b;sydih

11 fY%AKsh

y;ajk jk mdvu

f,dalfha lemS fmfkk úma,j

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr

BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo
)
 úuiSï - 0710323946
yeÈkaùu

 lsishï lafIa;%hla ;=< flá ld,hl oS we;s jk m%n, fjkia ùula yeÈkaùu ioyd
úma,jh hk moh Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ ^ld¾ñl úma,jh " wd.ñl úma,jh& fï
wdldrhg foaYmd,k lafIa;%h ;=< o funÿ úma,j .Kkdjla isÿ ù we;¡ tkï
weußlka úma,jh" m%xY úma,jh yd reishdkq úma,jh yÿkd .; yelsh¡

weußlka ksoyia igk

 weußlka ckmojdiSka ì%;dkH wêrdcHfhka ksoyi ,nd .ekSu ioyd f.k .sh igk
weußlka úma,jh ke;skï weußlka ksoyia igk f,i yÿkajkq ,nhs¡
 1492 oS l%siafgdamia fldf<dïnia leßìhdkq uqyqfoa nyudia Èjhskaj,g f.dvneiSfuka
jir 5lg miq weußf.da fjiamQÑ kQ;k weußld uyoaùmhg wh;a úYd, f.dvìu
fidhd .;af;ah
 miqj c¾uka N+f.da, úoH{fhl= úiska tu m%foaYh yeÈkaùug weußldj hk kduh
;nk ,È
 iïm;a nyq, úYd, ireidr rgla jQ weußldj ms<sno weiQ hqfrdamSfhda weußldj
w;am;a lr f.k lKavdhï jYfhka tys f.dia ckmo msysgQ ùug lghq;= lrkq ,eîh
 mD;=.d,h" iamd[[h" ´,kaoh" m%xYh iy ì%;dkH hk rgj,a weußldfõ ckmo
msysg jQ hqfrdamdkq rgj,a fõ
 hqfrdamShka weußldfõ ckmo msysgqjd .ekSug n,mE fya;="
 hqfrdamdkq rgj, meje;s frdaudkq lf;da,sl yd frmrudÿ wd.ñl .egqï ksid
wd.ñl ksoyi m;d kj m%foaY fj; hQfrdamSh ckhd weoS hdu
 fj<odu ioyd iy kj m%foaYj, bvlvï w;am;alr .ekSfuka ck Ôú;h
fi!Nd.Hu;a lr .ekSug fhduq ùu
 lS¾;sh yd Okh j¾Okh lr .ekSfï wruqfKka hqfrdamd rgj, md,lhka
kj m%foaY fidhd ckdjdi msysgqjd .ekSug ,nd ÿka ffO¾hh yd Wkkaÿj

ì%;dkH ckmo msysgqùu

 iamd[a[jreka yd mD;=.SiSka ol=Kq weußlka m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjd .;a w;r

ì%;dkH yd m%xYjre W;=re weußlka m%foaYj, ckmo mssysgqjd .kq ,eîh
 weußld tlai;a ckmoh kï rdcH ìys jQfha ì%;dkHhka úiska W;=re weußlka
m%foaYj, msysgqj, ,o ckmo wY%sfhks
 ì%;dkHhka úiska weußldfõ msysgqjk ,o ckmo"
 j¾ðkshd

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
  ueipqfiÜia
 ksõfhda¾la
 ksõyeïIh¾
 fïß,kaâ
 lfkalaálÜ
 frdaä Èjhsk
 fv,fjhd¾
 W;=re lefrd,skd
 ksõ c¾is
 ol=Kq lefrd,skd
 fmkais,afõkshd
 fcd¾ðhd
 ckmo msysgù
q fï oS ì%;dkH rcfha iDcq ueÈy;aùug jvd trg iud.ï" mqoa.,hka fyda
mqoa., lKavdhï úiska weußlka m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjd .ekSu lemS fmfkk
,laIKhla úh
 1607 isg 1733 olajd ckmo 13la ìys lr .kq ,eîh
 fuu ckmo úúO fjkialï mej;=ks
 ck.yk ixhq;sh
 Ôjk l%uh
 wd¾Ól l%uh

weußlka ckmo yd ì%;dkH md,kh

 ì%;dkH rcfha wdêm;H ms<s.; hq;= nj;a

 uõ rfÜ kS;sh ckmoj, o wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj;a oelaùh
 tla tla ckmohg m;a lrk ,o wdKavqldrjrfhl= hgf;a ckmo md,kh lrk ,È
 Tyqf.a iyhg ta ta ckmofhka f;dard .;a jHjia:dodhl idNdjla úh
 ckmojdiSyq iajhx md,khla f.k hkq ,eîh
 1763 j¾Ihg fmr weußlka ckmojdiSka uqyqK ÿka wdrlaIdj ms<sno .eg¨ folla úh
 m%xYjrekaf.a ;¾ckh
 1756 - 1763 w;r ld,fha m%xYh yd ì%;dkH w;r hqoaOhla mej;=ks
 tu y;a wjqreÿ hqoaOh f,i yÿkajhs
 m%xYh mrdchg m;a úh
 r;= bkaÈhdkq ;¾ckh

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
ksoyia igkg n,mE fya;=

 weußlka ckmo iïnkaO ì%;dkH wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh yd fj<o lghq;= uõ rgg jdis
,efnk wdldrfhka l%shd;aul lsÍu ^ ì%;dkH wkq.ukh l< ;u rgg jdisodhl
wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh&
 ì%;dkHfha ksYamdokh lrkq ,nk øjH kj ckmo ;=< ksmoùu ;ykï úh
 ÿïfld<" iSks" lmq" ó bá" ;sß`.=" ;U jeks øjH ì%;dkHhg muKla ,nd Èh
hq;= úh
 tfia kï fldg ;snq NdKav yer fiiq NdKav mjd wmkhkh l< yels jQfha
tajd ì%;dkHhg hjd ta yryd wod< rgg heùfuks
 ksYamdok fyda fj<odu w;ska fuu ckmo uõ rgg tfrysj ;r. fkdl< hq;=
nj kshuhla úh
 ì%;dkH ksid Tjqkag fydo fj<ofmd<la mej;=ks
 fï ld,h 1763 jk úg ì%;dkH fj<o kS;s Í;s oeä f,i ckmo ;=<
l%shd;aul fkdùh
 ì%;dkH w.ue;s fcda¾Ê .%ekaú,a weußlka ckmo j,ska wh l< ;Sre nÿ l%udkQl+,j
jeä lsÍu ^ 1765 ka miqj mek jQ wK mk;a yd nÿ j¾.&
 y;a wjqreÿ hqoaOh ksid ì%;dkHhkag úYd, úhoula oeÍug isÿ jQ neúka tu
Kh yd fmd<sh ioyd uqo,a imhd .ekSfï oS weußlka ckmo úiska fldgila
oeßh hq;= nj ì%;dkHhkaf.a wdl,amh úh
 fydr fj<odu ;ykï lsÍu ioyd kdúl uqr fiajd ;r lsÍu
 1764 - 1765 ld,fha mek jQ nÿ j¾. kï
 iSks mk;
 uqo,a fkdaÜgq mk;
 uqoaor mk;
 óg wu;rj f;a" ùÿre" lvodis ioyd ;Sre nÿ mkjk ,È
 ì%;dkHhhka ;j;a mk;la u.ska weußldfõ isá ì%;dkH fiakdxlj,g
jdiia:dk iemhSu" uQ,H m%;smdok ,nd oSu we;=¿ myiqlï iemhSu ckmoj,g
mejÍh
 weußlka ckmojdiSka ld,hla ;siafia ì%;dkH ueÈy;a ùu wvq iajhx md,khlg
yqrejla ,nd ;sîu
 ckmojdiSkaf.a is;=ï me;=ï yd wdl,am ì%;dkH rch ksis f,i wjfndaO lr f.k
fkdisàu

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
  ckmojdiSkaf.a idOdrK igka u¾Okh lsÍug ì%;dkH lghq;= lsÍu
 ksoyi ms<sno ckmo jeishka ;=< we;s jQ Wkkaÿj

ksoyia igk

 weußlka ksoyia igfka f;aud mdGh njg m;a jQfha ksfhdað;hka ke;akï nÿ;a ke;
hkakhs
 fndiagkaj, oS ckmojdiSka oelajQ úfrdaO;djhlg ì%;dkH yuqod fjä ;eîfuka mia
fofkl= ñh .shy
 1770 oS f;a noao yer fiiq nÿ ì%;dkHhka úiska bj;a lr .kq ,eîh
 1773 oS ì%;dkHhka ;j;a mekjQ mK;la ;=<ska weußlka ckmo j,g f;a iemhSu
ms<sno ;ks whs;sh tla iud.ulg mjrKq ,eîh
 fndiagka f;a idoh hkq l=ulao
 1773 oS fndiagka jrdfha kj;d ;snQ f;a kejlg fjia j<d f.k we;=¿ jQ
fndiagka jeisfhda tys ;snQ f;a fmÜá 342la uqyqog úis lr oeóh
 ñka miq f;aj, jkaÈh f.jk f;la fndiagka jrdh jeiSug ì%;dkHhka lghq;= l<
w;r Bg wu;rj ueipqfiÜia yd fcda¾ðhd jeks ckmoj, md,kh m%;sixúOdkh
lsÍug lghq;= lrkq ,eîh
 we;s jQ fldamh yuqfõ ckmojdiSyq 1774 oS ms,fv,amshd k.rhg /iaj iïfï,khla
meje;ajQy
 weußlka úma,jh ms<sno b;sydifhys tu m%:u uyoaùmsl iïfï,kh f,i fuh
yÿkajhs
 fuys oS weußlka ckmoj,g tfrysj kS;s mekùug fyda nÿ mekùug ì%;dkHhhkag
n,hla fkdue;s nj m%ldY úh
 ì%;dkH NdKav j¾ckh lsÍug;a wdrlaIdj m;d ckmojdiSyq ikakoaO lsÍug;a
lghq;= lrkq ,eîh
 1775 oS weußldfõ f,laiskagka k.rfha oS fomd¾Yjh w;r wú .egqï we;s jQ w;r
tu.ska urK /ila isÿ úh
 wk;=rej ms,fv,amshd k.rhg kej;;a /ia jQ ckmoj, ksfhdað;fhda ckmo
jeisfhda uyoaùmhl yuqodjla f,i ixúOdkh ùug ;SrKh lrkq ,enQ w;r tys
wKfok ks,OdÍ ;k;=rg fcda¾Ê fjdIskagka m;a lr .kq ,eîh
 1776 j¾Ifha cq,s 04 jk Èk weußlka ksoyia m%ldYh ksl=;a lrk ,È
 Wm;skau ñksid i;= wysñ l< fkdyels whs;sjdislï /ila mj;sk nj;a tajd wdrlaId
lr .ekSu ioyd ñksid wdKavq msysgjk nj;a ioyka l< tu ,shú,a, u.ska
weußldj ì%;dkHh wêrdcHfhka fjka jQ ksoyia rdcHhla nj m%ldYhg m;a úh

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
  1783 oS w;aika l< meßia .súiqfuka weußldj ksoyia iajdëk rdcHhla f,i ì%;dkH
úiska ms<s.kakd ,È
 ta wkqj 1789 oS weußld tlai;a ckmojdiSyq jk jHjia:djla iïmdokh lr .kq ,enQ
w;r tys m%:u ckdêm;s fcda¾Ê fjdIskagka fõ

ksoyia igfka m%;sM,

 weußld tlai;a ckmoh kï iajdëk rdcH ìys ùu

 iuia; udkj ixy;shg u ksoyfia w.h fmkajd ÿka wjia:djla ùu
 uq,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sno f,dj mqrd Wkkaÿjla we;s ùu
 f,dalfha m%:u ,sÅ; ixëh wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ìys ùu

m%xY úma,jh

 j¾I 1789 oS m%xY rdcdKavqjg úreoaOj ke.S isá trg ck;dj rdcdKavqj ìo oud kj
md,khla msysgqjd .ekSu m%xY úma,jh fõ
 m%xY úma,jfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sno u;h flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq ùu
 m%xYh hqfrdamdkq l,dmfhys m%Odk rdcHhla fõ
 m%xY md,lhkaf.a ÿ¾j,;d u; foaYmd,k" iudc yd wd¾Ól m%Yak /ila Woa.; úh
 m%xYfha rc l< 16 jk ¨ù rcq trg mßydksfhys j.lsjhq;a;d fõ
 fuu md,lhkaf.a ¥Is; md,khg tfrys jQ iudkH ck;dj ksoyi" iudkd;au;djh
yd ifydaor;ajh hk ixl,am mokï lr .ksñka ;u whs;k
S a fjkqfjka igka
jeÿky

m%xY úma,jhg n,mE foaYmd,k fya;=

 rcq flfrys meje;s wiSñ; n,h

 úma,jh mj;sk ld,fha m%xYh md,kh l< rc fm<m; nq¾fndaka rdc jxYh f,i
yeÈka fõ
 ody;rjk ¨ù rcq yd oyihjk ¨ù rcq tu rdcjxYfhys lemS fmfkk kdhlhka
fofofkla fõ
 rc moúh foajjrñka ,enQ odhohla f,i lghq;= lrkq ,eîh

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
  14 jk ¨ù rcq rdcH kï uu hs hkqfjka m%ldY lrkq ,eîh tfukau ud wfmalaId
lrk ´kEu fohla kS;Hdkql+,hs hkqfjka o m%ldY lr we;
 ´kEu mqoa.,fhla w;awvx.=jg f.k Ôú;dka;h olajd isr.; lsÍug rcqg n,h we;
 ta ioyd neiaà,a kï nkaOkd.drh Ndú;d lrk ,È

 rcq .; l< wêl iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;h ksid rcq yd uyck;dj w;r meje;s
iïnkao;djh wju ùu
 rcq jdih l< j¾fi,aia kï ud,s.h wlalr .Kkla mqrd úysÿK úYd, tlls
 th c,dY" c, WoHdk" u,a WoHdk yd úúO w,xldrhg fh¥ ks¾udK wdÈfhka
iukaú; fõ
 ud,s.hg idudkH ck;djg we;=¨úh fkdyels w;r we;=¨ úh yelafla
mQcljrekag iy ro,hkag muKs
 rcq rfÜ f;dr;=re ro,hka yryd oek .;a w;r ro,hka rg yd ck;dj ms<sno
rcq bÈßfha ujd mEfõ fndfyda úg jerÈ l%uhls
 nv.skafka fm¿Kq uyck;dj ud,s.h jg,d mdka b,a,k úg oyih jk ¨ù
rcqf.a ìij jQ udß wekafgdahskÜ mdka ke;akï flala ldm,a,d hehs m%ldY
lrkq ,eîh
 m%xY rdcdKavqj w;sYhska ¥Is; yd wldrlaIu ùu
 m%xY rdcdKavqj rcq m%uqL WmfoaYk uKav,hla yd tu uKav,fha Wmfoia u;
ls%hd;aul jQ wud;H uKav,hlska iukaú; úh
 ro,hka w; meje;s m%dfoaYSh md,kh w;sYhska wldrlaIu úh
 rch úiska m%dfoaYSh md,kh ioyd bkafgkavkaÜ kï ks,OdÍka msßila m;a
lrkq ,eîh
 ck;d ksfhdað;hkaf.ka ieÿï,;a iafÜÜ ckr,a iNdj kï uKav,hla
m%xYfha meje;sh;a th jir 175lska muK leojd fkd;sìks

m%xY úma,jhg n,mE iudc fya;=

 m%xYfha jevjiï ,laIK iys; iudc l%uhla l%shd;aul ùu

 jevjiï iudc l%uhla hkq bvï whs;slr f.k isá ro,jrekaf.a
iyfhda.fhka f.k .sh rdcdKavq l%uhls
 m%xY iudcfhys iudc ia:r ;=kls
 mQcljre

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
  ro,hka
 idudkH ck;dj
 iudkH ck;dj m%Odk fldgia ;=khs
 uOHu mka;sh
 f.dú ck;dj
 lïlre ck;dj
 mQcljre nÿ f.ùfuka ksoyia úh
 ro,hkag m%xY bvï jeä m%udKhla ysñ jQ w;r Tjqka úÈ jrm%ido lsym
s hla
my; mßÈ fmkajd Èh yelsh
 rfÜ ´kEu ia:dkhl uiqka we,a,Sug yd ovhï lsÍug Tjqkag whs;h
s la ;snqKs
 ro,hka i;= OdkH weUreïy,a" jhska fmrk hka;%" fmdarKq wdosfhka
f.dúhka ;u wjYH;d bgq lr .; hq;= w;r ta ioyd wêl .dia;= wh
lsÍfuka ro,hkag úYd, wdodhula ,enqKs
 f.dúhkaf.a bvï j,ska nÿ wh lr .ekSfï whs;h
s ro,hka i;= úh
 rchg f.úh hq;= nÿj,ska ro,hka ksoyia jQy
 uOHu mka;shg iudcfhys ksis ;ekla ysñ fkdùu
 m%xY iudcfhys W.;alñka yd Okfhka bÈßfhka isá msßi jQfha uOHu
mka;shhs
 kuq;a rcfha ks,;, lsisjla Tjqkag ysñ fkdùh
 ks,;, ysñ jQfha kQ.;a wldrlaIu ro,hkag fõ
 flfkl=f.a ;;a;ajh ueksh hq;af;a Wm; wkqj fkdj yelsh dj yd Okh u;
h hk woyi we;s jQfha fï ksidh
 f.dú ck;dj nÿ nr yd Ôj;aùu hk .eg¨j,ska oeä mSvdjg m;a ùu
 m%xY ck.ykfhka 92]la f.dú ck;dj fõ
 uykais ù jevl< o we;eï úg bvïj, whs;sh ;uka i;= jqjo wld¾hlaIu
ro,hkag widOdrK f,i nÿ f.ùug isÿ ùu

m%xY úma,jhg n,mE wd¾Ól fya;=

 m%xY NdKavd.drh nxfldf,d;a ùu¡

 Bg n,mE fya;= jkafka
 rcqf.a iy rc mjqf,a iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;h ioyd jQ wêl úhou
 wkjYH hqO úhoï
 ì%;dkH" m%xY i;a wjqreÿ hqoaOh iy weußlka ksoyia igk ioyd
m%xYh iyfhda.h oSu ksid trg wd¾Ólhg ydks isÿ úh

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
  wld¾hlaIu nÿ l%uh
 m%xYfha meje;s wêl nÿ nr m%xY úma,jhg n,mdk ,È¡ idudkH jeishka ;u
wdodhfuka 60]la nÿ jYfhka f.ùh¡ tu nÿ j¾. kï"
 fÜ,s - idudkH ck;djf.a ksjdi yd bvïj,ska wh l< noaols¡ fuu
nÿ j¾. m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia úh¡ ,sfhdaka" meßia jeks k.r
fuu noafoka ksoyia lr ;snqKs
 .efn,a - ¨Kq j,ska wh l< noaols¡ iEu jeäysá wfhlau jirlg
¨Kq rd;a;,a ñ, oS .; hq;=h
 lemsfÜIka - iEu fofkl=f.kau wh lrk noaola f,i 1695 oS
yÿkajd oS ;snqks¡ tfy;a l%shd;aul ùfï oS nÿ nr idukH ck;dj
msgu megjqKs
 ks¾ndojdoS wd¾Ól l%uhla flfrys uOHu mka;sfha wfmalaIdj
 m%xYfha mej;s m%foaY mokï lr .;a md,k l%uh ksid m<df;ka m<d;g
l%shd;aul jQ kS;s Í;s" nÿ l%u fjkia úh
 fuu ;;a;ajh rfÜ wNHka;r yd Ndysr fj<odug fukau wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okhg ndOdjla úh
 fj<o lghq;=j, ksr; uOHu mka;sh fuu kS;s Í;s yd nÿ l%u ksid wêl
nÿ uqo,la f.ùug isÿ úh
 ol=Kq m%xYfha isg meÍishg jhska mgjd f.k .sh c, hd;%djlg ia:dk
y;<syl oS nÿ f.ùug isÿ úh
 l%shdYs,S md,kh fyda wd¾Ól iqrlaIs;Ndjh ,nd oSug rchg yels fkdùu

m%xY úma,jhg n,mE od¾Yksl u;jdo

 pd,aia fudkafgialHq - kS;sfha idrh kï ;u lD;sh u.ska tla mqoa.,fhl= jgd n,h
talrdYS ùu kqiqÿiq nj m%ldY lf<ah¡ tfukau n,h jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl" wêlrK
f,i wxY ;=klg fnÈh hq;= nj;a ta yryd taldêm;s md,khla je<ela ùug yels
nj;a fmkajd fokq ,nhs
 fjd,afghd¾ - iajdëk u; m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh ms<snoj woyia oelaùh¡ Tyq
rdcdKavqfõ yd m,a,sfha taldêldßh úfõpkh lf<ah
 ðka cela úia rEfida - iudc iïuq;sh kï kHdh u.ska ck;d iajdêm;H ixl,amh
bÈßm;a lf<ah¡ rcq uyck;djf.a iqN isoaêh ioyd lghq;= l< hq;= nj;a tfia
fkdjk md,lhka m,jd yeÍfï whs;sh ck;dj i;= nj;a fyf;u m%ldY lrhs¡
fuu woyi iudkd;au;djh yd ck;d mrudêm;H hk ixl,am j,g moku úh

úma,jh

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
  1789 we;s jQ oS m%xY úma,jhg wikak fya;=j jQfha wdKavqfõ uqo,a w¾nqoh ksid we;s
jQ ;;a;ajhhs¡
 fuu ;;a;ajhg ms<shula jYfhka nÿ m%;sixialrKhla isÿ l< hq;= úh
 ta ioyd iafÜÜ ckr,a iNdj leoùug rcqg isÿ úh
 kuq;a jir 175 lska fuu iNdj leojd fkdue;s ksid w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajhla we;s úh
 ro,hka iy mQcljre W;aidy .;af;a ;=kajk mka;sfhys idudkH ck;djf.a
fhdackd mrdchg m;a lsÍughs
 fuu n,mEu u; idudkH ck;dj fjku /ia ùug lghq;= l< w;r rcq tu Yd,dj
jid oeóug lghq;= lsÍu;a iu. cd;sl uKav,h f,i yÿkajd .;a tu msßi .Dyia:
fgksia msáhlg /iaj m%xYhg kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla ilia lr úisr fkdhk
njg Èjqreï fok ,È
 fuh fgksia msáfha Èjqreu f,i yÿkajhs
 1789 cQ,s 14 jk Èk m%xY rdcdKavqfõ widOdrKlïj, ixfla;h f,i ie<l+ neiaà,a
kï nkaOkd.drhg myr ÿkafkah
 úma,jjdoSyq ,kdfhÜ kï kdhlhd hgf;a cd;sl wdrlaIl yuqodjla msysgj
q d f.k rg
mqrd úma,jjdoS lñgq msyg
s qjd .ksñka rg ikaiqka l<y
 16 jk ¨ù rcq iy ìij jk udß wekafgdakhsÜ yg kvq úNd.hlska urK oKavkh
,nd ÿks

m%xY úma,jfha m%;sM,

 uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sno f,dj mqrd Wkkaÿjla we;s ùu

 m%xY úma,jjdoSka 1791 oS udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sno m%ldYkhla t<s olajk ,È
 uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï hkq iajNdjfhkau ñksidg ysñ úh hq;= whs;Ska úkd
md,lhka ,nd Èh hq;= fohla fkdjk nj tu.ska w¾: oelaùh
 udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sno tu m%ldYkh ;=< ioyka jQ woyia my; mßÈ
fmkajd Èh yel
 iEu ñksfilau ksoyia mqoa.,fhl= f,i Wm; ,nk neúka Tjqka ish¨
fokdg iudk whs;sjdislï ysñ úh hq;=h
 iEu rgjeisfhl=gu kS;s iïmdoh lsÍfï ld¾hhg iïnkaO ùug
whs;shla we;
 iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu ksoyfia ;u woyia m%ldY lsÍug whs;sh ;sìh
hq;=h

 m%xY rdcdKavql%uh ìo jeàu

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
  m%xY f.dú lïlre ck;djg iyk ,eîu
 m%xYfha wia:djr foaYmd,k l%uhla ìys ùu
 m%xY úma,jhg kdhl;ajh ÿka msßia úúO foaYmd,k u; oerE wh jQ fyhska
úma,jfhka miqj úáka úg wdKavq udreùï lsysmhla isÿ ùu
 1789 isg 1799 olajd wia:djr foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhla meje;s neúka 1799 oS yuqod
ks,Odßfhl= jQ kefmda,shka fndkmdÜ m%xYfha n,h w,a,d .kq ,eîh

reishdkq úma,jh

 20 jk ishji jk úg reishdj f,dalfha N+ñ m%udKfhka yfhka tll m%udKhl

jHdma; jQ úYd, wêrdcHhhla úh
 fuu md,khg l%sia;h
s dks m,a,sfha foajjrïjdoS ixl,amh uy;a msgqjy,la úh
 reishdj md,kh lrkq ,enQfõ id¾jre jk w;r Tjqka taldêm;shka jQy
 reishdfõ meje;s jevjiï iudc wd¾Ól l%ufhka ck.ykfhka w;s úYd, msßi jQ
f.dú ck;dj o ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj ksid ìys jQ lïlre mka;sh o md,lhkaf.a o
m,a,sfha o jxYdêm;sjrhdf.a o oeä .%yKhg ,la úh
 úma,jfha f;audj jQfha iduh" bvï yd wdydr hkakhs
 fuu f;audj hgf;a 1917 ud¾;= yd Tlaf;daïn¾ hk udij, úma,j 2la we;s úh
 mka;s rys; iudchla fjkqfjka fuu úma,j wdrïN úh

úma,jhg n,mE fya;=

 reishdfõ meje;s ¥Is; taldêm;s rdcKavq l%uh

 reishdj rc l< rcjre id¾ md,lhka f,i yeÈka fõ
 Tjqka foajjrïjdoh wkqj lghq;= l< msßils
 rcfha wdodhu jeä lr .ekSu ioyd ck;dj fm<ñka nÿ wh lsÍu
 wd.u flfrys úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,enqj;a ck;djf.a wd¾Ól yd
iudc lghq;= ms<sno wjOdkh fhduq fkdlsÍu
 jevjiï iudc l%uh mokï lr .;a lDIsld¾ñl wd¾Ól rgdjla ;sîu
 mdrïmßl bvï ro,hka i;= jQ w;r m%fõKsodihka Tjqkaf.a foam<la njg
m;a úh

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
  f.dúhka ro,hkaf.a bvï j.d lsÍu fjkqjg rchg" m,a,shg iy ro,hkag
wiajekafkka fldgila nÿ jYfhka f.ùug isÿ úh
 ld¾ólrKh;a iu. lïlrejka msßila ìys jQ w;r Tjqka iq¿;rhla úh
 uOHu mka;h
s o iq¿;rh jQ w;r Tjqkaf.a fndfyda fofkla rcfha /lshdj,
ksr; úh
 1904 - 1905 ld,fha oS cmdkh iu. meje;s hqoaOfhka reishdj mrdchg m;a
úh
 ta fya;= fldg f.k 1905 oS rdcH úfrdaë le/,a,la we;s úh
 f.dú le/,s yd lïlre j¾ck we;s úh
 fuu le/,s fufyh jQ f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a fnda,afIúla mlaIh
vqudj kï uka;%K iNdfjka bj;aj ryis.;j jev lghq;= mj;ajd f.k
.sfhah
 reishdj m<uq f,dal ix.%uhg iïnkaO ùu
 reishdkq lïlrejka yd f.dùka úYd, jYfhka yuqodjg nojd .ekSu isÿ úh
 ta fya;= fldg f.k f.dú;eka lsÍug mqyK
q q f.dúhka y`s. ùu u;
f.dú;eka lghq;= wvd, úh
 fuu wjia:dfõ oS l¾udka;Yd,dj,ska jeä m%udKhla wú wdhqO ksmoùug
fhdod .;a neúka wdydr" fnfy;a" fmdfydr jeks w;HjYH foa ksmo ùu
wvd, úh
 fï ksid rg mqrd W.% wdydr ys.hla we;s úh
 NdKavj, ñ, fkdis;+ f,i by< .sh w;r mdka ñ, o by< .sfhah

1917 ud¾;= úma,jh

 1917 ud¾;= úma,jh frÈ lïy,lska wdrïN úh

 Èk ;=kla ;=< uyd jev j¾ckhla olajd jHdma; úh
 msä; ck;dj iïnkaO úh
 mdka b,a,d Woaf>daIKh lsÍu
 id¾ yuqodj o Tjqkag tl;= ùu
 fï wdldrhg 1917 oS rcqg isyiqk wysñ jQ w;r flfrkaials kï kdhlhd hgf;a
;djld,sl wdKavqjla m;a lr .ekqks
 rfÜ w;HjYH idOlh jQfha f.dùkag bvï" hqO Nghkag iduh" rfÜ ish,a,gu
wdydr hkakhs
 f.dùyq bvï .sks ;nñka" uxfld,a,lñka yd tajdfha ysñlrejka úkdY lrñka
;%ia;% l%shdj, ksr; úh

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
1917 Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh

 f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a fnd,afIúlajre fidúhÜ uKav, kï ixúOdk rg

mqrd msysgqjñka f.dú lïlre rchla msysgq ùfï wruqKska lghq;= lrkq ,eîh
 úma,jh mj;sk úg foaYmd,k mlaI folla úh
 fukafIúlajre - hï hï m%;sixialrK u.ska ck;d wjYH;d bgq l< yelsh
 fnd,afIúlajre - Okjdoh ìo oud fldñhqksÜia woyia u; mka;s rys;
iudchla f.dv k.d .ekSu
 f,kska iy fg%dials kdhl;ajh ÿka tu ixúOdkhg lïlrejka" f.dùka"
fid,aodÿjka tla úh
 ù whs f,kska - fï wjia:dfõ wms n,h w,a,d fkd.; fyd;a b;sydih wmg
wkqlïmd fkdolajkq we;ehs m%ldY lrkq ,eîh

úma,jfha m%;sM,

 flfrkaialsf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a rch fmr<d f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a

fnda,afIúlajreka rchla msysgq ùu ^wd¾Ól fjkialï&
 fnd,afIúla mlaIh fldñhqksÜia mlaIh njg m;a úh
 c¾uksh iu. hqoaOh ch .ekSu;a iu. iduh f.dvk.k ,È
 jevjiï l%uh hgf;a meje;s fm!oa.,sl bvï l%uh wfydais lrkq ,enQ w;r
f.dùkag l=vd f.dúfmd<j,a jYfhka j.d lsÍug whs;sh ,nd ÿks
 miqj tu bvï iuQysl f.dúfmd<j,a njg m;a lrkq ,eîh
 ish¨ l¾udka; cki;= lrkq ,È
 lïlrejka yd f.dùkaf.ka ieÿï,;a fidúhÜ iNd mokula u; f;drd .;a
w¨;a ks,OdÍka msßila ;k;=re j,g m;a lrk ,È
 úma,jfhka miqj reishdj fidaúhÜ iudcjdoS iuQydKavqj f,i yÿkajk ,È
 iudcjdoS o¾Ykh f,dj mqrd jHdma; ùu ^foaYmd,k fjkialï&
 iudcjdoS o¾Ykh hkq
 fldñhqksÜiajdoS o¾Ykh wkqj iudch i;= Ok iïm;a ms<sno fmdÿ
whs;sh ms<s.ekSu" iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu ;u l=i,;d by< kxjd .ekSug
iudk bvla ,nd oSu fõ¡ ksYamdok M, ish¨ fokdgu iudkj fnoS
hdu iys; foaYmd,k wd¾Ól iudc l%uhla ms<s.;a foaYmd,k
o¾Ykhls
 iudcjdoS o¾Ykfha lemS fmfkk ,laIK

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
  mqoa., wjYH;dj,g jvd fmdÿ ÈhqKqj yd fmdÿ wjYH;dj,g
m%uqL;ajh oSu
 iudc widOdrK yd wiudk;d ke;s lsÍu
 iudcfha mka;s úIu;d ke;s lr ish¨ fokd ifydaor;ajfhka i<lk
Wiia udkj iudchla f.dvke.Su
 fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq f,dalfha m%Ok n,fõ. 2la úh
 OkjdoS o¾Ykh - weußldj" ì%;dkH" m%xYh" c¾uksh
 iudcjdoS o¾Ykh - Ökh" kef.kysr c¾uksh" ol=Kq fldßhdj" lshqndj

miq.sh m%Yak m;%

1¡ 2018 w' fmd¡ i¡ úNd.h

01¡ weußldfõ ckmo msyg

s jQ hqfrdamd cd;Ska ;=kla kï lrkak@

02¡ weußldkq úma,jhg n,mE fya;= folla ioyka lrkak@

03¡ m%xY úma,jhg n,mE wd¾Ól fya;= folla úia;r lrkak@

04¡ reishdkq úma,jfha m%;sM, ksid f,dal foaYmd,k laI;%fha we;s jQ fjkialï folla
ksoiqka olajñka meyeÈ,s lrkak@

2¡ 2016 w¡ fmd¡ i¡ úNd.h

01¡ m%xY úma,jhg n,mE u;jdo bÈßm;a l< od¾Ykslhka ;sfofkl= kï lrkak

02¡ my; A B C yd D hgf;a olajd we;s f;dr;=rej,g .e<fmk ms<s;=re jrykska f;dard
wkqms<sfj<ska ,shd olajkak

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)
A - weußlka úma,jh weröug uq,a jQ isÿ ùu

B - ksoyia weußld tlai;a ckmofha m%:u ckdêm;sjrhd

C - m%xY úma,j iufha trg issá md,lhd

D - reishka úma,jhg kdhl;ajh ÿka mqoa.,hd

^ù whs f,kska" oyihjk ¨ù" kefmda,shka fndkmdÜ" fndiagka f;a idoh" fgksia msáfha
Èjqreu" fcda¾Ê fjdIskagka" tan%yï ,skalka" ,sfhdka fg%dÜials&

03¡ m%xY úma,jfhka miq trg we;s jQ fjkialï folla fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak

04¡ reishdkq úma,jh ksid trg we;s jQ foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól fjkialï tl ne.ska ksoiqka
olajñka úia;r lrkak

;drel È,dka kdkdhlaldr BA.^Hon’s& International Relations ( University of Colombo

)