fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h mQcH b,qflafj, Oïur;k ysñ

(BA (hons), MA, MPhil.)

fn!oaO o¾Ykh wOHhkdxYh
Y%S ,xld fn!oaO yd md,s úYajúoHd,h'

Ofkdamd¾ckh ms<sn| fn!oaO ú.%yh

fn!oaO wd¾Ól Ñka;kh úuqla;s idOkh mokï fldg .;a;ls' ñksidf.a f,!lsl
yd f,daflda;a;r wNsu;d¾: mQrKh jk whqßka f.dvke.S we;s hï w¾: l%uhla fõ kï
th fn!oaO wd¾Ól Ñka;kh hehs y|qkajd Èh yelsh' Ôù-wÔù ish¨ l%shdldrlïys hym;a
ixj¾Okh i|yd WmldÍjk whqßka fuu w¾: l%uh bÈßm;a ù ;sîu fuys we;s
iqúfYaI;ah hs' ;srir ixj¾Okhla i|yd jk fn!oaO wd¾Ól Ñka;kh ñksid
wd;aud¾:fha isg mrd¾:h lrd /f.k hkakls' wNsOHdfjka wkNsOHdjg /f.k hkakls'
wkd¾hhka wd¾hhka njg m;a lrkakls' tneúka fuu Ñka;kh l¾uh" mqk¾Njh"
w;afkdyer mÜÉpiïmkakj ks¾jdk.dó m%;smodj mQrKh myiq jk mßÈ ilia jQ
i¾jld,Sk b.ekaùuls' wd¾Ól Ñka;kh iïnkaO tu lreKq uQ,sl f;aud ;=kla hgf;a
f.dkqfldg ±laúh yelsh'

1. ksIamdok o¾Ykh
2. mßfNdack o¾Ykh
3. ixrCIK o¾Ykh

fuu ,smsfha § wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq jkafka ksIamdok ld¾hfhys ,d wka;¾.;

jk Ofkdamd¾ckh fyj;a uqo,a bmhSu ms<sn| fn!oaO ú.%yh úuid ne,Suhs'

ksIamdok ld¾hfhys wruqK jkafka uqo,a bmhSuhs' ta i|yd fhdod .; yels

Ôjfkdamdhhka lsysmhla jH.a>mÊc iQ;%fhys olajd we;' ta wkqj" Ofkdamd¾ckh i|yd
iqÿiq /lshd lsysmhls'1

1. lishd - lDIsl¾udka;fhys kshe,Su

2. jKsÊcdh - fj<|dfuys kshe,Su
3. f.drlafLk - i;a;aj md,kfhys kshe,Su
4. biai;af:k - Ys,amhl kshe,Su
5. rdcfmdßfik - rdcH fiajh kshe,Su
6. ismam[a[;frk - wOHhk lafIa;%fhys kshe,Su

1
jH.a.mÊc iq;a;" w'ks' 5" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 236 msgqj
bO jH.a>mÊc l=,mq;af;d fhk lïuÜGdfkk Ôúlx lmafm;s" hÈ lishd" hÈ jKsÊcdh hÈ f.drlafLk
hÈ biai;af:k hÈ rdcfmdßfik hÈ ismam[a[;frk'
 by; olajk ,o Ôjfkdamdhhka w;ßka nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a jeä wjOdkh
fhduq jQjls fj<|du' úfYaIfhka Wmdilfhl= úiska isÿ fkdl< hq;= fj<|dï l%u myla
2
ms<sn| j jKsÊcd iQ;%fha § olajd we;'

1. iF:jKsÊcd - wdhqO fj<|du

2. i;a;jKsÊcd - i;=ka fj<|du
3. uxijKsÊcd - uia fj<|du
4. uÊcjKsÊcd - u;a øjH fj<|du
5. úijKsÊcd - úI øjH fj<|du

fulS fj<|dï ksñ;s fldg f.k mßirhg úúO n,mEï isÿúh yels neúka o
ñksia Ôú; yd i;a;aj Ôú; fuu.ska úkdYjk neúka o f;rejka irK .sh lsisfjl=;a
fulS fj<|dïys kshe,Su iqÿiq fkd jk nj fmkajd § we;'

nqÿrcdKka jykafia o Wkajykafiaf.a mQ¾j wd;auNdjhkays § my; i|yka jk

ñÉPd wdÔjfhka je<l=kq nj ,CLK iQ;%fha § fmkajd fohs'

 ;=,dl+g - ;rdÈ wdÈfhka jxpd lsÍuh

 lxil+g - rka yd fkdrka ñY%fldg jxpd lsÍuh
 udkl+g - ù wdÈh uekSfuka jxpd lsÍuh
 Wlafldgk - ysñhka wysñ lsÍudÈh i|yd w,a,ia .ekSuh ^md;d, l%shd&
 j[apk - Wmdfhka wkqka /jàuh
 ksl;s - hlv wd§ f,day rka ߧhhs wÕjd jxpd lsÍuh
 idÑfhd. - fkdfhla wdldr jQ lmá m%fhda.h
 fPok - lemSuh" ueÍuh
 jOnkaOk - jO §ï" nkaOkh
 úmrdfudi - ieÕù isg jia;= meyer .ekauh ^fidrlu&
 wdf,dm - .ï kshï.ï wdÈh meyeÍu ^uxfld,a,h&
 iyidldrd - n,y;aldrfhka jia;= .ekSuh ^fld,a,lEu&

tmuKla o fkdj" mQ¾j wd;auNdjhkays jerÈ Ôúldjkaf.ka" jxpdfjka isÿlrkq

,nk fj<|dfuka je<lS lghq;= lsÍfï m%;sM, jYfhka Wkajykafia iaj¾.f,dalfhys
Wm; ,o nj;a tys § wkH jQ foúhkag jvd lreKq oyhlska Wiia jQ nj;a ,CLK
iQ;%fhys ±lajd we;' tfuka u fuu wd;auNdjfha§ o fohdldr jQ uydmqreI ,CIK( iu
o;a we;af;a" w;sYhska iqÿ jQ o;a we;af;a o we;s jQ nj tu iQ;%fha § fmkajd § we;s w;r

2
jKsÊcd iq;a;" w'ks' 3" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 338 msgqj
m[aÑud NsCLfj" jKsÊcd Wmdiflk wlrKshd" l;ud m[ap( iF:jKsÊcd" i;a;jKsÊcd" uxijKsÊcd"
uÊcjKsÊcd" úijKsÊcd'
hï fyhlska .sys j isáfha kï ilaú;s rc njg m;a j ima; r;k ,eîu i|yd o th
fya;=jk nj fmkajd fohs'3

uydp;a;dÍil iQ;%fhys wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h ms<sn| tk úia;rfha § iïud

wdÔjh hkak ú.%y lrhs' tys ñÉPd wdÔjh y÷kajd we;af;a l=ykd" ,mkd" fkñ;a;sl;d"
ksmafmaisl;d" ,dfNk ,dNx ksð.sxik;d jYfhks'4

 l=ykd - l=yllï
 ,mkd - jpkfhka lrk /já,s
 fkñ;a;sl;d - fndrejg flfrk weÕùï
 ksmafmaisl;d - wekqïmo lSu
 ,dfNk ,dNx ksê.sxik;d - ,dNh tlu wruqK lrf.k flfrk lghq;=

fuu lreKq fj<|du i|yd Rcq f,i wh;a fkdjk w;r ´kE u wfhl= fuu
lreKqj,ska f;dr j lghq;= lrkafka kï fyf;u wd¾h Y%djlfhl= njg m;ajk nj
úia;r fõ' fï ms<sn| §¾> úia;rhla úY=oaê ud¾.fhys o olakg ,efí'

jHd.a.mÊc iQ;%fha § ldufNd.S mqoa.,hd idyisl fkdù Od¾ñl j fNda. fidhd

imhd .; hq;= nj olajhs'5 tys § mqoa.,hdf.a ys; iqj msKsi mj;akd lreKq y;rla
fmkajd fohs'6 tkï"

1. WÜGdkiïmod - W;aidy iïm;a;sh

2. wdrlaLiïmod - wdrCId iïm;a;sh
3. l,HdKñ;a;;d - l,HdK ñ;% iïm;a;sh
4. iuÔúl;d - iunr Ôjk iïm;a;sh hs

WÜGdkiïmod hkak úia;r lrñka ;ud úiska lrkq ,nk hym;a jD;a;sh isÿ
lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shd ud¾. y÷kajd fohs'7

3
,CLK iq;a;" oS'ks' 3" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 282 msgqj
hïms" NsCLfj" ;:d.f;d mqßux cd;sx mqßux Njx mqßux ksfl;x mqífn ukqiaiN+f;d iudfkd ñÉPdwdÔjx
mydh iïudwdÔfjk Ôúlx lmafmis" ;=,dl+g lxil+g udkl+g Wlafldgk j[apk ksl;s idÑfhd.
fPok jOnkaOk úmrdfudi wdf,dm iyidldrd máúrf;d wfydis'
4
uydp;a;dÍil iq;a;" u'ks' 3" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 218 msgqj
l;fud p" NsCLfj" ñÉPdwdÔfjd@ l=ykd" ,mkd" fkñ;a;sl;d" ksmafmisl;d" ,dfNk ,dNx ksð.sxik;d'
5
ldufNd.S iq;a;" w'ks' 6" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 316 msgqj
Oïfuk fNdf.a mßfhi;s" widyfik
6
jH.a.mÊc iq;a;" w'ks' 5" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 236 msgqj
p;a;dfrd fu jH.a>mÊc" Oïud l=,mq;a;iai ÈÜGOïuys;dh ixj;a;ka;s ÈÜGOïuiqLdh' l;fu
p;a;dfrd( WÜGdkiïmod" wdrCLiïmod" l,HdKñ;a;;d" iuÔúl;d'
7
jH.a.mÊc iq;a;" w'ks' 5" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 236 msgqj
;F: olafLd fyd;s wk,fid ;;%Emdhdh ùuxidh iukakd.f;d w,x ld;=x w,x ixúOd;=x
 oCI j ^ofCLd&" wk,ia j ^wk,fid&" Wmdhud¾. úuid n,d ^;;%Emdh úuxidh
iukakd.f;d&" f;fï u ld¾h lsÍfï iu;alu we;s j ^w,x ld;=x&" ixúOdk Yla;sfhka
hqla;j ^w,x ixúOd;=x& lghq;= l< hq;= nj tys oelafjhs'

úfYaIfhka ñ, uqo,a bmhSfï § uf,ka frdka .kakd jQ nUfrl= fuka wkqkag

mSvdjla ke;s j jia;=j /ia l< hq;= nj;a túg Tyqf.a iïm;a /iaùug fyj;a j¾Okhg
m;ajk nj;a isÕdf,dajdo iQ;%fhys fmkajd fohs'8

tmuKla o fkdj Od¾ñl j" WÜGdk ú¾hfhka ^WÜGdkúßhdê.;d&" oEf;a

uykaisfhka ^ndydn, mßÑ;d&" oyÈh fy<Sfuka ^fiodjlaÅ;a;d& Wmhk jia;=j rcqf.ka"
fidref.ka" .skafkka" Èfhka" wdÈfhka úkdY fkdjkafka kï th wdrCId iïm;a;sh
^wdrCLiïmod& nj o jH.a>mÊc iQ;%fha § fmkajd fohs'9

È<skaod È<s÷Ndjfhka uqojd .ekSu i|yd rch úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud¾.
lsysmhla l+goka; iQ;%fhys ths' tys § lDIsl¾udka;fha kshq;= jQjkag ì;a;r ù o" i;a;aj
md,kfha kshq;= jQjkag n;a o" fj<|dfuys kshq;= jQjkag uqo,a o" rdcH fiajfha kshq;=
jQjkag jegqma o ,nd f.úh hq;= nj fmkajd fohs'10 fufia lghq;= lsÍfuka hym;a rdcH
md,khla rg ;=< ia:dms; l< yels nj iQ;%h ;jÿrg;a fmkajd fohs'11

ta wkqj ñksiqka ;udg whs;s ld¾hhka ys kshef,ñka Ôj;a fjñka rg fkdfm<hs'

tfuka u rc yg fndfyda wdodhï o fjhs' fidre ke;s" mSvd ke;s rfgys jk ck;dj
i;=áka Ôj;a jk nj;a ish ksfjia ys fodr.=¿ fkdoud újD; j ;nñka orejka iu.
ksoyfia yeisfrñka lghq;= lrk nj;a iQ;%h olajhs'

wkaO iQ;%fha § mqoa.,hdf.a WNhd¾: ÈhqKqj weia folg Wmud fldg ú.%y fldg
12
we;' tys tk WNhd¾:h kï oEi u fmfkk ñksfil= ;ekSu hs' tkï(

8
isÕ,d iq;a;" oS'ks' 3" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 302 msgqj
fNdf. ixyrudkiai - Nuriafij bÍhf;d" fNd.d ikaksphx hka;s - jïñfldzjQmÖh;s'
9
jH.a.mÊc iq;a;" w'ks' 5" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 236 msgqj
l;ud p jH.a>mÊc" wdrCLiïmod( bO jH.a>mÊc" l=,mq;a;iai fNd.d fydka;s WÜGdkúßhdê.;d
ndydn,mßÑ;d fiodjlaÅ;a;d Oïñld Oïu,oaOd" f; wdrlafLk .=;a;shd iïmdfo;s'
10
l+goka; iQ;%h' §'ks' 1" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 262 msgqj
f;k ys Njx rdcd fh fNdf;d r[af[d ckmfo Wiaiyka;s liSf.drlafL" f;ix Njx rdcd îcN;a;x
wkqmamfo;=' fh fNdf;d r[af[d ckmfo Wiaiyka;s jKsÊcdh" f;ix Njx rdcd mdN;x wkqmamfo;=' fh
fNdf;d r[af[d ckmfo Wiaiyka;s rdcfmdßfi" f;ix Njx rdcd N;a;fj;kx mlmam;='
11
l+goka; iQ;%h' §'ks' 1" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 262 msgqj
f; p ukqiaid ilïumiq;d r[af[d ckmox k úfyfGiaika;s' uyd p r[af[d rdisfld Núiai;s"
fLuÜÀ;d ckmod wlKagld wkqmamS<d' ukqiaid p uqod fudoudkd Wfr mq;af;d kÉfpka;d wmdre;>rd
u[af[ úyßiaika;s'
12
wkaO iq;a;" w'ks' 1" nq'c';%s'.%'ud'" 238 msgqj
l;fud p NsCLfj mq.a.f,d oaúplaLq( bO NsCLfj tlÉpiai mq.a.,iai ;:drEmx plaLq fyd;s" h:drEfmk
plaLqkd wkê.;x jd fNd.x wê.ÉfPhH" wê.;x jd fNd.x Md;slfrhH ;:drEmïmsiai plaLq fyd;s"
h:drEfmk plaLqkd l=i,dl=if, Oïfu cdfkH" idjÊcdkjÊfc Oïfu cdfkhH" ySkmamKSf; Oïfu
cdfkhH" lKayiqlalmamáNdf. Oïfu cdfkhH'
 1. wd¾Ól fyj;a fN!;sl ÈhqKqj

2. iodpdr fyj;a wdOHd;aul ÈhqKj

q hs'

ta wkqj" weia fol u we;s mqoa.,hd hkq fï f,dalfhys we;eï mqoa.,fhl=g hïn÷
jQ weilska fkd,o jia;=j ,nk wdldrh ms<sn|j we;s wei o ,o jia;=j jeä ÈhqKq
lr.kakd wdldrh ms<sn|j we;s wei o hk wei fol u we;af;a hful=g o ta weia folu
we;s mqoa.,hd hs' tfuka u hïn÷ jQ weilska l=i,dl=i, O¾uhka okakd jQ o" Wia my;a
O¾u okakd jQ o l=i,dl=i, O¾uhkag iudk fldgia we;s O¾uhka okakd jQ o wei o
we;af;a o fjhs'

fuf;la i|yka lrkakg fhÿKq iQ;%d.; ú.%yhkag wkqj fn!oaO Ofkdamd¾ckh

;srir ixj¾Okhla i|yd fhdod .; yels nj;a tu.ska Ôù wÔù mßirh iqrCIs; jk
nj;a hym;a mqoa., fm!reIhla f.dvk.d .ekSu i|yd tlS l%fudamdhhka fnfyúka
WmldÍ jk nj;a fmkajd Èh yelsh'