Communication 

 It is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to

another within and across channels, context, media and cultures (Mc Cornack, 2014) 
 Communication is what we call when people communicate with each other by sharing their
thoughts, ideas, and opinions in means of any channels (verbal or non-verbal) they use. 
 Communication as the transmission, interpretation and exchange of information. 
Nature of Communication 
 Communication is a process 
 Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver) 
 Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, action (nonverbal), or
both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time. 
 
 
Process of communication 

 
 The process of communication is a cyclic one as it begins with the sender and ends with the
sender in the form of feedback. 
 The purpose of communication is to transmit information from one person to another so
that the sender and receiver understand the message in the same way.  
 The responsibility for clear communication on the sender. But the receiver is also
responsible to confirm a clear understanding of the message. 
Function of Communication 
 CONTROL - control behavior 
 SOCIAL INTERACTION -  allows individuals to interact with others.     
 MOTIVATES -  motivates or encouraged people to live better.  
 EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION - facilitated people's expression of their feelings and emotion 
 INFORMATION DISSEMINATION -  to convey information. 
 
 
FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 
• COMPLETE communication is essential to the quality of the communication process in general. 
• CONCISENESS does not mean keeping the messages short but making it direct or straight to the point 
• CONSIDERATION always consider relevant information about his/her receiver such as mood,
background, race, preference, education, status, and needs, among others 
• CONCRETENESS message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and
situations. 
• COURTESY respect the culture, values, and beliefs .  
• CLEARNESS implies the used of simple and specific words to express ideas. 
• CORRECTNESS eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the credibility and
effectiveness of the message. 
 
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION 
 The use of jargon. Over-complicated or unfamiliar terms. 
 Emotional barriers and taboos. 
 Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver. 
 Differences in perception and viewpoint. 
 Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties. 
 Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. 
 Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents. 
 Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People
often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect
conclusions. 
 Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do
the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies
between cultures and between different social settings. 
 
Overcoming Barriers 
 Active Listening Active listening is a skill that can be acquired and developed with
practice. However, this skill can be difficult to master and will, therefore, take time and
patience. 'Active listening' means, as its name suggests, actively listening. Active
listening involves listening with all senses. As well as giving full attention to the speaker.
By providing this 'feedback' the person speaking will usually feel more at ease and
therefore communicate more easily, openly and honestly. There are both verbal and non-
verbal cues that convey active listening. Non-verbal signs include smiling (if
appropriate), making eye contact, nodding at appropriate times, and avoiding
distractions.  
 Use Simple Language It’s important to remember the audience that you’re speaking to,
and use language that can be easily understood. Avoid using medical terminology or
jargon when speaking to clients and their families. People are often intimidated by such
language, and can be afraid to admit that they don’t understand the message being
delivered.  You may also allow the listener to ask questions to clarify any points. 
 Give Constructive Feedback While the feedback that you give the speaker/sender may
occasionally be negative, it is important that it be constructive in nature. The intent of the
feedback should be to further the abilities of the speaker. This will strengthen the
interpersonal relationship, and enhance future communications. 
  
VERBAL AND NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION 
  VERBAL COMMUNCATION REFERS TO AN INTERACTION IN WHICH  WORDS ARE USED TO
RELAY MESSAGE. THIS IS THE METHOD OF COMMUNICATING THAT MOST OF US USE ON A
DAY TO DAY BASIS. 
 NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION REFERS TO AN INTERACTION WHERE  BEHAVIOR IS USED
TO CONVEY AND REPRESENT MEANINGS. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION USES GESTURES,
BODY LANGUAGE, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, AND EYE CONTACT 
Elements of Communication 
 Speaker - the source of information or message 
 Message - the information, ideas, or though conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions 
For example, Ela was speaking to convey a message that indicates verbal communication.  She also
showed her angry face to her son to reduce the volume of TV called non-verbal communication. 
 Encoding - the process of converting the message into words, actions , or other forms that
the speaker understands. 
For example, Ela has converted his thought into words to convey the message to her husband called
encoding. Here, converting thought into words is the process of encoding. Words serve as the spoken
communication symbol. She called her husband and uttered some words to share an opinion as well as
send the message. 
 Channel - the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal,
in which the encoded message is conveyed. 
For example, Ela has transmitted the message through a smartphone, so the smartphone is the channel
of the communication process. She uses technology to convey messages; therefore, it is called mediated
communication. 
 Decoding - the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver. 
For example, Ela has transformed his thought into words to convey the message to her husband called
encoding. At the same time, her husband converts those words into thought to understand the message
that is the process of decoding. 
 Receiver - the recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message. 
For example, Ela has sent the message targeted at her husband to whom she wants to communicate.
Hence, her husband is the receiver in this context of the communication. 
 Feedback - the reactions, response, or information provided by the receiver. 
For example, Ela’s husband asked about the due date of paying the electricity bill. 
 Context - the environment where communication takes place. 
 For example, Ela is talking to her husband informally, so she feels very comfortable. Therefore, the
social context has been designed from this communication process. The context will be physical-context
if they communicate face to face. 
 Barrier - the factors that affect the flow of communication.  
 
 
Models of Communication 
Δ Mother of all models 
Δ No feedback model 
Δ The Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication is  a mathematical theory of
communication that argues that human communication can be broken down into 6 key
concepts 
Δ Shannon weaver models said that communication has only 6 concepts which is
sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder, and receiver. There are no feedback
model involved.  
 

Δ with feedback model 

Δ The transactional model of communication refers to  the continuous exchange of
information where both the sender and receiver are involved in the process and take
turns to communicate messages. 
Δ Transactional model of communication that has a feedback model where the
exchanging of message or information of both sender and receiver creates a
process that returns the receiver to give message then the process continuous.   
 
REFERENCES 
 
Kobiruzzaman, M.M. (2019, November 2) Communication Elements- 9 Elements of Communication
Process. Newsmoor.  
https://newsmoor.com/communication-elements-9-components-of-basic-communication-process/ 
 
Communication: What is communication. (n.d). Phicare  Website. Retrieved from. 
http://phicare.com/competencies/communicationbarriers.php