Strengthening and Retrofitting

O-SCAAD
Retrofitting and Strengthening

Retrofitting And Strengthening
of Structures
March 7-8, 2003
Manila
Naveed Anwar
ACECOMS, AIT
Contents
• What is Retrofitting and Strengthening
•
The Failure Modes and Member Design

• Basic Retrofitting and Strengthening Techniques
• Special Considerations in Retrofitting
• Sample Solutions and Examples
• Using CSI Section Builder for Design of

Retrofitting Solutions
Introduction
The Basic Terms
• Retrofitting
Increase Strength and
• Strengthening
Performance
• Rehabilitation
Regain Strength and
• Repair Original Performance
• Restoration
• Preservation Maintain
• Conservation Original Performance
Need for Retrofitting/Strengthening
• Design Deficiency
•
Construction Deficiency
• Material Deficiency
• Major Damage
• Additional Loads
• Additional Performance Demand
• New Usage
Need for Rehabilitation/Repair
• Minor Damage
• Deterioration
• Serviceability Concerns
– Cracking
– Leakage
– Rusting
– Deflection
Structural Members and Systems
• Basic Structural Members
– Beam, Column, Strut, Tie
– Girder, Pier, Pile, Diaphragm

• Floor Slab Systems
– Flat Slab, Beam Slab, Waffle Slab, Joist System, …
– Two-way Slabs, One-way Slabs
• Foundation Systems
– Isolated Footings, Combined Footings, Rafts
– Pile Foundation, Caissons
• Wall Systems
– Several types of Retaining Walls
– Shear-Walls and Bearing Walls
Basic Member Classification
• Axial Members:
– Tension Only -P Y
– Compression Only +P
– Tension + Compression -P , +P
• Beams
– Uniaxial Bending Mx, Vy, Tz X
– Biaxial Bending Mx, My, Vx, Vy, Tz
• Columns
– Uniaxial Bending +P, Mx, Vy
– Biaxial Bending +P, Mx, My, Vx, Vy
Primary Actions and Reinforcement
P -P
m m -m -m
P -P
b) Flexure (Bending)
a) Axial Force



c) Direct beam shear d) Torsion e) Shear Friction
 
f) Restrained Shrinkage g) Free Shrinkage

Failure Modes of Members
• Material Failures
– Direct Tension Failure
– Direct Compression Failure

– Direct Flexural Failure
– Shear Failure (Shear, Tension, Compression)
• Stability Failures
– Axial-Flexural Buckling
– Lateral-Torsional Buckling
– Local buckling of Cross-section Elements
– Web Buckling
– Web Crippling
• Direct Tension Failure
– Failure of material in tension
– For members in high direct tension
• Direct Compression Failure

– Failure of material in compression
– For short, compact members
• Direct Flexural Failure

– Failure of material in tension or in compression
– For compact, fully braced beams or columns
• Axial-Flexural Buckling
– Stability failure due to axial load and pure bending
– For symmetrical sections, long columns
• Lateral Buckling
– Stability failure in bending in transverse direction
– For laterally unbraced symmetrical beam sections
– (Mostly “Lateral Buckling” is accompanied by twisting)
• Lateral-Torsional Buckling
– Stability failure in lateral bending and twisting
– For laterally unbraced sections
• Local buckling of Cross-section Elements
– Stability failure of parts of section due to compression
– For thin, slender plates (high b/t ratio)
• Web Buckling
– Lateral stability failure of web due to direct loads
– For high reactions, Plate Girders, thin webs
• Web Crippling or Crushing

– In-Plane stability failure of web
– For high loads, reactions, un-stiffened webs
• Failure in Direct Shear
– Failure of Material in direct shear stress
– Rarely occurs, possible in Steel

– Failure in aggregate interlock for concrete
• Failure in Shear Due to Tension Failure
– Most common failure for concrete in shear
– Principle tension due to shear stress exceeds tension capacity
• Failure in Shear Due to Compression Failure

– Possible failure for reinforced concrete
– Principle compression due to shear exceeds compressive strength
Retrofitting And Strengthening Column Failure
Retrofitting And Strengthening Joint Failure
Retrofitting And Strengthening Masonry Infill Wall Failure
Prevention of Failure
• Limit the Modes of Failure
– Provide Lateral and Torsional Bracing
– Control Section Slenderness Ratio: Compactness

– Provide Stiffening
• Limit the Allowable Stresses

– Take into account various stability factors
• Limit the Combined Stresses and Ratios

– The ratio of actual to allowable stresses for various
actions is restricted
Member Materials
• Structural Concrete
–
Plain Concrete
– Reinforced Concrete
– Pre-stressed Concrete
– Fiber Reinforced Concrete
– Ferrocement
• Structural Steel
– Hot Rolled Steel
– Cold Formed Steel
Basic Methods
and Considerations
Improving Strength
• In Flexure • In Axial
– Weak in Tension – Weak in Tension
– Weak in Compression – Weak in Compression

– Weak in Both • In Stiffness
– Deflection, Sway
• In Shear
– Pure Shear
• In Dynamics
– Vibration
– Compression
– Oscillation
– Tension
• In Torsion
– Pure Shear
– Compression
– Tension
Improving Stability
• Axial-Flexure Buckling
•
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
• Local Buckling
• Web Buckling/Web Crippling
• Side Sway
Improving Serviceability
• Reduce Vibrations
•
Closing/Repairing Cracks
• Improving Permeability
• Reversing/ Reducing Deflections
• Improvising Ductility
• Improving Fatigue Resistance
Basic Strengthening Methods
• Jacketing • Jacking
• Hanging
• Encasing
• Post-tensioning • Propping
• Replacement • Under-pinning
• By Passing • Bridging
• Relieving • Redistributing
Jacketing and Encasing
• Jacketing
– Putting a Jacket of higher
strength material on a lower

strength material
– Steel Plates/ Sections over
Concrete
• Encasing
– Covering a Material with
material of equal or lower
strength
– Concrete over concrete
– Concrete over steel
Post Tensioning
• Basic Idea
– Reducing tension in Concrete
– Inducing Reverse Bending

– Inducing Up-lift forces
• Post Tensioning Material
– Prestressing strands
– High strength wire
– High strength rods/ bars
– High strength Bolts
Replace, By-pass, Relieve, Bridge
• Find alternate load path
– For existing load
– For additional load

– For existing and new load
• Change of usage
– Remove structural member
– Relocate structural member
Jacking, Lifting, Hanging, Underpinning
• Basic Idea
– Reverse deflection
– Lift and replace

– Lift for support
replacement
– Support from below
– Support from above
Basic Considerations
• New performance needs are achieved

• Ensuring new load is transferred to the

new system
• The existing member is relieved from
the existing loads
• The old and new system act together
Load Transfer Mechanism
• Bond
•
Shearing Stress
• Anchorage
• Dowel Action
• Bearing
• Friction
• Shearing Friction
Long Term Considerations
• Creep
•
Relaxation
• Shrinkage
• Elastic Shortening
• Settlements, Movements
• Rust, Spalling
• Loss of Friction
• Loss of Pre-stress
• Fatigue
Material Selection
•
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

• Shrinkage
• Permeability
• Modulus of Elasticity
• Chemical Properties
• Electrical Properties
• Color Properties
Repair Material
• Conventional Mortar
• Conventional Concrete
• Dry Pack
• Ferrocement
• Fiber-reinforced Concrete
• Grouts (Cement or Chemical)
• Low Slump Dense Concrete
• Magnesium Phosphate Concretes and Mortars
Repair Material (contd.)
• Rapid Setting Cements
• Shotcrete
• Silica Fume Concrete

• Shrinkage Compensating Concrete
• Replaced Aggregate Concrete
• Bonding Materials
• Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC)
• Polymer Modified Concrete (PMC)
• Polymer Concrete (PC)
• Carbon Fibers and Strips
• Glass Fibers
Anchorage Material
• Anchors Play Important Role in Strengthening
• Post-installed Anchors
– Installed in predrilled holes

– Bonded anchors
• Grouted and chemical
• Drive strength from bond between concrete and anchor
• Bonding Agents: Epoxies, Polyesters and Vinyl Esters
– Expansion anchors (Mechanical Anchors)
• Torque controlled, Deformation controlled and Undercut anchors
• Drive strength from Friction and Keying
• Cast-in-place Anchors
– Non Adjustable Anchors, placed prior to concreting
Anchor Strength
• Material Strength
•
Hole Diameter
• Drilling System
• Embedded Length
• Annular Gap between Anchors
• Concrete Strength and Condition
• Type and Direction of Load Application
• Hole Cleaning
• Environmental Conditions
• Creep
Retrofitting And Strengthening Loading on Anchor Bolts
Retrofitting And Strengthening Loading on Bolts
Strengthening of
Beams and Slabs
Retrofitting And Strengthening Strengthening in Flexure
Existing Beam
Channel Section
Steel Plate or Channel Section New Concrete
Strengthening in Flexure – Post Tensioning
Channel
Existing Beam
Steel Rod/ PS Cable

Cross Section
Existing Beam
Anchor
Up Lift
Steel Rod/ PS Cable Cross Section

Strengthening in Shear
Steel Plate
Minor Deficiency
Shear Cracks
Major Deficiency
Steel Plates
CL
Retrofitting And Strengthening Strengthening in Shear
Strengthening By Hanging
Steel Plates
Bearing Pad
I Section
Slab
Existing Beam
Cross Section
Nut Bolts
Retrofitting And Strengthening Strengthening By Jacking
Existing Beam with Excessive Deformation
Existing Beam
Pr-Cambered I Section
Before Retrofitting
Bolts
I Section
Cross Section
Existing Beam
I Section
Bolts
After Retrofitting
Strengthening by Reduction External Trusses
Existing Beam
Truss Added to Carry Additional Loads
Existing Beam
Truss Added to Carry

Additional Loads
Strengthening Of Slabs
Steel Plates
Wire Mesh Bolts

Ferro Cement
Steel Plates
Bolts
Underside of Slab Wire Mesh Ferro Cement
of Columns
Strengthening
Strengthening For Axial Load
Existing Column
Channel
Sections or
Steel Plates
Existing Column
Angle Sections
New Concrete
Strengthening For Axial Load
Existing Column
New Concrete
Existing Column
Gap
New Concrete
Retrofitting And Strengthening Strengthening of Columns
Strengthening Of Trusses
CL
Existing Members
New Members
For Compression Strengthening
Rebar
Angle Section
For Tension Strengthening

Strengthening For Lateral Sway
Lateral Force
Existing Members
New Members
Retrofitting And Strengthening Strengthening for Sway
Retrofitting And Strengthening Strengthening for Sway
Retrofitting And Strengthening Strengthening Of Joints
Steel Plate
Steel Plate
Steel Plate Angle Sections
Bolts
Bolts Bolts
Strengthening Weak Joints in Concrete Frames

Strengthening
of Foundations
Strengthening Of Foundations - Bridging
Strengthening Foundations
Existing Concrete
New Concrete
Strengthening Of Foundations - Addition
Strengthening Foundations
Existing Concrete
New Concrete B-B
B
Retrofitting And Strengthening Strengthening Of Foundations - Underpinning
Retrofitting And Strengthening Strengthening Of Foundations - Underpinning
Post Tensioning Anchor
Tension Pile
Retrofitting And Strengthening Strengthening of Foundations
Retrofitting And Strengthening Adding Tie Beam
An Example
Load Path of Original Structure
4.0 4.0
12 Floors
4th
above the
Transfer
3.0 Girder
3rd N A
RC Transfer
1.
8 Girder
B
5.0
2nd
C
Load Path of Retrofitting
4.0 4.0
4th
G G
3.0
3rd H H, J Steel Girder

Retrofitting on
1. P
RC Girder and
8
RC Jacket on
K
Column
5.0
L
2nd
M
Retrofitting And Strengthening Model of Steel Girder
Retrofitting And Strengthening Solution Alternatives
Retrofitting And Strengthening Solution Alternatives
Repair Techniques
and Materials
Repair Methodology
• Evaluation
•
Relating Observation to Causes

• Selecting Methods and Materials
• Preparation of Drawing and Specifications
• Execution of Work
• Quality Control
Concrete Removal, Preparation, Repair
• Concrete Removal
– General Considerations
• Concrete Sound or Deteriorated

• Safe, Effective and Economical
– Monitor Removal Operations
• Limit Extent of Damage
• Core tests for Compressive and Tensile Strength
• Pulse Velocity Test
• Pulse Echo Test
Note: Tests may be conducted before, after or during concrete removal

Concrete Removal (contd.)
• Quantity of Concrete to be Removed

– Conduct Condition Surveys

• Classification of Concrete Removal Methods
– Blasting
– Cutting
– Impacting
– Milling
– Pre-splitting
– Abrading
• Cutting Methods
–
High Pressure Water Jets (without abrasives)

– Saw (diamond or carbide)
– Diamond Wire Cutting
– Mechanical Shearing
– Stitch Drilling
– Thermal Cutting
• Impacting Methods
– Hand-Held Breakers
– Boom-Mounted Breakers
– Scabblers
• Milling Methods
– Scarifier
• Hydro demolition (high pressure water jetting)
• Prospecting Methods
– Hydraulic Splitters
– Water Pulse Splitters

– Expansive Agents
• Abrading Methods
– Sand Blasting
– Shot Blasting
– High Pressure Water Blasting (with abrasives)
Surface Preparation
• Methods of Surface Preparation
–
Chemical Cleaning
– Acid Etching
– Mechanical Preparation
– Abrasive Preparation
Reinforcement Repair
• Inspection of Reinforcing Steel
• Cleaning of Reinforcing Steel
• Repair of Reinforcing Steel

– Replacement
– Supplemental Reinforcing
– Coating of Reinforcement
Reinforcement Repair (contd.)
• Prestressing Steel
– Bonded Strands
• Re-tensioning in not possible

• Substitute Strand to be provided externally
• Avoid additional eccentricities
– Un-bonded Strands
• May be re-tensioned
• Remove, replace and re-tension deteriorated strand

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O-SCAAD

Retrofitting and Strengthening

The Failure Modes and Member Design

• Using CSI Section Builder for Design of

– Girder, Pier, Pile, Diaphragm

f) Restrained Shrinkage g) Free Shrinkage

– Direct Compression Failure

– For members in high direct tension

• Direct Compression Failure

• Direct Flexural Failure

– For symmetrical sections, long columns

– For thin, slender plates (high b/t ratio)

• Web Crippling or Crushing

– Rarely occurs, possible in Steel

• Failure in Shear Due to Compression Failure

– Control Section Slenderness Ratio: Compactness

• Limit the Allowable Stresses

• Limit the Combined Stresses and Ratios

– Weak in Compression – Weak in Compression

strength material on a lower

– Inducing Reverse Bending

– For additional load

– Lift and replace

• New performance needs are achieved

• Ensuring new load is transferred to the

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

• Silica Fume Concrete

– Installed in predrilled holes

Steel Rod/ PS Cable

Steel Rod/ PS Cable Cross Section

Existing Beam with Excessive Deformation

Truss Added to Carry Additional Loads

Truss Added to Carry

Wire Mesh Bolts

For Compression Strengthening

For Tension Strengthening

Strengthening Weak Joints in Concrete Frames

New Concrete B-B

Post Tensioning Anchor

3rd H H, J Steel Girder

Relating Observation to Causes

• Concrete Sound or Deteriorated

Note: Tests may be conducted before, after or during concrete removal

• Quantity of Concrete to be Removed

– Conduct Condition Surveys

High Pressure Water Jets (without abrasives)

– Water Pulse Splitters

• Repair of Reinforcing Steel

• Re-tensioning in not possible

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