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Thermodynamics Notes
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# Reversible - Irreversible Processes
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Ii J,., aJ..t.ohot e.hCJn9~ d..t...t9-u'rf eu.pQnl J.n Vqc.cum,

~o) \AH 20)
Oib t~ ~ wo'"'* ~! -:) <&> 'VqCCUVo ~~qtv\?rot1 o~ P~w-u.. J,., ze;v.c
o~ +t.u.. rJ).U.N)ID<Jl. ~ tl" atDjCJbv.lt +0 ~ S'}U-eKn ~ c:en.o) ~o j'\h~
+h-u-UL ~ 'nO UJ~ cUlha.- J-" \IC\IUU m ~~"h)m'cm,
YhoJ:;--le.mW::L~) W:: - fc'!l' c:\111
fe:~.::: 0 ('\fUCtum J
 :r~Vem"bh p!K.D~
J
'I:h+VHY\~d..t.tt.tt. r~oce&

-r- 1
Ex pCUVv'\ l E) 1\ t
U:J ""fT eM. 'on..

A I; = "cv CT,. - ii)

lHI",= net> C"i -li)

w = - Pex (V').._",)

::: - p~)( r" RTQ,.

--
https://alllabexperiments.com

~]
P1..- t'l

.·W :::.
- 1'2. [h RT'2, _

~RT!J
Ii 1',

T2.. .t...Ta ~ f«" E~a n..Al>l'''''''

12. > Ti .., -fr:rr. CD tflf~'

d) c.a.LCU1c:ttiOl1 01- AEf. ..

.------------------
~E
= h tv C. T1. -Tt)
T2, ~ 1;

T:t.>1i
(

Crl) (a1..CulIU:tl19'T) va- 4 H ~ !

,;t'

[ LlH-= .l'1Ep CT~-Tj)y

liil) Cct.lc.u..La.U:iOh &J. wtN1'-. cJ..e-ne. ".

W= -P1 [OP.T'l._ hRTIJ

1\ P,.. 1'1

.: ~n Co. se t:Ij. e~qn 5 S I'b n.. ,r

(''2.. ~ V,

f 9h COAL ~ to m ""'.wHO n...

 fflo noo.i:o ml'c;
<9tw>: ~ Otu. rnD...lL C)j. Clh "9d..tCt4-r~~ a...t '2":;f<lC ex.pa npend,!. ..9-UUJett. ~ A-cLh.bl~
tl;om a \I Ql.u.~ 1.0 d em:! +0 ')..0 dc..tn'1..

to1.cu.l.otJ;t. , q., /l.Q, AH ,w crnd 0vy>LLlJ\"- o\..W>tL ~ z i R]

.. , cl' - ()f =: R

c~ - 3'R '::. R

'-

Cp:::. §. R

'.1.

• 0

.6E = .;L+w -: : W
https://alllabexperiments.com

iH:: = h Cv C T!)....-<r,)
, ' '1!i';;'
. '.: ,t v.,., t ( ~ /;J"
,... 1>--" ,

.6E :;: -"' I· CV CT'2.- 300 K'

At& z' Cv (. T'l- - 3(0)

Jl ': r \f'J..)t-1
'\
0.,
.
~ ~VI
.,. .
t·· ..-'"'<t'!;: ~~~ ;; ,-- .(~-

21 c:: l~) '{.-J

"'f.i- 10

"2}. :::: L~ )"t..

1

M.­

'5
_R
t -; ££ --
-
S :::.\d,
:l-. :::. ~
C'I
~It.
-v

to:;: l~) \,(.-"

t -=:. l~) 0 d,
.... (').,)0"::: "S' s­
'3t>o (2)'" b
--;::.
T~ ::; 300 ;:: IS8.9 ~ \B.9 K
T1.-
J.5IS

..n..n 300 - .ih,2.--= O. ' .....2.0 ~

 = 3 'i7
"t
(0 0 E - oJ. )'~1. ~ ~ t. I -::. "3 V
(!.1.-l:.L) "'J'u..:: 39'
• H V '0'1 V 'M r 'b '-r.poyrrypcQ fj~ Q""(. o.t- 'i,IVtJ P 01 W
l1.tf1arol\ !t..tQ.,y 'tU4='I'O 1. +P n.m wrn-4 ~U..!IG4x3 'rT<c\.tcr;) ~ ~~
~JP:>q1O,llOlO Itta<tart> :Jotz 1'"b na~ ~~ u'O -f.o ~ TUQ 'h'\9
..r: S:t \. LQE Z ..... l-\V
(j
l:t'h\'}h-:::. ­
-r,
(OQ ~- 6 B \ J 'f l to & }I.. 9 ~ \ :::
(lJ..- "f:.L J cI :J' q ::: H V
https://alllabexperiments.com

M+Q = 5lV
J: v8c. \-=
(n I) }(.Sol't l- =
S'~
S ~ tte~8)( 5' S5 :::
"t:
[lll-1 "~'8 X£ = 39'
-r,
(GOt. ­ G91 ) ~~ =­ 3\1
 o @
btc,;l-t W

1\ E- ~ VII

W'=- -Ve~. [\l1,.-'JI'J

Wz. -1.['20-\01

W -:. - \ 0 ct::I:::YO' dcxn '3

w': -10)( g·'?'''..1

0,082

w _ - I 012. b -:Toul.t.

p...5"10ee5~ I\~ j~.

https://alllabexperiments.com

l:t. E '= W :: -lo\Q. ~

.6E ;:! C.v ('-1j...-7/; =-10112.,.(.

:!. R(T'J,..-3ool<:.) == _10\Q.b

2­

3 't 8,'314 [T'l.-- 30'1) J !;:. -IO\ll, t

1. J;
1Q..I.I"t I

TIJ..- - 30 0 ::::. -I () '2. lo/t '2..

a.BIU '" 3

T2-- '300 -= -IOI(l..,~ ')(2. = lit-a I" qt,

"'-*q".~l-

"'f').. = 2 ltj. '1\4.

A~ ':: her C T'l-_T"

=- H- 2~ 81314
'l..
r 218·7- 31>0]

'::
~ , S 'I. 8 t 3l\.\ L

:;;.
_ \~S\. 85t4 Jou..lJ·

 £'1--:.::.1
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01:;
~=-
.vb' sbb'l
- hb(: • b-c.
"'-0.5 k 71 - "-.L
f\-;J
'A ;::; d;)
Z·,(OI)
.>
oS L ::::~
(';bf9~ ::: .J\ j)
~
I\? ;::; hlC;'@ -t~?P60 '_£'1(01) ­
= oSL
~ =AJ - J,)
:::: "ll..
https://alllabexperiments.com

l-1 (of) osL

--
f\-:J
'....l OW ""~dlllQ..c.t£·ti'bt: ::; 4,:)
>I os L. Vf' '4 Ufd+
(f'"};}.'+,'O.,1 f.~ 'ljl(,fV po J 0+ ~w"JP 1 l.U Q~ ~rroCflO:llOIO
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COn1protLson. btw ISDi-he;J:1mct.l c:md adlh.bcdt'c p.}1t:1ce~.&:-at

" (compruUs,ot:') 01 Iso- ~ qd,Q. f~pOlhMl!o-oJ

(CUt -J ~ when 0.. S\js+ern Sh::u1+ed C P~lJ.J-tL (fl') omd V~ (v.')] J.J>
.:\:too di f fen en t ~1+ucttiO n • tilru. J;, Q ell'a 00t:bC. crY)d ClYOGl ttw1 J.o I":

Iso+h.01 maO.) d..u~n9 bot /') €qq nMl'oh :HI'lCtO. f..HtN)t..O-tL Pt J..,
SOl t'lU- In bo+h ;-ru.. Si +t.tsd.iP n..

t':t- Viio­
~
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. y.:r;",:
.~
.'
f!'''
• 4'

"'II'
",,\

..

~(~~r .
Pi ~i
~ Pf'Jadfq•

t:o ~ JAo +ttt>fmC\9. E')t In::! ru.t.>\'on. -:)

rt RT::: Pive = P.f Vta o. --CD

Be(C1.W)e .:h.mp, tit> ~rYle fo!)1.. acl..iabcdic ~e.e8A

'l
Pi VLY. = P.f Va.dl'CL -CiD

t.)"}orn \.b ~

!£ == ( \n~e)"' .----'@
Pi CVl
f:JU) Nl - llt) l
~ =: ryQdfCl~)· _~)

"4 ~,u

':
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~
( • tiJ"IPbl\ < .O'<:!f\ 1
~ .~
'b!Pb" < Q"ii.'f\
....
https://alllabexperiments.com

~I\

.::: 1'/i)\IP~ J\l~ ')..

 Th.e o.bove ~uJ.± 8how.3 thot.L i-W... ~1'f"\Q..L VCll.t.Ltn.a. ...in +tu- CDl.U.

OJ 9so\-h.U1mcu. c'.:!C.fClnAtU'On r. VI'.s 0.1 J" 8.9Uat..;le.n i-t1aJ.n .:ir'nClSl

vo!u..rru.. ~ tht. Cot.U. c.:e ad l'ct ba.:tic. +ttiA ~o p.n.ove +n CO:

, L~
wo'" 'b. ol.O ru. ~ +tu.. ~ e. 01 :r:$oftu,:J\tncd.. f.x.pCI(\J\J) Ibn \.Y.) ~eJ1
(

+ban WD""k done J.b +no.. CCWl ~ AclL'ctbct1J.c ~~CltlMl'01}o

Ccut- It
https://alllabexperiments.com

When ~'~ncti Vfll.umL JJ, both .th.Q. Cbu\ el. OJ..

tqcUQ.. <tJ -:tsoth.) 6}u.. Some (V; ,_

.fo~ :tso tt\J,)1mOl.O. p-'10c.e~.&

Pl'Vi. ---,) PL~oo Vf .... <D

fcrr Ad fet. p.:>toc e&a·

't.

p, ,,~ ~ PQd.Oqo V.fl. -@

-from l~)

PC:
fl'S.O
= ~l
Vi.
l _ (Dt)

t::

from C'It)

1
fi
PC'.k:Ja o
= l2)
\I t
----{Ill)

-----
 "UO.l W \H"'41c3 ~ l:) 1pb f.(l ~ ?IYl--t tA} 7\-O'l~~d
~u.lj lAl11\ft J.G~6 '1' UQ!W\.tlOthc.~ VOWlmoC+ OS.:I, W -mt1)
-m+ cty' "n(Y)Wl1'6'd ""OlO\J,I~ -.v}f 'f11I\.tf 'i'cnovro ~Yl').(" al\oq kl ~4+
https://alllabexperiments.com

'~lp~J < .OV.I c1

.'~
O'i'.'tt ·q,""d
<
7 7

(
~) '1 f"1~ J
 https://alllabexperiments.com
- h'\ornWWnS ­

-1
_J
4f-~ CAL co LA.,.:rON OF THERNODV MAMIe PARAf\1E.TE'R IN c flSE 0 F-.

ISO THE R. M t:\L ~6'Vt5'Q.srBlE PRoc~ss FtlR AN REAl. qAS : -:II­

01 CC\lculJ:lU:io n c)j OJ 0 91f< d..&tu... ­

we ~ h6W +hDtJ:;­

fe... n n,01.a.. .,.

( p+ ~~l..) (V _ h b) = n RT

p -=
-n RT _
-
00'1..,
https://alllabexperiments.com

lv- hb) V '1.

W:::. - 5 V2-
p. dV
VI

..... W:::.
j V
[ nRT
(v -nb) -
-an~ ] dv
'11-

\IV :=
- J
[ "I 'ORT
"1.­
dv
(V-hi» ­
ah~ ~]1 v...

w - n RT J..h..(V2,.-h ~ + 011.2- C J:.. - 1.) ]

[ tv, _ hb) Vt. VI
 "'1\ 1 ,.lH'J -
T - T -- 391
I(11\
I~[ f\ ]
"'11\ r • -e YO - - av
1,/\
~~ f 'ttl t> -::::
I\p 3P J
"t,/\
~P.lS 4-\°9 'drU:r.,
-r./\
/\ p . i,lIb = 3p
https://alllabexperiments.com
 CcLtc.u1.a.ti.o n. <!1J .6 H

!ihte we know fh.ot1::­

_'. Dl..l.)1..i h a I'h,\ t-,'t:U-. S+<:ctJ.

H. = EI + p,v, -IT>
f t no.L ,lf6...tt.­

~h :::. E"l + P2. V2.. -®

trD - (:J:)
https://alllabexperiments.com

l-h- H, ::; E'1.- E, + P2.V~ - P.v,

..oH = AI:. + P2. VI. - ,,v.
.
~

f ::: OIlT
lv- hb) - abt..
v~

.., Pl ::: nRT an'\..,

. --'--­
lv, -hb) -v?·
... f'l. :: nRT
-lV2.- hb)
Q)')'2...

v.,..l.

~h.Att...

4H = 61; + r~
tlYa-hb)
_an''12.1-)..,] v
1. -
f !'> R T,
lfy0b} -
en'l..1"
v.7.. I

N6t<~0"'~I.m h V,-...lw) 1;1 tMTVi-1fhl IJ

'14- 11\
~l.I- "11\ ~T' 1 ~ U =b
https://alllabexperiments.com

/V\+-b =. 3\7
 c.oW)rwU.s~n b(W UJo~k clDht. ,'" i-lc.t. tOUA. OJ .9tt.UeK.Jib.J.t f-'"lO(~~ foy an.
:z:ol.JI.oll 9cq om d R~ Cd oc..H - (:r: so t-tun t1')Qjl P!H..Oc.eNI:t

..: we know thDcJ:. In a. ~ 9~-

W~UIL = n,RTJ.hV2--hb +0"''1. (2..-1..J - (1]

CR-ev.l '" - h b VI" V,

t l)J o !Itl clOh.t. J.n :r:d..tDt.l. <Jd.L..oJ

Wrcucd. = n Po T ~h \1.2..
_Cii]
C ,,~v.J V,

C:',,,- e.,cl'ttnsston. IIh.. '> '" J

Hu.h. {Jl) - 0:)

https://alllabexperiments.com

h""~
Wr~ - \IV ~.= n R..,. .1" Vl.
VI
, -- hRiV)..,-hb_Qf)'-[l_,]
VI-he \/" ~ Cbto'Z ~ & CD~t-t.,J
.,. v ~ $lrn..at.U.J

VVIclettl - W~ = nR~:l.. - tt r.!Y!: _ cml.

7 ~I 7' VI
r 1.. -1 ]
L \r~ VI

WXolea.A. - W 31..t.cd.. = - an'L. l ..!..V:a. - Vt.L 1

I
!
""rcl.t.aj. - W.xw. -:::: ctn'L. [ ..l -
VI
1
~
1
C' (n E"pc.rw>"oh. v~ J" o..lwOUf!> c.~eJ1}+ v, 1

( W 'I:d..ttlU-- \N R eQ.t) -\(om e.A + ive

ctncl 'we- ct.l.no'3ofe:J1e.e.p-l fo f'vlrm OJ- \'n+otCepr

, '
9' 811, COUL ~ 8 dJ.aU). QcV!. ~ ~ ~ U/) CD nv e9-CU.d J..h±G UJo'lf ~ alb tLe·

~ ~t) +tu. (~e U1 .}UOJl 3QJJ.. )...01'YlL p~ ~ ~'d t.W LUCU)f~d &h +ert~
WJ- o
o:j. O~h'U- ..to ~e~on.