i

PROPOSED DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR HORIZONTAL FILING MACHINE

OPERATED BY A SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM

A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF CEBU – MAIN CAMPUS
SANCIANGKO ST., CEBU CITY

IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BY:

MARK E.J RAMONIDA

JERREMAE GARCIA
ELLA SUMAGANG
 ii

APPROVAL SHEET
This research titled “FABRICATION OF HORIZONTAL FILING MACHINE
USING SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM” prepared by and submitted by
MARK E.J RAMONIDA, JERREMAE GARCIA, and ELLA SUMAGANG in
partial fulfillment to the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
in Mechanical Engineering is hereby examined, accepted and approved.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

GREG BELONGILOT, MST, MEE

Chairman/Dean, College of Engineering

DR. JOEY BANTULA ENGR. CAROL JANE BERNABE

Member 1 Adviser

ENGR. JOHN ROLAND ARCALLANA ENGR. RODEL NAVAL

Member 2 Statistician

RENATO SAGAYNO, Ed.D.Dev

University Research Director

ANA LIZA B. SON and YOLANDA SAYSON, Ph.D.

Vice Chancellors for Academic Affairs

Date: MAY 2021

 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE
Introduction 6

Review of Related Literature 7

Working Principle 10
Synthesis and Justification 11
Theoretical Framework 12
Conceptual Framework 13
Statement of the Problem 17
Significance of the Study 19
Scope and Limitation 20

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21

Research Design 25
Research Setting 27
Research Respondents 28
 iv

Data Gathering Procedures 28

Statistical Treatment 29
Definition of Terms 30

REFERENCES 32
APPENDICES
Appendix B 33
Appendix C 39
CURRICULUM VITAE 34
 v

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework
Figure 2: Research Flow Chart
Figure 2.1: Research Process
Figure 3: Isometric view
Figure 4: Top view
Figure 5: Back view
Figure 6: Front view
Figure 7: Location of Study
vi
 7

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the study

Horizontal filing machine is a power-machine for filing metals, it is in

reduced, size, portable, versatile and may be taken anywhere on work. Filing

operation used in a wide range of materials as a finishing and burr removing

operation of a tool. This machine could be electrically operated and easy to

handle with one hand. The filing process is originally done with one hand on

wood handle and other hand ox`n tip of file but there are many problems

related to hand filing where it could be time consuming and not effective as

much as it is manually operated and could not produce an efficient and

accurate during filing.

Hand filing process could be easy but, it requires human effort and

much time consuming for different shape of work piece. File tool come in a

wide variety of materials, sizes, shapes, cuts, and tooth configurations. It

consists of blade with tang which is fitted in wood handle, these files are of
 8

different type and available with different cross section and no. of cut i.e.,

single cut and double cut which are sometimes provided with tapers.

Proposing this horizontal filing machine will definitely help in reducing

time and human effort with different design and by using the scotch yoke

mechanism to actuate the function and it's working principle is viable in filing

operation. The scotch yoke is a mechanism for converting the circular motion

into reciprocating motion or vice-versa where the tool is directly coupled to a

sliding yoke with a lot engages a pin on the rotating part.

Dabhade R., Dabhade V., Gunjal S., Sonawane D. (2015) proposed

the Advanced Filing Machine. This advanced filing process is way simpler

than conventional filing process in which it has a smaller improvement from

the original one. Reciprocating action of file decreases the necessity of

human efforts. This filing machine will have more importance when number

of work piece to be machined more. Filing machine is in of compact size,

portable and may be taken anywhere on workplace. Also, the machine is

given a file holder with which different quite files are often attached or

removed easily and in keeping with need one can use the right file for smooth

operation.
 9

Arakelian V., Le Baron J., Mkrtchyan M., (2015) proposed a design of

scotch yoke mechanism with improved driving dynamics. The scotch yoke

mechanism is most ordinarily utilized in control valve actuators in high-

pressure oil and gas pipelines, similarly as in various combustion engines,

like the Bourke engine, SyTech engine and plenty of hot air engines and

stream engines. This paper proposes that by adding linear springs to the

output slider will balance the input torque of scotch yoke mechanisms with

none auxiliary linkage. It’s shown that after cancellation of inertial effects the

input torque because of friction in joints becomes constant, which facilitates

the control of the mechanism. An optimal control is taken into account to

enhance the operation of balanced scotch yoke mechanisms.

Yoshihito M., Yoshihito T., Atsunori S., Akifumi K., Manabu H., Tokio

Y., (1998) designed a scotch yoke mechanism for multistage compressor

having a spring-biased liner plate. This includes a yoke with a cross slider

and roller bearings pressed against the edges of the cross slider by spring

forces to enable the cross slider to slip smoothly within the yoke that explains

multistage compressor. The spring forces are generated by springs against

the cross slider. The yoke and cross slider seem not be destroyed during

operation of the compressor whether or not the scale of the members change

to thermal expansion by this construction.

 10

Theoretical Framework
The execution of imaginative advancements not just diminishes

cost altogether but will definitely help in decreasing time and human exertion

in metal just as wood filing process. Small strides in the innovative

progression like this won't just have a higher effect over the long run yet

additionally make filing process more productive. Prior to the improvement of

current machining gear, it gave a moderately exact intends to the creation of

little parts, particularly those with flat surfaces.

Project construction is speedy, effortless, and functional. The

development is unbending and requires a DC motor and a battery to run it.

This study focuses the innovation of a filing machine with scotch

yoke mechanism. This system has a reciprocating motion. It converts circular

motion into linear motion and vice versa using a slotted slider- based method.

The circular disc is driven by a motor with the assistance of a battery to bind

with the reciprocating arm; the disc has a small yoke. The arm has a slotted

area just big enough for the yoke to be adjusted. Any type of file can be fitted
 11

to the other end of the arm. The entire setup is designed to achieve the

desired motion with the least amount of friction.

 12

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

PHASE 1 PHASE 2
PHASE 3
PRODUCTION OUTPUT
OUTLINE & ASSESSMENT &
COMPLETION/
GATHERING OF TESTING
FABRICATION
DATA

1.DATA 8. CONDUCTING
5. PREPARATIONS
COLLECTING/ SATISFACTORY
OF MATERIALS
GATHERING SURVEY

2. DEVELOPING 9. CONDUCTING
MODEL IN 6. ASSEMBLING
PERFORMANCE
AUTOCAD & OF COMPONENTS
ASSESMENT
INVENTOR

3. CALCULATING 7. FINISHED 10. TESTING AND

THE DESIGN PRODUCT/ MODIFICATION
PROPORTIONS COMPLETION OF PROJECT
OUTPUT

4. CHOOSING OF
MATERIALS FOR FIGURE 1.
THE DESIGN
 13

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to develop the proposed design guideline of Horizontal

Filing Machine operated by a Scotch Yoke Mechanism which is ideally made for

workshop in order to make the work done more quickly and easier. Specifically,

the study sought to answer the following:

1. Identify the materials that are utilized in proposing the project as to: a.)

body set-up b.) scotch yoke system and file assembly c.) switch regulator

and wire associations

2. Develop the processes to be used as to: a.) assembling b.) installing and

c.) wiring

3. Simulation of the designed project.

4. Examine the advantages of the product in terms of: a.) portability b.) cost

c.) durability and d.) efficiency

5. Evaluate the effectiveness of the developed project based on the results.

 14

Hypothesis
This project study also would like to answer the following
hypothesis regarding to this study.
1. There will be a critical decrease of time consumed during filing
activities when utilizing the filing machine.

2. Horizontal filing machine make the work more efficient and faster than
done by hand operation.

3. There will be a sufficient amount of filing machine for utilization of

students during filing process over an ordinary and manually operated
at UC-Main workshop.

4. Will there be a significant improvement in using the filing machine

rather than utilizing the hand manual operation?

5. The filing machine will be much the same as the manually operated
one in terms of its precision.
 15

Working Principle

Horizontal filing machine works on the principle operated by scotch

yoke mechanism that converts circular motion into reciprocating motion with

the assistance of DC motor and a battery as the force supply and where the

filer instrument is append to the connecting rod. This machine is associated

with a switch that turn on/off both the system and filing tool. As the crank turn

with shaft and connecting rod begin to reciprocate along with the file tool

attached on the rod also begin to reciprocate horizontally and when the ideal

speed is fixed then the filing process can be performed.

Cutting Motion

The cutting motion of this filing machine is by reciprocating movement

utilizing a file tool which is associated along the crank that makes a circular

movement since the study is utilizing the scotch yoke mechanism in order to

reciprocate the file tool at various speeds (rpm) with the assistance of DC

motor and a battery to get its reciprocating and circular movement.

Feed Motion

In this machine the feed pace of it tends to start by a switch regulator.

What’s more, naturally the turn of the crank along with the file tool will

gradually move by basically turning on the switch regulator.

 16

Tool Work

The horizontal filing machine is proposed utilizing a dc motor along with

the battery to drive the circular disc or crank which is the yoke and where the

connecting rod is associated, basically in the connecting rod a file tool is

connected. The entire machine is set up in a supporting frame with the

assistance of certain joints and screws.

Synthesis and Justification

Filing machines assists with accomplishing work piece function

by eliminating some overabundance material and deburring surface and

commonly be seen in machine workshops. Due to the old method design

where generally done by hand with one hand on wood handle and other hand

on tip of file. The researchers proposed to this study to reduce human efforts

and less time consuming in filing process than the old method. Although it

depends on the thickness of a material to be filed on how long it would take

to finish, it is an assurance that a machine will continuously perform its

function unlike human beings who gets tired.

 17

1. PRODUCTION OUTLINE AND GATHERING OF DATA

The researchers have collected first the information needed to

implement the project. Next is the drawing and simulation of the product’s

3D outline using AutoCAD. Furthermore, the researchers have calculated

the measurements to avoid or minimize the chance of failure of the design.

The materials needed are then selected afterwards. The main components

are the scotch yoke mechanism and the file tool to ensure that the purpose

of the project was being met.

2. OUTPUT COMPLETION/FABRICATION

➢ BODY SET UP

It is upheld by a supporting system fill in as base, segment and

working table. The base will be the body of the plan associated

with the functioning table will be place for the material to be

operated.

➢ SCOTCH YOKE SYSTEM AND FILE TOOL ASSEMBLY

This filing machine comprises of an electrically worked DC motor

with the battery and component for transformation of rotary

motion of shaft into reciprocating motion of file tool. The design

of machine is simple and smaller in size and similar to slider

crank mechanism. The engine is set at one side of frame

 18

and crank is mounted on shaft. Crank is associated by

connecting rod where along with it is the file that is appended and

the tapping is provided with screws on the file holding

arrangement for fixing file in it. The entire assembly is covered

by frame and for simple dealing.

➢ SWITCH REGULATOR AND WIRE ASSOCIATIONS

In this process all parts are currently gathered here including the

body part and the head part. Presently a wire is associated at the

principal switch regulator that decide the degree of speed where

the fundamental stock to turn the system will be the DC engine.

3. ASSEMBLY / CONSTRUCTION

After the selection of materials needed, the proposed design is then

being started. First thing is by attaching the disc with a small yoke to the

reciprocating arm. The other end of the arm will then be fitted with any type

of filer according to how it will be used. Then, two pieces of woods was

attached to the front using bolts and nuts which has the same function as a

bench vise to hold the work piece. Now, the wire is connected to the switch

and the dc motor that will make the scotch yoke mechanism rotate. The main

supply to rotate the dc motor is the battery.

 19

4. ASSESSMENT & TESTING

Following the successful prototype model of Horizontal Filing Machine

using Scotch Yoke Mechanism, the finished output was then being tested

from its operating functions. After testing, a satisfactory survey was

distributed to the instructors and students of UC main to evaluate their

perceptions and suggestions about the output of the project. Moreover, an

additional survey was distributed to assess the performance of the horizontal

filing machine after it was operated to recognize if the prototype had met its

purpose and if it did not show any signs of malfunctioning.

 20

Significance of the Study

This study will help the University of Cebu to assess the development

of the students of engineering department with their academic knowledge

and skills with regards to this topic. It will directly benefit the following:

Researchers. This project will assist the researcher’s application and

enrichment of their knowledge and skills in the proposed design guideline of

this project. This study will also enable the researchers to find more practical

and efficient ways for the improvement of the project to the higher extent.

The development of this study will enable the researchers to put the related

theories gathered into application.

Future Researchers. This will provide information for future

researchers that they can utilize in innovating similar studies. This will also

serve as a reference and basis for future researchers.

Most immediate impact. This project will be efficient enough

compared to the old method of manual filing.

Secondary benefits. This project will help to reduce the manpower in

filing a metal compared to the manually operated filing method.

 21

Scope and Limitation

The project covers on the proposed design guideline of horizontal filing

machine operated by the scotch yoke mechanism, helping the process to

reduce manpower and achieve more efficient output. The project will be

intended to achieve a low-cost budget design and sustainable materials

design for the people. The machine will not be able to file large pieces of

metals. The generalizability of results is affected by the purposive sampling

process. This research would not be applicable to all engineering fields.

 22

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology
This study is a proposed model structure type of research that proposes a unique

model for both research and product of horizontal filing machine operated by the

scotch yoke mechanism.

Input Process Output

✓ Propos ✓ Gathering of ✓ Horizo

information and ntal Filing
ed design
related Machine
guideline of studies/theories
Horizontal operated by
for the research
Filing the Scotch
✓ Planning and Yoke
Machine
Designing of the Mechanism
operated by project
the Scotch
Yoke ✓ Purchasing of
Materials
Mechanism
✓ Assembling

✓ Testing, changes
& evaluation of
the project study

✓ Finalization and
Conclusion of
the project

Figure 2: The Research Flow Chart

 23

As shown in Figure 2. The process and construction of the project study which

includes the fabrication of the research, use of designing hypotheses, testing,

changes, assessment and the output of the project study which is the horizontal filing

machine operated by scotch yoke mechanism.

 24

Research Process

START

RESEARCHING AND GATHERING OF INFORMATION, RELATED

STUDIES AND THEORIES FOR THE PROJECT STUDY

PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF THE PROJECT STUDY

IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

DOES THE
DESIGN
SATISFY
THE
GOALS?

FINALIZATION AND CONCLUSION

HORIZONTAL FILING
MACHINE OPERATED BY
SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM

END Figure 2.1

 25

In conceptualizing a designed project is to fully acquire sufficient knowledge

on the creation of the ideal invention. First phase, the researchers will gather

adequate information, related studies and theories that is in line to their project study.

After gathering all the needed information, the researchers begin to plan and

design for the invention of their project study then come along with it is the

implementation and testing of the output, to find out whether it will work and if not,

the researchers will test the output again until it satisfies the goals of the project.

Lastly, the finalization and conclusions of the project will be provided if the

project output succeed and attain the goals of the project.

 26

Research Design

This study is descriptive method study since it only enhance by

fabrication and detecting enough interpretation or evaluation of being fact.

Figure 3: Isometric view

Figure 4: Top view

 27

Figure 5: Back view

Figure 6: Front view

 28

Research Setting

This study is conducted at the University of Cebu–Main Campus,

College of Engineering. The University is located along the Sanciangko

Street, Cebu City.

Figure 7: Location of Study

The University of Cebu is an educational institution in Cebu City, Philippines

founded in 1964 founded by Atty. Augusto W. Go offering preschool, grade school,

junior & senior high school, undergraduate degrees, and post-graduate degrees. It

was then named as the Cebu Central Colleges years later, until it received its present

university status in 1992. UC has four campuses, namely UC Main, UC Lapu Lapu

and Mandaue, UC Mambaling, and UC Banilad.

 29

Respondents of the Study

In this research study, the respondents are the instructor, research panel, chairperson,

dean and the students of Mechanical Engineering department of the University of

Cebu Main -Campus.

Data Gathering Instruments

This study provides documentary information and reviews that will support to the

conducted study. This research will undergo an experimental method in which it will

test the functionality of the machine. In addition, quantitative method will be used

by distributing survey questionnaires in gathering the data in which they will be

answered through checking the box. This will also involve observations in which the

experiment has been made.

Data Gathering Procedures

Prior to utilizing the filing machine, the respondents should answer a survey

questionnaire. And the results of the survey will apprise the researchers as well as

the panellists of the significance of utilizing the horizontal filing machine using

scotch yoke mechanism.

 30

Statistical Treatment

To break down the assembled information from the survey questionnaire answered

by the respondents, Statistical Significance Difference will be utilized in confirming

and giving information to distinguish if there is a significance difference between

the proposed design of a filing machine and manual filing. In the event that our

hypothetical theory is acknowledged in the wake of utilizing the plan, at that point

the researchers can say that there will be an incredible huge contrast between the two

methods in filing process.

Formula: x=(∑Y)/N

Where:

x=average mean

∑Y=total number who said yes or no

N=total number of proponents

 31

Definition of Terms

 Crank - is defined as a handle or a bent arm which is used to make a

motor or machine rotate

 File - is a tool to remove fine amounts of material from a work piece.

 Filing - is a material removing process in manufacturing which can be

used on a wide range of materials as a finishing operation.

 Human effort - is the amount of work that a person creates

 Machine - it is a tool or invention that is created by people to make work

easier

 Scotch yoke mechanism - is a reciprocating motion mechanism,

converting thelinear motion of a slider into rotational motion, or vice versa.

 Yoke - a clamp or vise-versa that holds a machine part in place or

controls itsmovement or that holds two such parts together

 32

Specifications for the Design

Calculations: v=Wr
Stroke length of the Piston v = ( 2.6954 ) ( 30 )
Radius of the crank, r=30 rpm =0.03 m v = 80. 862 mm/s
L=2r = 2x 0.03 where:
L=0.06m v = velocity
B. Angular Velocity of the crank W = angular velocity
Volt=12 Volts Speed=492 rpm r = radius of the crank
Max speed of the motor, N=492 rpm
W= 2π NT/ 60= (2πx 0.06x 492) / 60
W=2.6954 rad/sec
C. Power Developed
Torque, T=10kgf/ cm
P=2Πnt / 60 = (2πx 492x 10)/ 60
P=515.22W

Specification of Motor
Speed of Motor: High speed Motor
Voltage: 12v
 33

REFERENCES

• Arakelian V., Le Baron J., & Mkrtchyan M.,(2015, November 17). Design of Scotch

yoke mechanisms with improved driving dynamics. Google.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1464419315614431

• Century Dictionary.Retrieved April 15, 2020 from:

https://www.wordnik.com/words/filing-machine

• Dabhade R., Dabhade V., Gunjal S., Sonawane D.(2015, March-April).Advanced

Filing Machine.Volume3.Issue2.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280722824_Advanced_Filing_Machine

• Rashid(2019,August 24).Scotch Yoke Mechanism – Construction and

Working.Retrieved April 15,2021 from

:http://www.mechanicalwalkins.com/scotch-yoke-

mechanism/#:~:text=Working%3A%2D,motion%20of%20the%20reciprocating%20p

art.&text=Like%20this%2C%20the%20rotational%20motion,or%20connecting%20ro

d%20as%20needed.

• Yoshihito M., Yoshihito T., Atsunori S., & et al. (1998, December 8). Scotch yoke

mechanism for multistage compressor having a spring-biased liner plate.

Https://Patents.Google.Com.https://patents.google.com/patent/US5846059?oq=scot

ch+yoke+mechanism+working+principle
 34

APPENDIX B

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Instruction: Kindly fill up the following questions and put a check mark on the box

provided.

QUESTIONS YES NO

Have you experienced filing a metal?

Will it be beneficial to have a filing machine?

What filing process do you usually use?

Manual
Using a machine

How do you file materials when it is needed to be filed?

Check only one;
Manual
Using a machine

For you, what type of filing process is more convenient?

Check only one;
Manual
Using a machine
 35

Curriculum Vitae

Mark E.J. Ramonida

Address: Purok Bolinao, Maraat Gamay, Matab-ang
Toledo City, Cebu, 6038
Contact Number: 0943 859 3472
Email: mramonida@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birth Date: September 1, 1999
Age: 21
Citizenship: Filipino
Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language spoken: Tagalog, English, Bisaya

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary 1 University of Cebu-Main
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Sanciangko St., Cebu City
(2018-2021)
Secondary 2 Senior High School
Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School
Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City
Secondary 1 Junior High School
University of the Visayas Toledo Campus
South Osmena St., Toledo City, Cebu
 36

Primary San Isidro Elementary School

San Isidro, Talisay City, Cebu
 37

Jerremae Garcia
Address: Tajao, Pinamungajan, Cebu
Contact Number: N/A
Email: gjerremae02@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birth Date: October 2, 1999
Age: 21
Citizenship: Filipino
Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language spoken: Tagalog, English, Bisaya

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary 1 University of Cebu-Main
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Sanciangko St., Cebu City
(2018-2021)
Secondary 2 Senior High School
Pinamungajan National High School
Pandacan, Pinamungajan, Cebu
Secondary 1 Junior High School
Pinamungajan National High School
Pandacan, Pinamungajan, Cebu
Primary Elementary Education
Tajao Central School
Tajao, Pinamungajan, Cebu
 38

Ella Sumagang
Address: Cogon, Dumanjug, Cebu
Contact Number: 09264467458
Email: ellasumagang@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birth Date: December 17, 1999
Age: 21
Citizenship: Filipino
Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language spoken: Tagalog, English, Bisaya

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary 2 University of Cebu-Main
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Sanciangko St., Cebu City
(2018-2021)
Tertiary 1 University of Cebu-Main
Bachelor of Science in Education Major in Math
Sanciangko St., Cebu City
(2018)
Secondary2 Senior High School
Cogon National High School
Cogon, Dumanjug, Cebu
Secondary 1 Junior High School
Cogon National High School
 39

Cogon, Dumanjug, Cebu

Primary Elementary Education
Cogon Elementary School
Cogon, Dumanjug, Cebu
 40

APPENDIX C
BILLS OF MATERIALS

ITEM QUANTITY SUPPLIER PRICE

CRANK/ 1 SHOPPEE P110.00

RECIPROCATING
WHEEL

YOKE 1 SHOPPEE P120.00

DIAMOND FILE 1 LAZADA P280.00

SCREWS & 6 SHOPPEE P100.00

JOINTS

PLYWOOD 1 SHOP P350.00

THICK
(FRAME)

DC MOTOR 1 LAZADA P250.00

12v

BATTERY 1 LAZADA P210.00

ARM/SLIDER 1 SHOPPEE P150.00

WIRES 3 LAZADA P80.00

41