Participles

Participles form as: reduplication + stem + tense formative + connecting vowel + participle
morpheme + case ending

Active/aor. passive Perf active Middle/passive

Participle morpheme -ντ- -οτ- -μεν-
Case endings 3-1-3 3-1-3 2-1-2
As with the indicative mood endings, the aorist passive uses the active participle morpheme.

Active Middle Passive

Present (simultaneity) λύων, -ουσα, -ον λυόμενος, -η, -ον
1st Aorist (sequence) λύσας, -σασα, -σαν λύσαμενος, -η, -ον λύθεις, -εισα, -εν
2nd Aorist (sequence) βαλων, -ουσα, -ον βαλόμενος, -η, -ον γραφηεις, -εισα, -εν
Perfect λελυκως, -υια, -ος λελυμενος, -η, -ον

For participles, the present connotes simultaneity and aorist connotes sequence (not
continuous/undefined aspect)

Function of participles

1. Adjectival
a. Attributive
b. Substantive
 Can be used for general idea of verb (i.e. gerund?)
Syntax:
The whole participial clause (i.e. including objects, prepositional phrase) acts as the
adjective. ∴ If articular, the article will appear at the beginning of the participial clause.

2. Adverbial
a. Temporal (while doing/after doing)
b. Causal (because he did...)???
c. Concessive (despite doing...)
d. Instrumental (by doing...)
e. Manner
f. Purpose

Syntax:
Adverbial participles are anarthrous.