ECOLOGY OF PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION
 OBJECTIVE OF THE SESSION

To position Public Administration and

Management in the over all process of
the Government that provides value
and services to people.
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION....NOW

Today’s ideal public administration

professional is tech-savvy,
communicative, globally minded and
efficiency driven. They must be an
expert at managing their own
organization and have the ability to
interact with a wide range of
complementary and sometimes
contrasting entities in order to achieve
their mission and goals.
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION....NOW

They also must have the capability to

lead others, even those who are not
subordinates, and be able to design
governance arrangements that benefit
the greatest number of people while
using resources judiciously.
 ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS

The role and function of public

administrators is rapidly evolving as
the needs and demands of citizens,
governments and organizations
influence their ability to create and
implement policies.

Today’s public administrators face

many issues as they deal with political,
social and economic factors that
impact both public and private sectors.
 ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS

Not the least of these are increasing

demand for services and finite
resources.
 ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS

Additionally, political environments and

parties in power—which can change
through election cycles—can shift the
focus on priorities, from centralized
oversight, to state and local control of
programs.
 ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS

How budgets are determined, whether

contracts for products and services
remain under governmental authority
or are privatized, and the level of
transparency and citizen engagement
in policy development are all affected
by legislative bodies and their
leadership.
 ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS

To address these issues, public

administrators must think “outside the
box” and employ innovative strategies
to manage not only processes but the
people responsible for their
development and implementation.
They must be able to adapt to their
governments or organizations and the
cultures that are the result of them.
THE 2021 RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARDEES
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EXEMPLARS

Muhammad Amjad Saqib: A visionary who

founded one of the largest microfinance
institutions in Pakistan, servicing millions of
families.

Firdausi Qadri: A Bangladeshi scientist who

has been instrumental in discovering vaccines
that have saved millions of lives.

Steven Muncy: A humanitarian who has been

helping the displaced refugees of Southeast
Asia rebuild their lives.
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EXEMPLARS

WatchDoc: A production house that

ingeniously combines documentary
filmmaking and alternative platforms to
highlight underreported issues in Indonesia.

Roberto Ballon: A fisherman from Southern

Philippines who has led a community in
restoring their rich aquatic resources and
their primary source of livelihood.
 EVOLUTION OF PA

The field of public administration is

experiencing a dramatic and rapid
change.
Locally and globally, some of the most
significant trends that will have an
impact on public administration for
years to come include:
 EVOLUTION OF PA

1. Evolving Political Climate

Public administrators frequently employ their
talents and skills in multiple scholarly
disciplines, including, but not limited to,
sociology, economics, political science, and
business to build strong, sustainable
communities.

They are constantly identifying and

addressing community needs, evaluating
available assets, and prioritizing investments
to support infrastructure, economic
development, public services and many other
areas that affect their citizens’ quality of life.
 EVOLUTION OF PA

Among the biggest challenges in community

development is the uncertainty of resources,
which can rise and fall based on the political
climates in national and local legislative
bodies.

In an era of declining budgets and public

employment, especially at the state and local
levels, vital government services are always
at risk and public administrators must be able
to adapt their policies and practices to
provide necessary services with the funding
and personnel available to them.
 EVOLUTION OF PA

From public health and safety to

transportation, a majority of the expenditures
of our governments are related to community
development in some manner and
administrators are tasked with ensuring that
the resources to which they have access are
managed efficiently and effectively to fairly
benefit a majority of the constituents in their
care.
 EVOLUTION OF PA

2. Public Health Policy Changes

Many of the factors that affect health are

outside of the healthcare sector. Consider the
development of sanitation systems and the
establishment of building codes so that
people have clean water to drink and safe
homes in which to live. These have a positive
effect on citizens’ health and wellness.

As populations increase and communities

evolve, public administrators must create and
implement policies which will drive better and
fairer health outcomes that are appropriately
administered and implemented.
 EVOLUTION OF PA

3. Rapidly Advancing Technology

Emerging technologies are having a
significant impact on how governments and
organizations interact with their
constituencies. With increased capabilities
and accessibility, today’s software and
hardware is allowing public administrators to
better analyze data and trends, learn about
best practices from colleagues around the
globe, and institute policies and procedures
that streamline operations and provide more
transparency to stakeholders.
 EVOLUTION OF PA

Technology can have the benefit of lowering

the costs to do business for both
organizations and those they serve. Less
physical resources like paper and file storage
facilities are needed to acquire and store
information, and computing systems are
becoming more compact and energy
efficient. Personnel can accomplish more
tasks in less time and automation and online
access means travel and time to obtain files
and forms is reduced for those an agency
serves.
 EVOLUTION OF PA

4. Grassroots Advocacy
More people have access to information
through the internet and their use of mobile
technology. They can communicate quickly
and easily to influence public opinion and
affect everything from the outcome of
elections to a nation’s revolution. Technology
has changed the way news is reported, how
agencies interact with the public and how
elected bodies respond to proposed
legislation on all levels of government.
 EVOLUTION OF PA

5. Sustainability
It’s not just about saving the rainforests or protecting
natural resources. Global crises are calling attention to
public administrators’ development of policies and
expecting those policies to address public interests
that include everything from utilizing renewable
energy sources to minimizing opportunities for
government corruption.

With the continually changing tides of public policy

priorities, public administrators have to evaluate the
urgency of addressing environmental concerns.
Organizations that value social responsibility and
stewardship are more likely to have established and
evolving sustainable public administration policies.
(reference: https://www.fit.edu/your-college-
decision/trends-in-public-administration/
 PURPOSE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

public administration, the

implementation of government
policies. Today public administration is
often regarded as including also some
responsibility for determining the
policies and programs of governments.
Specifically, it is the planning,
organizing, directing, coordinating, and
controlling of government operations.
 PURPOSE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The three approaches to public

administration are political,
managerial, and legal. In the political
approach, political authority is divided
between a central government and the
provincial or state governments.
 PA AND ITS ROLES TO EMERGING CRISIS

Looking specifically at response to wildfires,

Nowell and Steelman (2015) find that
interorganizational communication is most
effective when it occurs between actors who
are relationally embedded (know each other
personally) and institutionally embedded
(have similar roles).
 APPROACHES IN PA in PH

Case-method Approach. ...

Mechanical or Managerial Approach. ...
Behavioural Approach.
 APPROACHES IN PA in PH

These approaches—briefly reviewed

below—are best regarded as ways in
which to approach the study of
administrative activity, rather than as
theories.
Historical Approach. ...
Legal Approach. ...
Philosophical Approach. ...
Systems Approach. ...
 THE PRINCIPLES OF PA in PH

THERE are scientific principles of

administration that could be relied upon
to increase the efficiency and
effectiveness of government, and these
principles by their scientific
characteristic, could work in any
administrative setting regardless of
sector, culture, function, environment,
mission or institutional framework.
 THE PRINCIPLES OF PA in PH

Gulick and Urwick (1937) identification

of seven principles of administration—
planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating, reporting and budgeting
(POSDCORB)—was the climax of this
stage (Basheka, 2012).
 THE PRINCIPLES OF PA in PH

(1) An assumption of self-sufficiency:

government is a self-sufficient actor that can
act autonomously on the economy and society.

(2) An assumption of direct control:

government is internally structured by
authority and hierarchy, so that the individuals
at the top of organizational pyramids were
assumed capable of exercising control within
their own organizations.
 THE PRINCIPLES OF PA in PH

(3) An assumption of accountability upward:

Accountability was to flow upward, with career
officials answering to their political “masters”
and those ministers answering to legislatures.
This mode of accountability was to be the
principal form of connection of administration
with the political system, and with the
surrounding social system.
 THE PRINCIPLES OF PA in PH

(4) An assumption of uniformity:

Government was supposed to treat all citizens
equally and to provide the same benefits and
deprivations to all similarly situated people.
This was seem as a fundamental conception of
fairness.

(5) An assumption of a civil service system:

That is, standardized establishment
procedures, in which the personnel in the
public sector were to be governed through a
formalized civil service for recruitment, pay,
grading, and other aspects of internal
management.
 THE PRINCIPLES OF PA in PH

(4) An assumption of uniformity:

Government was supposed to treat all citizens
equally and to provide the same benefits and
deprivations to all similarly situated people.
This was seem as a fundamental conception of
fairness.

(5) An assumption of a civil service system:

That is, standardized establishment
procedures, in which the personnel in the
public sector were to be governed through a
formalized civil service for recruitment, pay,
grading, and other aspects of internal
management.
DISCUSSION QUESTION
how can you reflect on challenges and harness
opportunities in PA given the obtaining
conditions the government has been confronted
with?
 THINKING AHEAD

Thinking in time helps the public

administrator implement current
trends which include new governance,
new leadership styles, generational
change and succession planning,
strategic and performance
measurement, citizen focus,
reorganized work structure and
process, e-government and e-
democracy, service delivery,
innovation, ethics and transparency.
 THINKING AHEAD- NEW LEADERSHIP

New leadership styles are the pivotal

trend that will help government
maintain sustainability and prevent
fiscal crisis. There are many types of
leadership styles that has caused
formal authority to become almost
obsolete and has led to innovative
styles, such as transformational,
change agent, facilitative and
situational. Each of these innovative
leadership styles is effective. But the
key to leadership style is leadership
ability.
 THINKING AHEAD- NEW LEADERSHIP
In John Maxwell’s The 21 Irrefutable Laws of
Leadership, he identifies 21 laws of
leadership in order to produce effective
results.
These laws are applicable to the public
sector. However, the three laws that could
make a new leadership effective are
leadership ability, influence and
empowerment. Without an effective
leadership style, the government loses its
efficiency and sustainability because of the
“maze” of bureaucracy. A system of
bureaucracy causes a lack of innovation and
places limitations on governance,
strategic/performance measurement, ethics
 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN PA

A government digital transformation

starting from the grassroots may be
the best way to transform
government.
 KNOWING WHAT YOU HAVE DONE

The Public Sector amidst the COVID-

19 Pandemic: A Case Study on the
Adoption of Alternative Work
Arrangements
 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN PA

Technology should not be reserved for

the private sector. Nor should it
frustrate constituents who are reliant
on their local government for
assistance. The environment should be
welcoming and accommodating to all
walks of life where no barriers to
information exist. An open government
is a trusted government.
 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND PA

The COVID-19 pandemic has inevitably

disrupted how employees traditionally
worked. It forced organizations, both public
and private, to adopt alternative work
arrangements to sustain productivity and
efficiency amid the ongoing crisis. For the
public sector in particular, much is expected
from the national and local government
agencies to keep the unhampered delivery of
key public services as the country grapples
with the ramifications of the pandemic.
 CONCEPTS IN PA in PH

The Whole of Nation Initiative (WNI) is

a coordinating body that strategically
addresses underdevelopment in areas
affected by conflict. WNI convenes
representatives from line agencies and
taps private sector participation
towards specific goals.
 PROGRAM CONVERGENCE BUDGETING

Program Convergence Budgeting

reinforces the government's push for a
more prudent and targeted spending
by fostering collaboration among
agencies both in designing new
programs and projects and
implementing them. The Tourism
Development Program is an example
of Program Convergence Budgeting.
 PERFORMANCE BASED BONUS-MERIT

In the words of John F. Kennedy, “The

success of this government, and thus
the success of our nation, depends in
the last analysis upon the quality of
our career services.” The Merit System
Principles are intended to insure a high
quality civil service. Dishonoring them
reduces the success of government.
 PA AND ITS ROLES TO EMERGING CRISIS

Most research in this domain has considered

how public organizations respond to a variety
of natural hazards (Zhang, Welch, and Miao
2018). Moynihan’s (2009) case studies
demonstrate how the incident command
system (ICS), a highly centralized form of
network governance, can result in differing
outcomes based on different balances of
hierarchy and horizontal networking.
 CONCEPTS IN PA

Open government is the governing doctrine

which sustain that citizens have the right to
access the documents and proceedings of the
government to allow for effective public
oversight.[1] In its broadest construction, it
opposes reason of state and other
considerations which have tended to
legitimize extensive state secrecy.
 CONCEPTS IN PA

the BARRMM CREATION

 CONCEPTS IN PA

THE MANDANAS RULING

TRUST AND PUBLIC COMMUNICATION IN
PA

-FAKE NEWS
- ELECTION
-EMERGENCY AND CORRUPTION
-QUALITY OF PUBLIC SERVICE STANDARDS
- INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES