Compositions of Matter

1. Elements - when all the atoms in the matter are the same. There are 118 elements.
Ex: Carbon and Oxygen </li></ul>
2. Compounds -- matter that is made up of 2 or more combined elements. Compounds
look different than the elements that make them up.
Ex: Ex: H & O = H2O
C & O = CO 2
H & O = C 6 H 12 O 6
3. Substance - matter that is either an element or a compound.
4. Mixture - material that is made up of 2 or more substances that can be separated
physically.
2 Types of Mixtures
a. Heterogeneous - mixture that is unevenly mixed. can see the stuff in the
mixture ex. Pizza, Choco ship cookie, soda with ice, sand and gravel
b. Homogeneous = Homogeneous Mixture- mixture that is evenly (uniformly)
mixed. Mixtures are also called solution. Ex. Coffee, wine, ketchup, steel
5. Colloid - a heterogeneous mixture that never settles. Ex: milk, fog, foam, detergents,
gel.
6. Suspension - heterogeneous mixture that contains a liquid where visible particles
settle. Ex. Flour and water, Freshly squeezed orange juice. Italian dressing.

Mixtures and their characteristics

1. The mixture has no fixed composition. 
2. To form mixture energy is neither produced nor evolved. 
3. The mixture has no fixed melting points and boiling points. 
4. Mixture retains the properties of its components. 
5. Components of mixtures can be separated by simple physical methods.

Importance of Mixtures
Mixtures are used in many processes, including steel manufacturing, the chemical industry
and many others. We encounter mixtures everywhere:
-Ice cream, juice, shampoo, soap, soup, milk, medicine and many more.

Harmful effects of mixtures:

 types of chemicals are harmful to health and the environment?
Common Substances
 Formaldehyde.
 Mercury.
 Lead.
 Asbestos.
 Hazardous/Toxic Air Pollutants.
  Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
 Pesticide Chemicals. Glyphosate.
 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Separating Mixtures
1. By hand
2. Filtration- Separate liquid from solid by size using a device. Ex. Filter, colander, wire mesh or
strainer

3. Sifting - Separate different sized solid with the help of a sieve

4. By using magnets -Magnets pulls or attracts elements. This is called Magnetic
attraction.
5. Distillation = A process where liquid is boiled into vapor and condensed back into
liquid in a separate container.
6. Evaporation = Change of liquid to gas. Different from distillation because the vapor is
lost in the air.

Some benefits in separating Mixtures

1. Have a drinking water= In sea water , to have a drinking water you may use either of
the following process, filtration evaporation and distillation. Different water
companies have separate modern way of water treatment to make it potable.2.

2. Segregation of non-biodegradable to biodegradable wastes= By means of separating

mixtures, people can distinguish biodegradable from non-biodegradable. Recyclable
materials can be source of income from others.
3. Separating mixtures in mining gold copper and other minerals= By flotation and
filtration, miners can separate those minerals from rocks

4. Cleaning oil spills= Oil and water can be separated given the knowledge of their
properties.

5. Separating sand from rocks in construction= By means of sieving, rocks on sand can
be separated which is essential in building infrastructures and houses.