2.

1 TECHNOLOGY FOR
MANAGEMENT
Hello!
I am,
Dr. Rajesh C. M.B.A., Ph.D
Facilitator for 2nd Sem MBA, B.U., TFM

You can find me at:

rajesh.c@acharyabbs.ac.in
SESSION PLAN
The sessions would be conducted as per
the session plan

Internal Marks:
25 Marks- Class
05 Marks- Attendence
COURSE OUTLINE
BU SYLLABUS

PEDAGOGY
Assignments, Presentations and case

Mid semester and End semester

Mini Project

Surprise tests

Attendance
 “
▷Technology is permeating every single thing we
do... And to the extent that we can better expose
our young people to all the different ways that
technology can be used, not just for video games
or toys, we're planning for the future.

-Marc Morial
 Module 1.
Introduction and definition of computer, Brief history (Analog, Digital,
Binary language), Major components of a computer system, Interfacing
with a computer, Hardware and Software with examples, Introduction to
languages, compiler, interpreter and assembler. Operating Systems:
Definition, Functions, Types and Classification, Elements of GUI based
operating system-Windows-Use of menus, tools and commands of
windows operating system, Linux and free and open software; Computer
Networks: Overview and Types (LAN, WAN and MAN), Network topologies,
Internet; Data representation and computer security.
Introduction and definition Dr. Rajesh C.

of computer

https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=8UyJMiYqvs4

https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=gaN1SKti3ts
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Definition of Computer

 A computer is an electronic device, which stores

data and processes information based upon the
instructions provided by the user and generates the
desired output.

 A computer is a device that computes or calculates

numbers, however, does more than that. It can edit
text, generate pictures or graphs, make animation,
translate language and even play games or drive
motor cars etc.
Dr. Rajesh C.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Brief History
A Chronology of Early Dr. Rajesh C.

Computing

 (several BC): abacus used for counting

 1614 : logarithms discovered (John Napier)
 1622: invention of the slide rule (Robert Bissaker)
 1642: First mechanical digital calculator (Pascal)
 Charles Babbage (U. Cambridge) invents:
 -1812: “Difference Engine”
 -1833: “Analytical Engine”
 1890: First electro-mechanical punched card data processing machine
(Hollerith)
 1905: Vacuum tube/triode invented (De Forest)
Dr. Rajesh C.
Dr. Rajesh C.
 input

Processing

OUTPUT
Dr. Rajesh C.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Analog, Digital, Binary language

Analog Computers
 The analog computer is an electronic or hydraulic
device that is designed to handle input in terms of
measurement, for example, voltage levels or hydraulic
pressures, rather than numerical data.
 The simplest analog calculating device is the slide rule,
which employs lengths of specially calibrated scales to
facilitate multiplication, division, and other functions.
 In a typical electronic analog computer, the inputs are
converted into voltages that may be added or multiplied
using specially designed circuit elements. The answers
are continuously generated for display or for conversion
to another desired form.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Cont..
Digital Computers
 Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine if
a switch, or "gate," is open or closed. That is, the computer can recognize only two states in
any of its microscopic circuits: on or off, high voltage or low voltage, or-in the case of
numbers-0 or 1.
 The speed at which the computer performs this simple act, however, is what makes it a
marvel of modern technology. Computer speeds are measured in megaHertz, or millions of
cycles per second. A computer with a "clock speed" of 10 mHz-a fairly representative speed
for a microcomputer-is capable of executing 10 million discrete operations each second.
Business microcomputers can perform 15 to 40 million operations per second, and
supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain speeds of billions of cycles
per second.
 Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data
handled during each cycle. If a computer checks only on switch at a time, that switch can
represent only two commands or numbers; thus ON would symbolize one operation or
number, and OFF would symbolize another. By checking groups of switches linked as a
unit, however, the computer increases the number of operations it can recognize at each
cycle. For example, a computer that checks two switches at one time can represent four
numbers (0 to 3) or can execute one of four instructions at each cycle, one for each of the
following switch patterns: OFF-OFF (0); OFF-ON (1); ON-OFF (2); or ON-ON (3).
 1 0 Dr. Rajesh C.

Cont.. What - 0011001100011001

Binary Language
 All data in a computer system consists of binary information. 'Binary'
means there are only 2 possible values: 0 and 1.
 Computer software translates between binary information and the
information you actually work with on a computer such as decimal numbers,
text, photos, sound, and video.
 Binary information is sometimes also referred to as machine language since
it represents the most fundamental level of information stored in a computer
system.
 The American Standard Code for Information Exchange (ASCII) was
developed from telegraphic codes, but then was adapted to represent text in
binary code in the 1960s and 1970s. The original version of ASCII used 7
bits to represent 128 different characters (2^7).
 Character sets developed later typically incorporate the same 128 characters,
but added more characters by using 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit encoding.
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS Dr. Rajesh C.

The computer has following components:

CPU (Central
Processing
Unit): control
Input Unit unit CU & Memory Output Unit
arithmetic
logic unit
(ALU)

1. The data and instructions read by the input unit are sent to the CPU.
2. The CPU stores the instructions and data into primary or main memory.
3. As the main memory is volatile in nature and smaller in size, the input data
and instructions are stored into secondary memory for permanent storage.
4. The data or instructions are sent back to main memory, when they are
required by CPU for processing.
5. The data or instructions are sent to CPU for processing.
6. The data is sent into ALU for arithmetic and logical operations.
7. The result obtained after processing is sent to main memory.
8. If some error occurs, CPU displays error message on the output device.
9. The result is sent to output device for displaying.
CHARACTERISTICS OF Dr. Rajesh C.

COMPUTER

 Speed
 Accuracy
 Consistency
 High Storage Capacity
 Versatility
 Flexibility
 Multipurpose
 Diligence
 No IQ
 Absence of Feelings
 ADVANTAGES OF USING Dr. Rajesh C.

COMPUTERS
For Writing:
 Quick Entry
 Easy to edit and restructure
 Many tools to produce various kinds of output
 Storage is inexpensive and dosen’t take up much space
 Easy to search/navigate through documents.
For Organization:
 Once a document is in electronic form it is easy to store and many documents can be stored on one
computer in much less space.
 Files are easy to reach
 Data storage, analyzing and decision making.
For Research:
 Access to the Internet has become invaluable as a research tool.
 Easily gather huge amounts of information and store it.
 Easily search for new information or search the information already acquired.
 Interact with other researchers to create/gather more research.
 Easily interpret results of own search
At Home:
 Entertainment by playing games, watching videos and listening music etc.
 Chatting with your relatives and friends.
Education:
 Collecting information from Internet.
 Making programs to solve problems.
LIMITATIONS OF Dr. Rajesh C.

COMPUTERS

 A computer cannot think itself. It has no self

intelligence.
 A computer cannot learn by experience like a
human being.
 A computer cannot take independent decisions.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Types of Computers

 Analog computers work on the principle of

continuous measurement of physical phenomenon
like length, breadth, rotation etc. It deals with
continuous data and does not communicate directly
with numbers. It uses signals as input and output in
terms of actions or environmental/ conditional
changes (Speed, Temp, Moisture). These are faster
than hybrid computers but less accurate.
 Hybrid computers are those in which the features
of Analog and Digital machines are combined to
create a hybrid computing system.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Cont..

 Special purpose computers are designed to

perform a specific task. These computers are not
versatile in nature and cannot be used for some
other purpose than specified. Ex: fight simulation
training programme.

 General purpose computers are versatile and can

be used in numerous applications. These are the
home pc’s which can be used to play, study, watch
music and movies etc.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Cont..

 Micro computer is the smallest type of computer.

Inside a micro computer the ALU and CU are combined
on a single chip called microprocessor. They are used
as home computers or by small businessmen or
individual professional where volumes of data
processing and speed requirement are small.

 Mini computers are more powerful than the micro

computers and can support several users. They have
large RAM and backing storage capacity and can
process data more quickly.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Cont..
 Main Frame computers are very large computers with very high
capacity of main store. They can process large amounts of data very
quickly. So they are used by banks, big companies and govt
departments. They can be linked into a network with smaller
departmental computers, etc.

 Super Computers are used for complex scientific computations are

known as super computers. Very large size and very high speeds
characterize them. The word length for these computers is more than
64 bits. They have more than one processing unit and perform parallel
processing. Storage capacities of these computers are very large. They
are used in weather forecasting, in nuclear power plants etc.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Few fundamentals on Memory

 Memory Cell: An electrical circuit or device use to store a single bit or
binary digit (0,1). This is the basic unit of information storage.
 Memory Word: A group of memory cells in a memory that represents
instructions or data is known as memory word.
 Nibble: A group of 4 bits is called nibble.
 Byte: A group of 8 bits is called 1 byte.
 Word length: The number of bits in a memory word is known as word
length.
 Memory Capacity: It is a way of specifying that how many bits can be
stored in a particular memory device or complete memory system.
 1 Byte = 8 bits
 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
 1 MB = 1024 KB
 1 GB = 1024 MB
 Memory Address: A number that identifies the location of a word in
memory is called its memory address. Each word stored in a memory
device or system has a unique address.
Dr. Rajesh C.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

TYPES OF MAIN MEMORY

 RAM : (Random Access Memory) – It is a part of main memory. It is

temporary or volatile in nature. All the data and programs loaded into the
memory are lost as the power is switched off.

 There are two types of RAM

 Dynamic RAM: The most common type of computer memory also known as
D RAM. It usually use one transistor and a capacitor to represent a bit.
 Static RAM: A type of RAM that is quicker than dynamic RAM and does not
need to be refreshed frequently. It also requires power to hold its contents. It
is made up of a pretzel-like flip-flop circuit that lets current flow through one
side or the other based on which one of the two transistors are activated.

 ROM: (Read Only Memory) – It is also the part of Primary or Main

Memory. But it is not volatile in nature like RAM. It means that the contents
of this type of memory remains even the power is switched off. The data can
be used for reading only. Any change into the contents of ROM is not
possible.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

The various types of ROM are:

 PROM: (Programmable Read Only Memory) – It may be

programmed by the programmer by a special device called PROM
programmer. It is also permanent and hence no alteration is possible
after once written.
 EPROM: (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) – It is
programmable ROM, which may be programmed again and again. It
is semi permanent. Exposing it to ultra violet light erases it.
 EEPROM: (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory) – It is same as EPROM, the only difference is that electric
signals are used to erase the contents instead of Ultra violet light.
 Flash Memory – It is a special type of EEPROM that can be erased
and programmed in blocks instead of one byte at a time.
 Masked ROM – It is manufactured by masking and metallization
process. The pattern or matrix once created is permanent. No change
or alteration is possible after once written.
Dr. Rajesh C.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

HARDWARE
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Hardware

 It is the electric, electronic and mechanical

equipment that makes up a computer. All physical
parts that we can touch are called hardware parts.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Input Device
 It is any hardware component that allows a user to enter data and
instructions into a computer.
 Some commonly used input devices are:
 Keyboard: It is used to type in letters, numbers and other characters. The
layout of keyboard or a keyboard consists of
Typing keys / Numeric Keypad/ Function Keys
 Mouse: It is a pointing device, which is quite handy for many visual
applications.
 Microphone
 Scanner
 Digital Camera
 PC Camera
 Joystick
 Light Pen
 Trackball
Output Device: device by which the user Dr. Rajesh C.

can get the output by the computer.

Various output devices are:
 Monitor/VDU
 Printer: There are two types of printers
 Impact Printer: Drum Printer/ Daisy wheel Printer / DOT Matrix Printer
 Non Impact Printer: Ink Jet Printer/ Laser Printer
 CPU: Central Processing Unit
 Control Unit
 Memory
 System Unit: It is a box like shaped case made from metal or plastic that
protects the internal electronic components of the computer from damage.
 Storage Device: It records and retrieves data to and from a storage medium.
Some common storage devices are floppy disk drives, Zip Drives, hard disk
drives, CD-ROM device, CD-RW Device, DVD-ROM Device, etc.
 Communication Device: It enables computer users to communicate and
exchange items such as data, instructions and information with another
computer.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

SOFTWARE
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Software

 Software gives “intelligence” to the computer.

 The hardware alone cannot perform calculations

without being instructed exactly what to do and
how to do it.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

System Software:

 It consists of the programs that control the

operations of a computer and its devices. As the
name implies these programs or software are related
to the computer system.

 It consists of all programs, languages,

documentation supplied by the manufacturer with
the computer and to develop their own programs.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Language Processor:

 We input the data and instructions into the

computer usually in English.

 But computer understands only the language of 0 &

1 (Binary Language) so the Language Processor
changes or converts the language of the user
English into machine language.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Assembler:

 The assembler converts the programs written in

assembly language into machine language.

 An assembly language is a language that is coded

form of machine language into symbolic codes of
English alphabet.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Compiler:

 A compiler converts a High level language into

machine language. It is translator that reads the full
program, locate errors and translates it into machine
language.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Interpreter:

 One more type of translator is used to convert high

level language into machine language. It takes one
statement at a time and executes appropriate
instructions leading to the same computations as
required by that line of code.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Operating Systems
 Dr. Rajesh C.

What is an Operating System?

 The 1960’s definition of an operating system is “the
software that controls the hardware”.
 However, today, In brief, an operating system is the set
of programs that controls a computer.
 Some examples of operating systems are UNIX,
Mach, MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Windows/NT,
Chicago, OS/2, MacOS, VMS, MVS, and VM.
 Operating Systems are resource managers. The main
resource is computer hardware in the form of
processors, storage, input/output devices,
communication devices, and data.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Cont..

Some of the operating system functions are:

 implementing the user interface
 sharing hardware among users
 allowing users to share data among themselves
 preventing users from interfering with one another
 scheduling resources among users
 facilitating input/output
 recovering from errors
 accounting for resource usage
 facilitating parallel operations
 organizing data for secure and rapid access
 handling network communications.
Objectives of Operating Dr. Rajesh C.

Systems
 To hide details of hardware by creating abstraction
 An abstraction is software that hides lower level details and provides a set of higher-
level functions. An operating system transforms the physical world of devices,
instructions, memory, and time into virtual world that is the result of abstractions
built by the operating system. There are several reasons for abstraction.

 First, the code needed to control peripheral devices is not standardized. Operating
systems provide subroutines called device drivers that perform operations on behalf
of programs for example, input/output operations.

 Second, the operating system introduces new functions as it abstracts the hardware.
For instance, operating system introduces the file abstraction so that programs do
not have to deal with disks.

 Third, the operating system transforms the computer hardware into multiple virtual
computers, each belonging to a different program. Each program that is running is
called a process. Each process views the hardware through the lens of abstraction.

 Fourth, the operating system can enforce security through abstraction.

 Dr. Rajesh C.

Cont..

 To allocate resources to processes (Manage resources)

An operating system controls how processes (the active
agents) may access resources (passive entities).

 Provide a pleasant and effective user interface

The user interacts with the operating systems through the
user interface and usually interested in the “look and feel” of
the operating system. The most important components of the
user interface are the command interpreter, the file system,
on-line help, and application integration. The recent trend has
been toward increasingly integrated graphical user interfaces
that encompass the activities of multiple processes on
networks of computers.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

View Points
 One can view Operating Systems from two points of
views: Resource manager and Extended machines.

 From Resource manager point of view Operating Systems

manage the different parts of the system efficiently
 From extended machines point of view Operating Systems
provide a virtual machine to users that is more convenient to
use.

 The structurally Operating Systems can be designed as a

monolithic system, a hierarchy of layers, a virtual machine
system, an exokernel, or using the client-server model. The
basic concepts of Operating Systems are processes, memory
management, I/O management, the file systems, and security.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Types of Operating Systems

 Real-time operating system (RTOS) – Real-time operating systems
are used to control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial
systems. An RTOS typically has very little user-interface capability,
and no end-user utilities, since the system will be a “sealed box” when
delivered for use. A very important part of an RTOS is managing the
resources of the computer so that a particular operation executes in
precisely the same amount of time, every time it occurs. In a complex
machine, having a part move more quickly just because system
resources are available may be just as catastrophic as having it not
move at all because the system is busy.

 Single-user, single task – As the name implies, this operating system

is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do
one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is a
good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Cont…

 Single-user, multi-tasking – This is the type of operating system most

people use on their desktop and laptop computers today. Microsoft’s
Windows and Apple’s MacOS platforms are both examples of operating
systems that will let a single user have several programs in operation at the
same time. For example, it’s entirely possible for a Windows user to be
writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the
Internet while printing the text of an e-mail message.

 Multi-user – A multi-user operating system allows many different users to

take advantage of the computer’s resources simultaneously. The operating
system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are
balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and
separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn’t affect the entire
community of users. Unix, VMS and mainframe operating systems, such
as MVS, are examples of multi-user operating systems.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

COMPUTER INTERFACING
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Introduction

 In computing, an interface is a shared boundary

across which two separate components of a
computer system exchange information. The
exchange can be between software, computer
hardware, peripheral devices, humans and
combinations of these.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Computer interfacing:

 Is the art of connecting computers and peripherals.

 A boundary across which two independent systems meet
and act on or communicate with each other. In computer
technology, there are several types of interfaces.
 User interface - the keyboard, mouse, menus of a
computer system. The user interface allows the user to
communicate with the operating system.
 Software interface - the languages and codes that the
applications use to communicate with each other and
with the hardware.
 Hardware interface - the wires, plugs and sockets that
hardware devices use to communicate with each other.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Interface

 When referring to software, an interface is a program that

allows a user to interact with the computer or another
computer over a network. An interface may also refer to
controls used in a program that allow the user to interact with
the program. One of the best examples of an interface is a
Graphical User Interface (GUI) and is what I am using now
to navigate my computer and how i got to this page.

 When referring to hardware, an interface is a physical

device, port, or connection that interacts with the computer or
other hardware device. For example, IDE (Integrated Drive
Electronics) is an interface for computer hard drives.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

GUI- Refer PDF

 Dr. Rajesh C.

NETWORKING
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Networking

 Computer network: A collection of computing

devices that are connected in various ways in order
to communicate and share resources

 Usually, the connections between computers in a

network are made using physical wires or cables

 However, some connections are wireless, using

radio waves or infrared signals
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Networking- Basic Terminologies

 The generic term node or host refers to any device

on a network
 Data transfer rate The speed with which data is
moved from one place on a network to another
 Data transfer rate is a key issue in computer
networks
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Networking- Cont..

 Computer networks have opened up an entire

frontier in the world of computing called the
client/server model

 File server A computer that stores and manages

files for multiple users on a network
 Web server A computer dedicated to responding
to requests (from the browser client) for web pages
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Types of Networks- LAN

 Local-area network (LAN) A network that

connects a relatively small number of machines in a
relatively close geographical area
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Types of Networks- WAN

 Wide-area network (WAN) A network that connects two
or more local-area networks over a potentially large
geographic distance

 Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve

as a gateway to handle all communication going
between that LAN and other networks

 Communication between networks is called

internetworking.

 The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the

ultimate wide-area network, spanning the entire globe
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Types of Networks- MAN

 Metropolitan-area network (MAN) The

communication infrastructures that have been
developed in and around large cities
 Dr. Rajesh C.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Data networks

 One early solution was the creation of local-area

network (LAN) standards. Because LAN
standards provided an open set of guidelines for
creating network hardware and software, the
equipment from different companies could then
become compatible.
 This allowed for stability in LAN implementation.
 In a LAN system, each department of the company
is a kind of electronic island.
 As the use of computers in businesses grew, it soon
became obvious that even LANs were not
sufficient.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Data networks

 What was needed was a way for information to

move efficiently and quickly, not only within a
company, but also from one business to another.
 The solution was the creation of metropolitan-area
networks (MANs) and wide-area networks
(WANs).
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Networking devices
 A device is an equipment that connects directly to a network
segment.
There are 2 types:
 End-user devices include computers, printers, scanners that
provide services directly to the user.
 Network devices include all the devices that connect the end-user
devices together to allow them to communicate.
They provide:
 extension of cable connections,
 concentration of connections,
 conversion of data formats,
 management of data transfers
 A host is an end-user device that provide users with a connection
to the network using a NIC
Network Devices Dr. Rajesh C.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Network Topology

 Network topology defines the structure of the network.

 Physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire or media.
 Logical topology, which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts
for sending data.
 The logical topology of a network is how the hosts communicate across
the medium.
 The two most common types of logical topologies are broadcast and
token passing.
 Dr. Rajesh C.

So, who owns the Internet?

Well, nobody does.

No single person or company owns the Internet or
even controls it entirely.
As a wide-area network, it is made up of many smaller
networks.
These smaller networks are often owned and managed
by a person or organization.
The Internet, then, is really defined by how
connections can be made between these networks.
LAN – WAN Dr. Rajesh C.

SCHEMATIC

Local-area networks connected across a distance

to create a wide-area network
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Internet Connections

 Internet backbone A set of high-speed networks

that carry Internet traffic
These networks are provided by companies such as
AT&T, GTE, and IBM from America

 Internet service provider (ISP) A company that

provides other companies or individuals with access
to the Internet. Like Airtel, BSNL, ACT and others
from India
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Internet Connections – Cont…

There are various technologies available that you can use to

connect a home computer to the Internet
 A phone modem converts computer data into an
analog audio signal for transfer over a telephone
line, and then a modem at the destination converts it
back again into data
 A digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular
copper phone lines to transfer digital data to and
from the phone company’s central office
 A cable modem uses the same line that your cable
TV signals come in on to transfer the data back and
forth
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Internet Connections – Cont…

 Broadband A connection in which transfer

speeds are faster than 128 bits per second

 DSL connections and cable modems are broadband

connections

 The speed for downloads (getting data from the

Internet to your home computer) may not be the
same as uploads (sending data from your home
computer to the Internet)
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Packet Switching

 To improve the efficiency of transferring information over a

shared communication line, messages are divided into fixed-
sized, numbered packets
 Network devices called routers are used to direct packets
between networks
Messages sent
by packet
switching
 Dr. Rajesh C.

FIREWALLS
 Dr. Rajesh C.

Firewall

 Firewall A machine and its software that serve as a

special gateway to a network, protecting it from
inappropriate access

 Filters the network traffic that comes in, checking

the validity of the messages as much as possible
and perhaps denying some messages altogether

 Enforces an organization’s access control policy

 Dr. Rajesh C.

Firewalls

A firewall protecting a LAN

 Dr. Rajesh C.

The End of MOD 1