Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
2. Huygens's
Dinesh Sir KIST Wave Theory
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST
According Dinesh Sir KIST
to this theory, Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
• Light is longitudinal form of disturbance of energy emitted by luminous source.
• Disturbance
Dinesh Sir KIST transmits
Dineshthrough
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Dinesh Sir KIST called
medium Dinesh SirItKIST
ether. Dinesh Sir
is massless, KIST
Dinesh Sir KISTodorless,
colorless, Dinesh Sir KIST
invisible, Dinesh Sir KIST
and omnipresent. Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
• It is based on wave front and wavelets.
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

• It can explain wave nature of light except polarization.

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
2. Huygens's
Dinesh Sir KIST Wave Theory
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST
According Dinesh Sir KIST
to this theory, Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
• Light is longitudinal form of disturbance of energy emitted by luminous source.
• Disturbance
Dinesh Sir KIST transmits
Dineshthrough
Sir KISThypothetical
Dinesh Sir KIST called
medium Dinesh SirItKIST
ether. Dinesh Sir
is massless, KIST
Dinesh Sir KISTodorless,
colorless, Dinesh Sir KIST
invisible, Dinesh Sir KIST
and omnipresent. Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
• It is based on wave front and wavelets.
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

• It can explain wave nature of light except polarization.

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Wave Front
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Cylindrical wave front

Dinesh
WaveSir KIST
front Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
According to wave theory of light, Huygens's wave theory,
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
source of light
Dinesh Sir KIST spreads out disturbance
Dinesh Sir KIST around it
Dinesh Sir KISTin all direction with speed of light
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
and sets all the points to vibrates in same phase at equal distance from source in
homogenous
Dinesh Sir KIST medium.
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
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Thus the locus of all adjacent points that are in same phase during the propagation
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of light Dinesh
called wave Sir KIST
front. Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Depending upon the shape of wave front, it can be categorized in three types:
1. Spherical wave front
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
2. Cylindrical
Dinesh Sir KIST wave front
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
3. Plane wave front

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
1. Spherical wave front
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
When the source of light is point like then the wave
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
front is spherical in shape called spherical wave front.
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
This is because all the adjacent points vibrate in same
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
phase caused by disturbance of source S all lie on the
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
surface of sphere.
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Ray light corresponding to spherical wave front are not
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
parallel to each other.

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Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
2. Cylindrical wave front
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
When the source of light is liner then the wave front is
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
cylindrical in shape called cylindrical wave front.
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This is because all the adjacent points vibrate in same
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
phase caused by disturbance of source S all lie on the
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
surface of cylinder.
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Ray light corresponding to spherical wave front are not
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
parallel to each other.
Cylindrical wave front
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Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

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Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

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Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
3. Plane wave front
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Small part of cylindrical wave front or spherical wave
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
front appears as of plane in shape at large distance
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from source is called plane wave front.
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
This is because all the adjacent points vibrate in same
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
phase caused by disturbance of source all lie on the
plane surface.
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Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Ray light corresponding to spherical wave front are
parallel to each other.
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
This wave front is produced by light source at very large
distance or by very larger source.
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Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

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Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Wavelets
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Every Sir
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Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh SirHuygens's
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3. Only wave front in forward direction are accepted and wave front in backward direction
are rejected.
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At any Sir
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Points a, b, c,…. are on surface of primary wave front AB.

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AB in time
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These are wavelets.
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Tangential surface A’B’ in forward direction on wavelets
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1. Sir
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Huygens’s geometrical
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• Angle 𝑖 and 𝑟 are angle of incidence and angle of
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• Tangential surface to these disturbance at that instant gives secondary (reflected) wave front A’B’.
• Perpendicular to reflected wave front gives direction of ray light AR and B’R’.
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In triangle Δ𝐴𝐵𝐵′ and Δ𝐴𝐴′ 𝐵′ i r
M A B’ N
sides AB’=AB’ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
Fig: Laws of Reflection of Light
Angles∠𝐴𝐵𝐵′ = ∠𝐴𝐴′ 𝐵′ ∵ 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠
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Sides AA’= BB’ ∵ they are equal to 𝑐𝑡
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Using SAS property, we get that triangle Δ𝐴𝐵𝐵′ and Δ𝐴𝐴′ 𝐵′ are congruent triangles.
So,∠𝐴𝐵𝐵′ = ∠AB′ A′
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This verifies Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
And incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie at a same point on the reflecting surface.
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Hence law of reflection are verified.
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• Tangential surface to these disturbance at that instant gives secondary (refracted) wave front A’B’.
• Perpendicular to reflected wave front gives direction of refracted ray light AR and B’R’.
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2. Huygens’s
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'
Dinesh Sir
𝐴𝐴′ KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh NSir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
sin 𝑟 = …………………………(2)
Dinesh Sir
𝐴𝐵 KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST R’ Dinesh Sir KIST

Dividing equation (2) by (1) we get,

sin 𝑖 𝐵𝐵′
Dinesh=Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
sin 𝑟 𝐴𝐴′
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
sin 𝑖 𝑐𝑡
=
sin 𝑟 𝑣𝑡
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
sin 𝑖 𝑐
Dinesh =Sir =
KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
𝜇 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
sin 𝑟 𝑣
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
2. Huygens’s
Dinesh Sir KIST Principle
Dinesh Sir KIST toDinesh
prove Sir laws
KIST ofDinesh
refraction of light
Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
I’
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh
I Sir KISTN
Dinesh𝑐𝑡Sir KIST
B
Dinesh Sir KIST
Rarer medium

Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST𝑖 𝑖 Dinesh SirB’ KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
𝑟
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
A Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
𝑟
v𝑡 Denser medium
A’
'
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh NSir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST R’ Dinesh Sir KIST

𝑐
Here, 𝜇Sir
Dinesh = KIST
is constant called
Dinesh Sirrefractive
KIST index of Sir
Dinesh material.
KIST It is constant
Dinesh 𝑐 and 𝑣Sir
because Dinesh
Sir KIST areKIST
𝑣
constants.
Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST

This verifies Snell's law

Ratio ofSirsine
Dinesh of angleDinesh
KIST of incidence is equalDinesh
Sir KIST to sineSirofKIST
angle ofDinesh
reflection.
Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
sin 𝑖
Dinesh
𝑖. 𝑒. Sir=KIST 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑡Dinesh
and Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST Dinesh Sir KIST
sin 𝑟

And incident ray, refracted ray and normal all lie at a same point on the refracting surface.