Magnitude of Friction

Friction 1
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Friction
Friction – Introduction and Cause
Why is it easier to skate on ice than sliding on ground?
How does a car stop on applying brakes?
Do you find it difficult to move heavier objects?
The answer or reason to all these situations is…...

Friction
Friction
Friction is a property related to two surfaces in contact, which opposes the
relative motion (or tendency to slip) between them.
The force responsible is called frictional force

Friction is due to
Interlocking
Cold welding

In case of fluids we call it viscosity

Interlocking

➔ Every surface has irregularities (projections and depressions).

Interlocking

➔ The interlocking between these irregularities gives rise to friction.

➔ When the surface is smooth the interlocking decreases, leading to decreased friction.
Cold Welding

Cold welding
Bonds are formed at contacts
Because of high pressure.

➔ When 2 surfaces are in contact only few points touch each other
➔ This leads to high pressure at these points forming bonds.
➔ This phenomenon is called as cold welding
➔ Bonds formed at contact points due to high pressure causes friction
➔ This frictional force is independent of area of contact
Magnitude of Friction
 Types of Friction

Static Friction Kinetic Friction

Types of Friction
Kinetic Friction
When there is Relative Motion Friction always acts so as to oppose the relative motion

v
M

Rough Floor

Static Friction
When there is no Relative Motion Friction always acts so as to oppose the tendency of
relative motion

Rough Floor
Magnitude of Friction
Kinetic Friction

fk= μkN

μk = Coefficient of Kinetic Friction

Magnitude of Friction
Static Friction fs varies based upon scenario to scenario
fs ≤ μsN
μs = Coefficient of Static Friction

μk ≤ μs
Analysis of Friction Shift from Static to Kinetic
 f a
static kinetic static kinetic

μsN
( μs − μ k ) N
μkN
m

t t
μsN μsN
α N α

F= αt
f μ
Kinetic Friction
Kinetic Friction
When there is Relative Motion

m v

2v
m1
μ
m2 v
Kinetic Friction
When there is Relative Motion

θ
Magnitude of Friction – Kinetic Friction
N Magnitude fk= μkN
Direction Opposite to Relative Velocity
fk m v N – mg = 0 ➔ N = mg ➔ fk = μmg

μ
N
mg

N
μ
v fk θ
mg cos θ
μ
θ

mg cos θ
N – mg cos θ = 0 ➔ N = mg cos θ ➔ fk = μ (mg cos θ)
Kinetic Friction
When there is Relative Motion

Box is
Slipping

. .

Whenever a body is slipping over some other surface then it implies that friction is kinetic.
Static Friction
Static Friction
When there is no Relative Motion but there is some tendency

rest rest
F F
m m
μ
Static Friction
When there is no Relative Motion but there is some tendency F > mg sinθ

μ μ
θ θ
 Magnitude Of Friction – Static Friction

fs
rest
F F
m
N

θ
mg

mg - fs = 0 ➔ fs = mg ; Provided fs ≤ μN F - mg sin θ - fs = 0 ➔ fs = F – mg sin θ;

Provided fs ≤ μN
 Magnitude Of Friction – Static Friction
Magnitude fs Varies from Situation to Situation
fs max ≤ μsN
N Direction
Opposite to tendency of Relative Motion
rest
F
fs m

μ
fs

mg

F - fs = 0 ➔ fs = F ; Provided fs ≤ μN
θ

mg sin θ - fs = 0 ➔ fs = mg sin θ; Provided fs ≤ μN

μ1 m1 No Slipping

m2 F
μ1 m1 F
No Slipping
m2
Static Friction
When there is no Relative Motion but there is some tendency

m1 F
μ1 No Slipping
m2

m1 No Slipping
μ1
m2 F
Static Friction
When there is no Relative Motion but there is some tendency

No
Slipping
a
m
a

. .

The condition of no slipping implies that the friction is static

 Magnitude Of Friction – Static Friction
Magnitude fs Varies from Situation to Situation
fs max ≤ μsN
Direction
Opposite to tendency of Relative
N Motion

a
Pseudo Force = ma m fs
a
No Slipping

. mg .

ma - fs = 0 ➔ fs = ma ; Provided fs ≤ μN
Direction Of Friction
Direction Of Friction
When there is Relative Motion – Kinetic Friction
Friction always acts so as to oppose the relative motion
Motion
Pushing force

Friction

When there is no Relative Motion – Static Friction

Friction always acts so as to oppose the tendency of relative motion
Direction Of Friction
When there is Relative Motion – Kinetic Friction

rough A vA If vA = vB then no friction as no relative motion

B vB as well as no tendency
smooth
Direction Of Friction
vA > vB rough vA
A

vB
B

smooth
Direction Of Friction
vA< vB vA
rough
A

vB
B

smooth
Direction Of Friction
When there is Relative Motion – Kinetic Friction
rough A vA
If vA = vB then no friction as no relative motion
B vB as well as no tendency
smooth

vA > v B vA < v B
vA vA
f A A
f
f
f
B B vB
vB
Direction Of Friction
When there is no Relative Motion – Static Friction
If FA = FB then no friction as no tendency of
relative motion (masses same)

rough FA
A
No slipping
B FB
smooth
Direction Of Friction
FA > FB (masses same)
rough
A FA
No slipping
B FB
smooth
Direction Of Friction
FA < FB (masses same)
rough
FA
A
No slipping FB
B
smooth
Direction Of Friction
When there is no Relative Motion – Static Friction

rough A FA If FA = FB then no friction as no tendency of

No slipping B FB relative motion ( masses same )
smooth
Direction Of Friction
When there is no Relative Motion – Static Friction

rough A FA If FA = FB then no friction as no tendency of

No slipping B FB relative motion (masses same)
smooth

F A > FB FA < FB

A FA A FA
f f
f f
B FB B FB
Magnitude of Friction – Kinetic Friction
(Illustrations)

m v

μ
Magnitude of Friction – Kinetic Friction
2v
Magnitude fk= μkN
m1
μ1 v Direction Opposite to Relative Velocity
m2
μ2
Magnitude of Friction – Kinetic Friction
2v
Magnitude fk= μkN
m1
μ1 v Direction Opposite to Relative Velocity
m2
μ2
N2
N1
f1
μ1
m2
f1 m1 f2
μ2
μ1 N1

m2g
m1g

N1 – m1g = 0 ➔ N1 = m1g ➔ fk1 = μ1m1g N2 - N1 – m2g = 0 ➔ N2 =m1g + m2g ➔

fk2 = μ2(m1g+m2g)
Magnitude of Friction – Kinetic Friction

Magnitude fk= μkN

Direction Opposite to Relative Velocity

a
v
m

μ
Magnitude of Friction – Kinetic Friction

Magnitude fk= μkN

Direction Opposite to Relative Velocity

N N = m (g + a) fk = μm(g + a)
a
v
fk m
μ
mg
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