical process _
the mechanism by which thunderstorms develop.
Melt verb. To become liquid by heating _ Ice melts at temperatures above freezing. _
melting point: temperature at which a solid turns to liquid _ Magnesium has a melting
point of 1204°F.

Micro-switch noun. A miniature switch used to govern systems automatically _

Operation of an aircraft may also be seriously affected by the freezing of moisture in
controls, hinges and micro-switches. (NOTE: The plural form is micro-switches.)
Moist adjective. A little wet, damp or humid _ Warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico
can extend into Canada.
Moisture noun. Water or other liquid _ When the air passing through the carburettor is
reduced below 0°C (Celsius), any moisture in the air changes into ice.
Mount verb. To fix to a support _ A propeller consists of a number of separate blades
mounted in a hub.

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Nacelle noun. A streamlined housing for an engine _ The ram air intake is located in a
wing leading edge or an engine nacelle fairing.
Needle noun. A thin metal pointer in an instrument _ The needle indicated to zero.
Nozzle noun. A projecting part with an opening at the end of a pipe, for regulating and
directing a flow of fluid _ The nozzle of a portable fire extinguisher should be pointed at
the base of the fire.
Nut noun. A metal ring which screws on a bolt to hold it tight _ Turn the nut
anticlockwise to loosen it.

Operate verb 1. To control the working of _ The control column operates the ailerons
and elevators. _ The flaps are operated by a switch. 2. To use or manage _ The airline
operates a fleet of Boeing aircraft. 3. To perform or function _ Jet transports operate at
high altitudes.
Operational adjective 1. working or functioning _ Air traffic control facilities were not
operational at the time of the accident. _ The operational life of the aircraft: the
expected working life of an aircraft 2. Ready for use, referring to an aircraft in a suitable
condition to fly _ An operational aircraft: an aircraft that can be used for its assigned
purpose.
Overhaul verb. To take apart and examine carefully in order to repair and clean, etc. _
To overhaul the system will take a couple of days.
Override verb. To take over control of the operation of an automatic device or system _
A circuit-protective device must not be of a type which can be overridden manually.
(NOTE: overriding – overrode – overridden).

Phase noun 1. A stage or part _ An emergency situation may occur during any phase of
the flight. 2. The relationship between voltage and current _ The CSDU (constant speed
drive unit) drive shaft turns the permanent magnet generator and single phase (AC)
(alternating current) is induced in the winding on the stator.
Pipeline noun. A long hollow cylinder or tube to convey a fluid such as oil or natural gas
_ The incompressibility of liquids enables force to be transmitted long distances through
pipelines.

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PIPELINES

Port. The left-hand side of an aircraft when facing forwards when inside the aircraft _
Unless an aircraft is flying in the same or exactly opposite direction to the wind, it will
experience either port or starboard drift. Opposite: starboard.
Pre-flight adjective. Taking place before a flight _ Pre-flight briefing: a short
instructional talk before a flight _ Pre-flight checks: checks made on the aircraft
structure and systems before taking off _ During pre-flight checks, control surfaces
should be moved by hand to ascertain that they have full and free movement.
Probe noun. A metal sensing device _ Ice is allowed to accumulate on a probe which
projects into the airstream.

Radome noun. A dome that protects a radar antenna, made from materials that do not
interfere with the transmission and reception of radio waves.
Rate noun. A quantity measured in relation to another measured quantity _ rate of
climb: speed of ascent measured in feet per minute _ rate of descent: speed of descent
measured in feet per minute _ flow rate the amount of movement of a fluid through a
system in a given time, e.g. gallons per minute.
Relay noun. A device which responds to a small current or voltage change by activating
switches or other devices in an electric circuit _ Thermocouple detectors operate a
sensitive relay or electronic circuit when a predetermined temperature is exceeded.
Removal noun. The act of taking something away, or of moving something from the
position it occupies _ The repair to the aircraft required the removal of the engine.

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Remove verb. To take something away or move it from the position it occupies _ Filters
are fitted in lines in a hydraulic system, in order to remove foreign particles from the
fluid.
Rib noun. One of many cross pieces of the airframe that provide an aircraft wing with
shape and strength _ Additional strength is required for the rib sections which are placed
in the area of the undercarriage mountings, flaps and power plant attachment point.
Rivet noun. A type of metal bolt or pin with a head on one end, inserted through one of
the aligned holes in the parts to be joined and then compressed on the plain end to form
a second head _ Tensile or compressive loading makes the joined materials tend to slide
and break the rivet or bolt.

Satisfy verb. To meet a particular prescribed standard _ Shell Avgas 100LL satisfies
British specification.
Screw noun. A type of threaded connector used to fix things together by rotating it.
Screw jack screwjack noun. A lifting device working with rotary input _ Pitch trim is
achieved by lowering or raising the tailplane leading edge with a screw jack powered by
two hydraulic motors.
Seal noun. A device that joins two parts and prevents leakage _ An oil seal reduces the
clearance between the rotating and static members.
Service bay noun. A space in the structure of an aeroplane where equipment can be
located for maintenance or repairs _ In most modern aircraft a number of the major
components are grouped together in a hydraulic service bay which is easily accessible
for routine servicing operations.
Servicing noun. The action of carrying out maintenance and repairs _ Accessibility of
components and equipment during servicing enables work to be done more quickly.
Shaft noun. A long, generally cylindrical bar, especially one that rotates and transmits
power _ engine drive shaft _ propeller shaft.
Shock absorber noun. Device to minimise the shock to the main structure of the aircraft
when it lands.
Skin noun. The outer layer of a body, or the outer layer of an aircraft _ The aircraft skin
is riveted to stringers and frames.
Spill noun. The running out of a liquid from a container, especially when it is
unintentional _ an oil spill _ a fuel spill _ Verb: to cause liquid to run out of a container,
usually unintentionally _ if fuel is spilt, it creates a fire hazard.

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Spring noun. A metal device which, when under tension, tries to resume its previous
position _ The pitch lock piston is held in the forward position by a spring.
Steel noun. A metal alloy of iron, carbon and other compounds _ stainless steel: steel
containing chromium and nickel that is highly resistant to corrosion _ Tubing in parts of
the system containing fluid at high pressure are usually made from stainless steel.
Spar noun. The main longitudinal beam of an aircraft wing _ Designing a wing skin, a rib
or a spar as a single big item rather than assembling it from many smaller components
minimizes the number of structural parts.

Stringer noun. A thin metal or wood strip which goes from one end of the fuselage to
the other _ Stringers are made of a light alloy material.

Strut noun. A bar or rod used to strengthen a structure against forces from the side _ A
strut is designed to withstand compressive loads.

Taper verb. To reduce in thickness towards one end _ Fuel flowing from the float
chamber passes through a jet, in which is positioned a tapered needle valve.
Tapered wing noun. A wing which becomes narrower in width from root to tip.

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Thermocouple noun. A device for measuring temperature _ Variation in temperature of

the cooling air will give some indication of engine trouble through a thermocouple
system to a temperature gauge.
Thrust noun. A force produced by a propeller, jet or rocket _ A propeller is a means of
converting engine power into a propulsive force known as thrust. _ In order for the
aircraft to increase speed, thrust must overcome drag.
Throttle noun 1. A throttle lever 2. A throttle valve _ verb _ to throttle back: to reduce
engine power _ Throttle back to increase the rate of descent.
COMMENT: The verbs ‘open’ or ‘advance’ (= to increase engine power) and ‘close’ or
‘throttle back’ (= to decrease engine power) are frequently used by instructors to explain
the required movement of the throttle lever in the cockpit.
Tool kit noun. A set of tools consisting of spanners, screwdrivers, pliers, etc.
Torque noun. A moment of forces causing rotation _ Torque forces try to bend the
propeller against the direction of rotation.
Tow verb. To pull an aircraft or vehicle using a bar, rope, etc. attached to another aircraft
or vehicle _ The glider was towed into the air by a Rollason Condor.
Tread noun. A series of patterns moulded into the surface of a tyre to provide grip _ The
risk of aquaplaning increases as the depth of tyre tread is reduced.
Tyre pressure noun. The air pressure in a tyre _ maximum allowable tyre pressure.

Unserviceable adjective not operative _ The aircraft cannot be flown because the
radio is unserviceable. (NOTE: It is often abbreviated in spoken English as U (you) S
(ess).)

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Vacuum noun. A space completely empty of everything including air _ If the fuel tank
vent pipe is blocked, a vacuum will form in the tank and fuel flow to the engine will be
restricted.
Valve noun. A mechanical device for controlling the flow of a fluid.
Vapour noun. The gaseous form of a liquid _ Over desert areas, the lack of water vapour
in the atmosphere produces cold nights. (NOTE: It is also written vapor in US English.)
Vent noun. A hole serving as an inlet or outlet for a fluid, usually a gas such as air _

Waste noun. Something which can no longer be used.

Water-tight adjective. That does not leak water or other fluid.
Wear noun. Damage or loss of quality by use _ Mishandling of aeroengines during
operation can cause considerable damage and wear which can shorten the life of the
engine. _ verb 1. To become damaged or to lose quality because of use _ The more the
brakes are used, the more they wear. 2. To have on the body _ The nature of modern
jet transport does not require the pilot to wear an oxygen mask.
Wheel bay noun. A space in the fuselage or wing structure in which the wheel is housed
after retraction _ To avoid damage to the wheel bay, the nose wheel must be aligned in
a fore and aft direction during retraction.
Winglet noun. An upturned wing tip or small additional vertical aerofoil on a wing tip _
The attachment of winglets improved the handling characteristics of the aeroplane.

Wing tip noun. The outermost part of the wing.

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READING SKILL
Exercise 1. Read and answer the questions.

Why are human conditions, such as fatigue, complacency and stress so important
in aviation maintenance? These conditions, along with many others, are called
human factors. Human factors directly cause or contribute to many aviation
accidents. It is universally agreed that 80 percent of maintenance errors involve
human factors. If they are not detected, they can cause events, worker injuries,
wasted time and even accidents.

Aviation safety relies heavily on

maintenance. When it is not done
correctly, it contributes to a
significant proportion of aviation
accidents and incidents. Some
examples of maintenance errors are
parts installed incorrectly, missing
parts, and necessary checks not
being performed. In comparison to
many other threats to aviation
safety, the mistakes of an aviation
maintenance technician (AMT) can
be more difficult to detect. Often
times, these mistakes are present
but not visible and have the potential to remain latent, affecting the safe operation
of aircraft for longer periods of time.

AMTs are confronted with a set of human factors unique within aviation. Often
times, they are working in the evening or early morning hours, in confined spaces,
on platforms that are up high, and in a variety of adverse temperature/humidity
conditions. The work can be physically strenuous, yet it also requires attention to
detail. Because of the nature of the maintenance tasks, AMTs commonly spend
more time preparing for a task than actually carrying it out. Proper documentation
of all maintenance work is a key element, and AMTs typically spend as much time
updating maintenance logs as they do performing the work.

Human factors awareness can lead to improved quality, an environment that

ensures continuing worker and aircraft safety, and a more involved and
responsible work force. More specifically, the reduction of even minor errors can
provide measurable benefits including cost reductions, fewer missed deadlines,
reduction in work related injuries, reduction of warranty claims, and reduction in
more significant events that can be traced back to maintenance error.

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1. What human condition is not mentioned as important in Aircraft maintenance?

a) Fatigue.
b) Complacency.
c) Illness.
d) Stress.

2. What directly causes or contributes to many aviation accidents?

a) Human conditions
b) Aviation maintenance.
c) Maintenance factors.
d) Human factors.

3. What contributes to a significant proportion of aviation accidents and incidents?

a) Aviation maintenance.
b) Aviation safety.
c) Human factors.
d) Inaccurate maintenance.

4. Which one is not stated as an example of maintenance error?

a) Parts uninstalled incorrectly.

b) Missing parts.
c) Necessary checks not being performed.
d) Incorrect installation of parts.

5. An AMT mistake can…

a) Be visible but not present.

b) Be more difficult to perform.
c) Affect the safe operation of aircraft forever.
d) Remain hidden.

6. The set of human factors that AMTs face are…

a) Particular to aviation.
b) Only confronted during long term maintenance.
c) Unique within Air traffic controllers.
d) Faced with gallantry.

7. What condition is not mentioned as a difficulty AMTs have to deal with?

a) Working in the evening or early morning hours.

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b) Adverse temperature/humidity conditions.

c) Working in cramped spaces.
d) Working on platforms that are not up high.

8. Aircraft maintenance requires…

a) Also, a jet.
b) Physical strength.
c) A lot of time to get used to it.
d) Attention to retail.

9. What takes AMTs a lot of time?

a) Piling logs.
b) Performing the work.
c) The arrangements for the work.
d) Maintenance taxes.

10. How can work related injuries be reduced?

a) Increasing the number of missed deadlines.

b) Reducing even the most insignificant errors.
c) Increasing work force.
d) Reducing measurable benefits.

Exercise 2. Here you have some examples of Common Maintenance

Errors. Try to match them with the incidents related below.
1. Incorrect installation of components.
2. Fitting of wrong parts.
3. Electrical wiring discrepancies to include crossing connections.
4. Forgotten tools and parts.
5. Failure to lubricate.
6. Failure to secure access panels, fairings, or cowlings.
7. Fuel or oil caps and fuel panels not secured.
8. Failure to remove lock pins.
9. Lack of knowledge.
10. Use of improper technical manual, errata or misunderstanding of
information.

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Exercise 3. Read and answer the questions.

Air Oil Coolers

Two basic types of oil coolers in general use are the air-cooled and the fuel-cooled. Air
oil coolers are used in the lubricating systems of some turbine engines to reduce the
temperature of the oil to a degree suitable for recirculation through the system. The air-
cooled oil cooler is normally installed at the forward end of the engine. It is similar in
construction and operation to the air-cooled cooler used on reciprocating engines.

An oil cooler is usually included in a dry- sump oil system. [Figure 1] This cooler may be
air-cooled or fuel-cooled and many engines use both. Dry-sump lubrication systems
require coolers for several reasons. First, air cooling of bearings by using compressor
bleed-air is not sufficient to cool the turbine bearing cavities because of the heat present
in area of the turbine bearings. Second, the large turbofan engines normally require a
greater number of bearings, which means that more heat is transferred to the oil.
Consequently, the oil coolers are the only means of dissipating the oil heat.

FIGURE 1. AIR COOLER

Fuel Oil Coolers

The fuel-cooled oil cooler acts as a fuel oil heat exchanger in that the fuel cools the hot
oil and the oil heats the fuel for combustion. [Figure -2] Fuel flowing to the engine must
pass through the heat exchanger: however, there is a thermostatic valve that controls
the oil flow, and the oil may bypass the cooler if no cooling is needed. The fuel/oil heat
exchanger consists of a series of joined tubes with an inlet and outlet port. The oil enters
the inlet port, moves around the fuel tubes, and goes out the oil outlet port.

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FIGURE 2. FUEL OIL HEAT EXCHANGER COOLER.
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1. Which are the two basic types of oil coolers?

a) The air-cooled and the oil-cooled.

b) The oil-cooled and the fuel-cooled.
c) The air-cooled and the fuel-cooled.
d) The aid-cooled and the fuel-cooled.

2. Air oil coolers are used…

a) To lubricate engines.
b) To reduce the temperature of the oil.
c) To reduce the degree of recirculation.
d) To increase the air temperature.

3. The air-cooled oil cooler is similar in construction and operation to…

a) A reciprocating engine.
b) A turbo fan engine.
c) The forward end of the engine.
d) The air-cooled cooler of a piston engine.

4. Many engines use…

a) Both air-cooled and fuel-cooled coolers.

b) Oil-fuel and the fuel-oil coolers.
c) Both air-cooled and the oil-cooled coolers.
d) Aid-cooled and the fuel-cooled coolers.

5. Why do dry-sump lubrication systems require coolers?

a) Because they are cool.

b) Because compressor bleed-air is able to cool the turbine bearing cavities.
c) Because the amount of heat created in the turbine bearings can´t be dissipated
with air from compressor bleed.
d) Because turbo fan engines are usually very big and with a lot of bearings.

6. In a fuel-cooled oil cooler…

a) The hot fuel cools the oil and the oil heats the fuel.
b) Heat is exchanged between fuel and air.
c) The fuel cools the oil and the oil heats the fuel.
d) Heat is exchanged between oil and the air cooler.

7. When does the oil bypass the cooler?

a) When the air-cooler thermostatic valve is closed.

b) When cooling is needed.

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c) When the air-cooler thermostatic valve is open.

d) When no cooling is needed.

8. In fuel/oil heat exchanger…

a) The oil enters the inlet port, moves around the oil tubes, and goes out the oil
outlet port.
b) The oil enters the inlet port, moves around the fuel tubes, and goes out the oil
outlet port.
c) The fuel enters the inlet port, moves around the oil tubes, and goes out the oil
outlet port.
d) The oil enters the outlet port, moves around the fuel tubes, and goes out the oil
inlet port.

Exercise 4.

VMC: Visual Meteorological Conditions.

Swerve: to make a sudden sideways movement while moving forwards, usually
in order to avoid hitting something.

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LISTENING SKILL

Audio 1. Exercise 1. Listen to the conversation and answer the questions.

1. What is the call sign of the aircraft?

a) MacAir 2174.
b) MacAir 174.
c) MacAir 247.
d) MacAir 274.

2. They are cleared to descend to:

a) FL 280.
b) FL 116.
c) FL 218.
d) FL 160.

3. What was the first indication of trouble?

a) The altitude display stopped working.

b) The autopilot stopped working.
c) The displays stopped working.
d) The radio stopped working.

4. When trying to report to the TWR about the problem they realized that…

a) There was nobody in the TWR.

b) The ATC was on his break.
c) Communications equipment wasn’t operative.
d) They were standing by.

5. What do they decide to do to solve the problem?

a) Go to the checkpoint.
b) Re-start the system.
c) Re-book the flight.
d) Grab their flashlights.

6. How do they reset the equipment?

a) Setting the main switch to “maybe”.

b) Setting essential power to “standby”.

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c) Setting the main switch to “scare”.

d) Setting essential powder to “standby”.

Audio 2. Exercise 2. Listen to the conversation between a pilot and an ATC

and answer the questions.

1) What is the call sign of the aircraft?

a) McAir 3619.
b) McAir 369.
c) McAir 269.
d) McAir 609.

2) What problem are they having?

a) A gyroscope failure.
b) The hydraulic pressure is low.
c) They can´t turn the lights on.
d) They can´t declare an emergency.

3) They will declare an emergency if…

a) The ATC wants to be informed about the hydraulic drops.
b) They can´t get any further.
c) They run out of fuel.

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d) The pressure diminishes.

4) Which runway is available at Glenholm?

a) 20L.
b) 22L.
c) 32L.
d) 22F.

5) What flight level are they requested to descend to?

a) FL 201.
b) FL 120.
c) FL 220.
d) FL 210.

6) They are having problems controlling roll, pitch and yaw and the main control
surfaces…
a) Are transponding well.
b) Aren't responding to the steering wheel.
c) Are responding well.
d) Aren't responding well.

7) Are they able to make turns?

a) Only to the left.
b) Only by using the nozzle.
c) Only to the right.
d) Only by using the throttles.

8) What is the new heading after turning left?

a) 15º 195.
b) 195.
c) 195º 15.
d) 15.

9) What QNH does the ATC declare?

a) 1021.
b) 1201.
c) 2012.
d) 2021.

10) What heading are they indicated to take?

a) 120.

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b) 212.
c) 210.
d) 201.

Audio 3. Exercise 3. Listen to the conversation between a pilot and an ATC

and answer the questions.

1. Kite 63 is cleared to…

a) Descend to FL 1000.
b) Descend to FL 100.
c) Ascend to FL 100.
d) Ascend to FL 1000.

2. What problem are they having?

a) They had a sudden decompression.

b) They have a strong depression.
c) They suffered a rapid recompression.
d) They have a listening comprehension.

3. Does the ATC have any problem receiving the message?

a) Yes, there is cloud background noise.

b) No, the communications are breaking up.
c) Yes, there is loud background noise.
d) No, there is loud background noise.

4. What does Kite 63 request?

a) Intermediate landing.
b) Immediate land approach.
c) Immediate landlady.
d) Immediate landing.

5. At what frequency is Kite 63 said to squawk?

a) 1717.
b) 0707.
c) 7700.
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d) 0077.

6. How far is Kite 63 from the field?

a) 070 degrees.
b) 1002ft.
c) 11 hours.
d) 40 miles.

7. What runway is Kite 63 assigned?

a) 07.
b) 17.
c) 70.
d) 87.

8. Is any part of the aircraft damaged?

a) Only the leading edges.

b) The engine inlet cowling only.
c) The engine inlet cowl and the leading edges.
d) Just the cockpit.

Audio 4. Exercise 4.

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TRANSCRIPTS

Audio 1. Exercise 1.

PF-Honolulu control. MacAir 274. Request descent.

ATC-MacAir 274. Cleared, descend to FL 160.

PF-MacAir 274. Cleared to FL 160, leaving FL 280.

PNF-The displays have gone.

PNF-It's hard to see anything.

PF-We've lost autopilot. I have manual control.

PNF-Primary and secondary displays are down.

PF-Can't make out the attitude display. Is it working?

PNF-Not sure. It's not lit.

PF-I can see the horizon outside. I can control attitude.

PF-Call Centre and explain what's happened.

PNF-Honolulu control. MacAir 274. We have some kind of electrical problem here.
Stand by.

PNF-Honolulu control we have a system failure. Our lights are not working and our
displays are down.

PNF-It's no good. I think the radio has lost its power.

PF-Let's reboot the system.

PNF-OK, I'll just grab my flashlight. Right, let's go through the checklist.

PNF-I'm going through the instructions but nothing yet. OK, this looks like it ...
'essential power to stand by'.

PF-OK the system's back online. We've got power.

ATC-MacAir 274. Honolulu control is calling you.

PF-MacAir 274. We lost electrical power for a while, but it seems OK now.

ATC-Understand you had a problem with your system. State intentions.

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Audio 2. Exercise 2.

PF- “Insborg control. MacAir 369. "

ATC-"MacAir 369. Pass your message."

PF-"Our hydraulic pressure has dropped and the warning light is on. MacAir 369."

ATC-MacAir 369. Do you wish to declare an emergency?"

PF-"Negative, we are not declaring an emergency, but we will if the pressure drops any
further."

ATC-"Roger, keep me advised of your situation.

PF-"Roger. If my hydraulic pressure drops any further, I'm going to need priority
landing at the nearest airport. Stand by."

ATC-"MacAir 369. Runway 22L at Glenholm is available."

PF-"Insborg Control. Pan Pan Pan Pan Pan Pan. My hydraulic pressure is still falling. It's
getting very close to minimum."

ATC-"MacAir 369. Can you descend to FL 120?"

PF-"Manoeuvres are difficult to control, but we'll try descending to FL 120. MacAir
369"

ATC-"MacAir 369. Can you tell me what control you have at present?"

PF-"We're having difficulty controlling roll, pitch and yaw. The main control surfaces
aren't responding well."

ATC-"Roger. Are you able to make turns?"

PF-"Yes, we can make shallow turns, but only by using the throttles."

ATC-"MacAir 369. Turn left 15° and report new heading."

PF-"Turning left 15°. New heading is 195. MacAir 369."

ATC-"MacAir 369. On heading 195, descend to 2,000 ft QNH 1021."

PF-"On heading 195, descending to 2,000 ft QNH 1021. MacAir 369."

ATC-"MacAir 369. You are now 25 miles north-west of Glenholm. Can you make a long
final to runway 22L?"

PF-"MacAir 369. Affirm."

ATC-"Roger 369. Do you want me to give you vectors to the airfield?"

PF-"Affirm. MacAir 369."

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ATC-"MacAir 369. Descend roger, turn right heading 210°, expect ILS approach for
runway 22L."

Audio 3. Exercise 3.

P = pilot, C = controller, FA = flight attendant

P MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY. Centre. Kite 63. Making an emergency descent.

C Calling station. Say again. Say again.
P This is Kite 63. I say again, Kite 63 making an emergency descent.
C Kite 63. Cleared to FL 100.
P Centre ... 63.
C Kite 63. You’re breaking up. Say again.
P We had a rapid decompression. We are just west of the PAYAM VOR, passing FL
240. Kite 63.
C Kite 63. Understand you are depressurized. You are cleared to FL 100. I say again.
Descend to FL 100. Report reaching.

P FL100.Kite 63.
Centre this is Kite 63 Level at 10.000. Request immediate landing.
C Kite 63. I can’t hear you sir. Loud background noise.
P Centre this is Kite 63 level at 10,000. Request immediate landing.
C Kite 63. Read you 5. Squawk 7700.
P 7700.
C Kite 63. I understand you have lost cabin pressure. You are 40 miles from the field
at your 11 o’clock. Turn left heading 070° altimeter 1002. Say intentions.
P The captain is unconscious. Request immediate landing and medical services. Kite
63.
C Kite 63. Roger, straight in approach and landing runway 07. Wind 160 at 11 kt.
P Straight in approach and landing runway 07 Wind 160 at 11
C Kite 63. Do you have any aircraft damage?
P Stand by.
C Kite 63. Standing by.

P You OK?
FA Yes. It’s difficult to hear you.
P Have we got any damage back there?
FA I can’t see unless I get out of my seat. Er ... yes, the leading edges are badly
dented, and the engine inlet cowls. I couldn’t see any further back. Are we going to be
OK?

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Audio 4. Exercise 4.

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SPEAKING SKILL

Exercise 1.

On the following figures you can see the standard FAA hand taxi signals.
Student A chooses one and try to explain to student B what the marshaller
must do to get the information through to the pilot. Then student B
explains to the rest of the class what the signal means.

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Exercise 2.

Look at the charts showing the percentage and causes of

accidents/incidents in aviation maintenance and the influence of fatigue
and lack of sleep. Explain the information given in your own words.

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WRITING SKILL

Write a short summary for your Aircraft Maintenance assistants so that

they get to know the main causes of accidents/incidents in aviation
maintenance and the influence of fatigue on safety.

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