Lecture # 1 Date: 04.08.

2020

Dr. Asheel Kumar M. Sc. III Sem

Dept. Physics, A. U II Paper (Nuclear Physics)

Prayagraj=211002

# Atomic Number: The number of positive unit of charges present on the atomic nucleus of an
element is called the atomic number (Z) of that element.

# Mass Number: The sum of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is called
mass number (A) of that atom.

Mass Number = Number of protons in the nucleus+ Number of neutrons in the nucleus

A=Z+N.

Also, Atomic Weight= Mass Number.

# Isotopes: Those atoms of an element which have same atomic number and different mass
numbers, are called isotopes of that element.

Ex. 1) Isotopes of hydrogen

1 2 3
1H, 1H 1H
and .

35 37
17 Cl 17 Cl
2) and .

# Isobars: Those atoms which have same mass number and different atomic number, are called
isobars.

14 14
6C 7N
Ex. 1) and .
 40 40 40
18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca
2) , and .

# Isotones: Those atoms of different elements which have number of neutrons to be same, are
called isotones.

30 31 32
14 Si 15 P 16 S
Ex. 1) , and .

13 14
6C 7N
2) and .

# Isoelectronic: Those ions or atoms which have same electronic configuration, are called

isoelectronic.

+ ++
Ne Na Mg Al +++
Ex 1) , , and

2 2 6
Ne : 1s .2s .2 p
2 2 6
Na+ : 1s .2s .2 p
2 2 6
Mg : 1s .2s .2 p
++

2 2 6
Al +++ : 1s .2s .2 p
.

Ar , K + , Ca++ Cl
−
2) and

2 2 6 2 6
Ar : 1s .2s .2 p .3s .3 p

2 2 6 2 6
K + : 1s .2s .2 p .3s .3 p
2 2 6 2 6
Ca : 1s .2s .2 p .3s .3 p
++
 2 2 6 2 6
Cl : 1s .2s .2 p .3s .3 p .
−
# W. Heisenberg`s Uncertainty Principle: The simultaneous exact determination of both the

velocity and position of a particle is impossible.

Mathematically,

h
Δx . Δp≥ .
4π
(1)

x=rφ
But

Δx=rΔφ
v =rω

p=mv=mr ω

2
L=mr ω
Therefore ,

L
=mr ω
r
,

ΔL
Δp= .
r
Therefore

ΔL
Δx . Δp=(rΔφ )( )=Δφ. ΔL.
r
(2)

h
Δφ. ΔL≥ .
4π
Also,
 2
1 2 p
mv = ,
E ( Kinetic energy of the particle)= 2 2m

p=mv .
where

pΔp
ΔE= .
m
Δx
ΔE= Δp
Δt
But

or

ΔE. Δt=Δx . Δp .
(3)

From Eq. (1) and (3), we have

h
ΔE. Δt≥ .
4π
# Electrons in Nuclei: Let us suppose that an electron is present in an atomic nucleus whose
−15
radius is 5×10 meter. For an electron to be confined within such a nucleus, the uncertainty in
−15
its position is of the order of 5×10 meter.

According to uncertainty relation,

h
Δx . Δp≥ .
4π
therefore,
−34
h 6 .63×10
Δp≥ = =1 . 1×10−20 kgm /sec .
4 πΔx 4×3 . 14×5×10−15
−20
Now, electron`s momentum must be comparable to it ( p≈1.1×10 kgm /sec. ). An electron
having this momentum must have a velocity comparable to the velocity of light.

The total energy (kinetic +rest mass) of an electron is

E= √( p 2 c 2+m20 c 4 ) .
 −20 8 −12
pc=(1.1×10 kgm /sec)×(3×10 m /sec )=3.3×10 Joule=20 MeV .
Now,

2
The rest mass energy of the electron, m0 c , is 0.51 MeV, which is negligible compared to the
above value of pc .

Thus the electron must have a kinetic energy of the order of 20 MeV if it is to be a nuclear

constituent. But since the energy of a β - particle (electron) emitted from a nucleus has not been
found to exceed 2-3 MeV, we conclude that electrons can not be present within nuclei.

# Quantum Numbers:

1) Principal quantum number

n:1, 2, 3,........∞

2) Azimuthal quantum number

l=0 to n−1
From

3) Magnetic quantum number

From m=−l to m=l

4) Spin quantum number

1
s=±
For any value of m , 2.

#Exercise:

1) Show that the degree of degeneracy of the nth energy level in the hydrogen atom is n2 .