Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.

1. A study on Impact
testing Equipment
2. CHARPY IMPACT TEST
and
3. IZOD IMPACT TEST

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 1

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.

IZOD Experiment No. ……….

Impact testing Equipment
TO DETERMINE IMPACT STRENGTH OF STEEL.
AIM: To study Impact testing Equipment for conducting (i) Charpy Impact test and(ii) Izod impact test.

OBJECT: To study the impact strength of steel by Izod impact test and Charpy Impact test

APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT:
1. Charpy /Izod impact testing machine.
2. Charpy impact testing specimen with U Groove.
3. Izod impact test specimen with V groove.
4. Vernier scale.

DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1. Analog type impact testing machine

THEORY AND PRINCIPLE:
Impact test is done to determine the behaviour of ductile material such as mild steel, aluminium, copper
etc., when subjected to high rates of sudden loading, it measures the energy absorbed in breaking the
specimen by a single blow or impact. Notched bar impact test uses a test specimen having a notch is
supported as a beam and subjected to impact from a moving mass having sufficient kinetic energy to break
the specimen. The energy absorbed by the specimen is measured by the loss in kinetic energy of moving
mass.

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 2

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during plastic
deformation. Static tension tests of unnotched specimens do not always reveal the susceptibility of a metal
to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test. Toughness takes into account both
the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or
suddenly applied loads while in service. Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths
achieved under slowly applied loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively
used. Therefore, the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying
an impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values obtained
from these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still, it is
important to note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of various materials or toughness of
the same material under different condition. This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition
temperature of the material occurring due to lowering of temperature.
In manufacturing locomotive wheels, coins, connecting rods etc. the components are subjected to
impact (shock) loads. These loads applied suddenly. The stresses induced in the components are many
times more than the stress produced by gradual loading. Therefore, impact tests are performed to asses
shock absorbing capacity of materials subjected to suddenly applied loads. These capabilities are
expressed as (i) rupture energy (ii) modulus of rupture and (iii) notch impact strength.
Two types of notch impact tests are commonly
1. Charpy test
2. Izod test

CHARPY IMPACT TEST:

Specimen with U notch supported at both ends as a single beam is broken by a falling pendulum striking the
face opposite to and immediately behind the notch. The energy absorbed by specimen is determined by
subsequent rise of pendulum as a measure of impact strength or notch toughness and expressed as Joules
J(N/mm2 ).

IZOD IMPACT TEST:

Specimen with V notch is fixed at one end which acts like a cantilever and broken by a falling pendulum
striking the face having the V notch. The energy absorbed is determined by the rise of pendulum as a
measure of impact strength and expressed as Joules.

Digital impact testing machine

1. The pendulum Impact Tester designed for conducting Izod, Charpy test.
2. The Pendulum is mounted on anti-friction bearings. It has two starting positions, the upper one for
Charpy & the lower one for Izod testing. On release, the pendulum swings down to break the
specimen and the energy absorbed in doing so is measured as the difference between the height of
drop before rupture of the test specimen and is read from the maximum pointer position on the dial
scale.
3. It is read on digital readout in case of electronic machines.
4. There are two strikers and one combined support available for fitting in to the pendulum and on to
the base of the machine for the Izod, Charpy test respectively, changing from one striker to another
is achieved simply by fixing the new striker into its position.

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 3

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 4

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 5

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.

Comparison Table Between Izod and Charpy Methods

Parameter of Izod Method Charpy Method
Comparison

Izod method or Izod The Charpy

impact strength test is method or
one of the standard sharply
methods to determine impact test is
the impact resistance of a high strain
various materials in rate
What is it? which an arm is raised standardized
to a specific height and test to determine the energy absorbed by
then released, the arm moves down to hit a the sample material during hitting. This
sample to break it and this sample is used to energy is used to determine the notch
calculate the notch sensitivity and energy, toughness of the material. It is an
this energy, in turn, determines the important method to understand fracture
toughness of the material. problems.

Specimen
sizes

In the Izod method, the In the Charpy method,

striking point is on the the striking point is in
Striking upper tip of the given the middle of the given
point sample. sample.

Types of The Izod method has only one notch, named The Charpy method has two notches,
notches as V notch. namely, U notch and V notch.

In the Izod In the Charpy

method, the notch methods, there
is always facing is a pendulum
Adjustments towards the for which the
of the pendulum mass and length
equipment vertically. is known which
is dropped from
a particular height, the notch is kept facing
away from the pendulum horizontally.

Materials Plastics and metals can be tested using the Only metals can be tested using Charpy
that can be Izod methods. methods.
tested

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 6

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 7

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.

Experiment No. ……….

TO DETERMINE IMPACT STRENGTH OF STEELBY CHARPY TEST
.
AIM: -Determination of the energy absorbed and impact strength of given specimen using Charpy impact
testing machine

OBJECT: To determine the impact strength of steel by Charpy test

APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT:
1. Charpy /Izod impact testing machine.
2. Charpy impact testing specimen/ A steel specimen 10 mm X 10mm X 55mm
4. Vernier scale.

THEORY:
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during plastic
deformation. Static tension tests of unmatched specimens do not always reveal the susceptibility of a metal
to brittle fracture this important factor is determined by impact test. Toughness takes into account both the
strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly
applied loads while in service. Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under
slowly applied loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used. Therefore,
the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an impulse load.
The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values obtained from these tests
are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still, it is important to note that
it provides a good way of comparing toughness of various materials or toughness of the same material under
different condition. This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the
material occurring due to lowering of temperature.

NEED AND SCOPE OF THE EXPERIMENT: -

The necessity for impact tests has arisen due to the failure of materials used in high-speed machinery under
repeated forces of impulsive character, even when such material has shown satisfactory strength and
deformation in a static tensile test. Various forms of impact test have been devised, of which Izod impact
test is the only one to try to determine the imperfections in material likely to fracture by "shock".

Although the Izod impact test has long been used as the standard form of test for checking the brittleness
of metals, the need has arisen for test at elevated and subzero temperatures. For this purpose the CHARPY
IMPACT test is more convenient. The specimen need not be , clamped and it can be quickly positioned
without significant change of temperature.

The standard shape of the test' specimen is as shown in fig, which is being tested in bending with a standard
notch in this Charpy test. Under this test, the notch on the specimen sets up stress concentrations, which
ensures that fracture, does occur.

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 8

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.
EQUIPMENTS: -
1. Charpy impact testing machine
2. Charpy specimen of lOmm x 10mm. square cross section and 55min length, with a V -notch 450 angle,
2mm deep and 0.25 mm root radius along the middle of the length according to ASTM E23, For a U -
notch specimen, the dimensions are 5mm deep, 2mm width and lmm root radius according to ASTM
E23. The specimen is kept as a simply supported beam in horizontal position and loaded behind the
notch by the impact of a heavy swinging pendulum. The angle of drop of pendulum is 1400. The
impact velocity is approximately 5.3465m/sec. The specimen bends and fractures at high strain rate.

EVALUTION OF TEST: Charpy test

SPECIFICATIONS OF M/C AND SPECIMEN DETAILS: Charpy test

1. Impact capacity=300joules
2. Distance between supports=40mm
3. Striking velocity of hammer=5.6m/sec
4. Specimen size=55 mm X 10mm X 10mm
5. Type of notch = V- notch
6. Angle of notch =45o
7. Depth of notch=2mm

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 9

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.
PROCEDURE: -

1. Without the specimen in the machine, swing the pendulum to ensure free movement.
2. Lift the pendulum and lock it at 1400.
3. Place the Charpy test specimen as shown in fig.
4. Select the test and its parameter given in the digital indicator.
5. Remove the lock nut and engage the lever.
6. Pendulum will strike the specimen and result will display in digital indicator.

OBSERVATIONS: - EVALUTION OF TEST:

Charpy value or Impact Strength
= Energy absorbed N-m ⁄ Cross section area at notch mm2
(I = K/A)
The notch impact strength ‘I’ is calculated according to the following relation I = K/A
Where,
I= impact strength N-m or J
K = Impact energy absorbed on repute N-m or J
A = area of cross section of specimen below the notch before test m2
Area at V- notch, A=B X D …………………m2
Breadth at V- notch = B ……………………..m
Depth at V- notch =D……………………………… m

RESULT: -
Energy required to fracture the Specimen U = ____________ J

Charpy value = _________ Nm/mm2

The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be-------Joules.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions
2. Take reading more frequently
3. Make the loose pointer in contact with the fixed pointer after the pendulum
4. Do not stand in front of swimming hammer or releasing hammer
5. Place the specimen proper position

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 10

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.

Experiment No. ……….

TO DETERMINE IMPACT STRENGTH OF STEEL BY IZOD TEST
.
AIM: -Determination of the energy absorbed and impact strength of given specimen using Izod impact
testing machine /To determined impact strength of steel.

OBJECT: Determination of the energy absorbed and impact strength of given specimen using Izod impact
testing machine. / To determine the impact strength of steel by Izod impact test

APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT:
1. Charpy /Izod impact testing machine.
2. A steel specimen 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm
4. Vernier scale.

THEORY:
In manufacturing locomotive wheels, coins, connecting rods etc. the components are subjected to impact
(shock) loads. These loads applied suddenly. The stresses induced in the components are many times more
than the stress produced by gradual loading. Therefore, impact tests are performed to asses shock absorbing
capacity of materials subjected to suddenly applied loads. These capabilities are expressed as (i) rupture
energy (ii) modulus of rupture and (iii) notch impact strength.
Two types of notch impact tests are commonly
1. Charpy test
2. Izod test

NEED AND SCOPE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

The necessity for impact tests has arisen due to the failure of materials used in high-speed machinery under
repeated forces of impulsive character, even when such material has shown satisfactory strength and
deformation in a static tensile test. Various forms of impact test have been devised, of which Izod impact
test is the only one to try to determine the imperfections in material likely to fracture by "shock". Although
the Izod impact test has long been used as the standard form of test for checking the brittleness of metals,
the need has arisen for test at elevated and sub-zero temperatures.

APPARATUS:
Impact testing machine
Izod specimen of 1Omm x 1Omm. square cross section and 75mm length, with a V -notch 45° angle, 2mm
deep and 0.25 mm root radius along the 28mm away from the c/s surface according to ASTM E23. The
specimen is kept as a cantilever beam in vertical position. The angle of drop of pendulum is 90°(exact 85°
21') and the impact velocity is approximately 3.856m/sec. The. specimen bends and fractures at high strain
rate".

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 11

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.

EVALUATION OF TEST: Izod impact test

SPECIFICATIONS OF M/C AND SPE CIMEN DETAILS: Izod impact
test
1. Impact capacity=164 joules
2. Least count of capacity (dial) scale =2 joules
3. Striking velocity of hammer=5.6m/sec
4. Specimen size=75 mm X 10mm X 10mm
5. Type of notch = V- notch
6. Angle of notch =45o
7. Depth of notch=2mm

PROCEDURE:

1. Without the specimen in the machine, swing the pendulum to ensure free movement.
2. Lift die pendulum and lock it at 90°.
3. Place the Izod test specimen as shown in fig
4. Select the test and its parameter given in the digital indicator.
5. Remove the lock nut and engage the lever.
6. Pendulum will strike the specimen and result will display in digital indicator.

OBSERVATIONS: -
Izod value or Impact Strength
= Energy absorbed N-m ⁄ Cross section area at nortch mm2
The notch impact strength ‘I’ is calculated according to the following relation I = K/A
Where,
I = impact strength N-m or J
K = impact energy absorbed on repute N-m or J
A = area of cross section of specimen below the notch before test m2

Area at V- notch, A=B X D ………………….. m2

Breadth at V – notch =B …………………………. m
Depth at V-notch =D ……………………… m

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 12

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.
The notch impact strength depends largely on the shape of the specimen and the notch. The values
determined with other specimens, therefore may not be compared with each other.

Impact strength of the given specimen is ……………N-m

RESULT: -

Energy required to fracture the Specimen U = ____________ J

Charpy value = _________ Nm/mm2

The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be-------Joules.

PRECAUTIONS:
• The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions
• Take reading more frequently
• Make the loose pointer in contact with the fixed pointer after the pendulum
• Do not stand infront of swimming hammer or releasing hammer
• Place the specimen proper position
.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is ductile to brittle transition and how it is checked
2. For impact test, why are notched specimen used
3. Discuss the significance of impact tests compared to static tests
4. What is meant by notch sensitivity?
5. What are the differences between Charpy and Izod test?
6. In what units are results of impact test usually given
7. What physical property of material is determined by means of impact test
8. Explain impact fracture in case of ductile material

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 13

 Material Testing lab (18ME36B) Mechanical Engineering Department III SEMESTER B. E.

Dr. S B Mallur, professor, UBDTCE, Davanagere 14