lÓldpd¾h ^wdOqksl& mQcH b¨flafj, Oïur;k ysñ"

î'ta' ^f.!rj&" fn!'md'ú'ú'" tï' ta' ^le,Ksh&"

fn!oaO o¾Ykh wOHhk wxYh"
fn!oaO wOHhk mSGh"
Y%S ,xld fn!oaO yd md,s úYajúµd,h'

i;Hh m%ldY lsÍu ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh

nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a O¾u foaYkfhys wNsm%dh ieug ys;ldó iudchla ìyslsÍu;a
tuÕska fof,dj wNsjDoaêh WodlsÍu;a h' ta nj jvd;a fyd¢ka meyeÈ,sjk iQ;% foaYkdjls
fmdÜGmdo iQ;%h' tys § fmdÜGmdo msßjeðhd wrUhd nqqÿrcdKka jykafia jodf<a ;uka
jykafia hula foaYkd lrkafka kï th wd;aud¾: mrd¾: hk WNhd¾: idOkh msKsi;a"
f,dõ;=re oyu msKsi;a" Ydik n%yaupßhdj msKsi;a" iir l,lsÍu msKsi;a" iir fkd we,Su
msKsi;a" iir .uk kj;ajkq msKsi;a" ixis£u msKsi;a" ukdj ±kSu msKsi;a" wjfndaOh
msKsi;a" ksjk msKsi;a jk nj hs'1

Wla; lreK ie<ls,a,g .ekSfï § wmf.a wjOdkhg fhduq úh hq;= úfYaI lreKla
we;' tkï" wm úiska olsk ,o wik ,o ú¢k ,o yd ±k.kakd ,o hula fõ kï" th m%ldY
fkdlsÍu fndrejla hehs ie<lsh yels o hkak hs' fjk;a whqrlska i|yka l<fyd;a" wm
olsk" wik" ú¢k" ±ka.kakd ish,a, m%ldY l<hq;= o hkak hs' úfYaIfhka u fndrelSfuka
je<lSu kï jQ YsCIdmoh wdrCId lsÍfï § wm úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shd ud¾. ms<sn|
uQ,sl iQ;% foaYkd uq,a lr.ksñka fï ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍu fuu ,smsfha wruqK hs'

iudc m%Njh yd tys úldYh ms<sn|j lreKq olajk w.a.[a[ iQ;%h iu. fndrelSfï
wdrïNh mÍCId lsßfï § ta i|yd §¾> b;sydihla we;s nj meyeÈ,s fjhs' iudcfha uq,ska u
jHdma; jQ whym;a l%shdj fidrlu nj;a" miqj wdhqO .ekSu" m%dK>d;h wdÈh;a" bkamiq
fndrelSu wdrïN jQ nj;a tu iQ;%fhys i|yka fõ'2

plalj;a;siSykdo iQ;%fha3 § fuu l%shdj,sh máÉpiuqmamkakj isÿjk wkaou úia;r

lrhs' ta wkqj fndre lSu i|yd uQ,sl jYfhka fya;= idOl ù we;af;a ñksid ;=< l%ufhka
jeã wd ;DIaKdj hs'4 th oajdoidx. máÉpiuqmamdofha wgfjks wx.h hs' tkï fõokdj ksid
;Kaydj we;s fjhs hkak hs' fõokdj úsúOdldr nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska nyqfõoksh
iQ;%fha § fmkajd fok ,os'5 ta wkqj iqL" ÿCL" fyda l=uk fõokdjla fyda lrK fldg f.k
ñksid ;Kaydj Wmojhs' l=i.skak"6 o~qjñka ksoyia ùu" lS¾;s kduh f.!rjh wdrCId lr
.ekSu wd§ fkdfhl=;a fya;+ka ksid ñksid fndre lSug fm<fUhs' tfia u fï i|yd bjy,a
jQ ;j;a iqúfYaIS lreKls È<s÷ nj' iudch ;=< we;s ke;s fNaoh we;s ùu;a iu. ke;s wh
we;s whf.ka hemSug W;aidy .;a; o iudch ;=< ta i|yd bvla ke;' we;s whf.a WmfoaYh
jkafka ;ud fuka ÿla uykais ù oyÈh i,d uqo,a Wmdhd .kakd f,ihs'7 ñka .uHjk ;j;a
lreKla jkafka fidrlu i|yd w,i nj o Rcqj fya;=jk njhs' l%ufhka j¾Okh jQ
fidrlfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka iudch ;=< wú-wdhqO;a wú-wdhqO ksid i;aj>d;kh;a
fõ.fhka jHdma; úh' fidrlï lrk" i;=ka urk ñksiqka wiq jQ úg Tjqkg o~qjï lsÍu

1
werUqKs' o~qjñka ksoyia ùfï wruqKska hq;= jQ ñksid fndrelSug yqre mqreÿ úh' fï wkqj
j¾;udkfha § o ñksid úiska isÿ lrk fndfyda whym;a l%shdjkaf.ka ksoyia ù iudch
bÈßfha ks¾fodaIS mqoa.,hl= ùu i|yd fndrelSu ksrka;rfhka u Wmfhda.S lr.kakd nj b;d
meyeÈ,s lreKls'

fndrelSu úúO wd.ñl yd od¾Yksl b.ekaùï w;r o wNsfhda.hg ,lajQjls'

úfYaIfhka u nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a iuld,Sk wd.ñl Ydia;Djrfhl= jQ
ks.kaGkd:mq;a;hka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùu o fndrelSu jrola nj hs' tneúka Wkajykafiaf.a
b.ekaùï iu. o fï lreK i,ld ne,Su hqla;s hqla;h'

nqÿrcdKka jykafia kd,kaodj iómfhys msyá

s mdjdßl wUjkfhys jevjik
wjia:dfjys wisnkaOlmq;a; .dñKS kï jQ ks.KaGkd:mq;a;hka jykafiaf.a Y%djlfhl=
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fj; t<UqfKa h' fuu wjia:dfõ § nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska
ks.kaGkd:mqq;a;hka iõjkag flfia oyï foi;sZ ± hs weiQ mekhg ms<s;=re jYfhka Tyq
fufia m%ldY lrhs' zzhï lsis flfkla mrmK ki;a o ta ish¨ fok wmdhg hkafkda h'
ksrhg hkafkda h' '''' uqijd fnfKoa o ta ish¨ fok wmdhg hkafkda h' ksrhg hkafkda h'
q kq ,efí hZZ'8
hula nyq, fldg hula nyq, fldg fjfia kï thska thska ^ksrhg& muqKj

fuu ms<s;=r wre;a rys; fyhska tu iQ;%fha § ta ms<sn|j §¾> jYfhka idlÉPd fjhs'
tys § nqÿrcdKka jykafia m%;sm%Yakhla bÈm;a lr;s' zzhï mqoa.,fhla ksrka;rfhka isÿ lrk
ls%hdjla lrK fldg f.k wmdh.dó jkafka kï lsisjl=;a wmd.; fkdjk nj Tng fkd
jegfykafka o@ ''' hï mqoa.,fhla fndre lshkafka /h ojd, w;=ßka lsishï fudfyd;l §
muKs' wfkla iEu wjia:djl § u Tyq bka je<lS isáhs' ta wkqj Tyqf.a Ôú; ld,fhka jeä
l,la jeh jkafka l=ula i|yd o@ZZ

fuhg ms<s;=re jYfhka .dñKS kï jQ ks.KaGkd:mq;a;hka jykafiaf.a Y%djlhd

m%ldYlrkafka Tyq fndre lshkafka b;d iq¿ ld,hla ;=< nj;a fndre fkd lshk ld,h b;d
wêl nj;a h' fï ms<s;=r;a iu. nqÿrcdKka jykafia ks.kaGkd:mq;a;hka jykafiaf.a
jpkfhys w¾:h fufia meyeÈ,s lr;s' zz.dñKS hfula hul nyq, fldg fjfia kï thska
wmdhg muqKj
q kq ,efí he hs m%ldYjk ks.kaGkd:mq;a;f.a jpkh mßÈ lsisfjla wmdhg"
ksrhg hkafka fkd fõ'ZZ9

fujka woyia we;s Ydia;Djreka irK hEu ksid tu Y%djlfhda wmdh.dóyq u jk nj

nqÿrcdKkajykafia wjOdrKfhka hq;=j m%ldY lr;s' zz.dñKs fuys we;eï Ydia;Djrfhla
fun÷ jdo we;af;a fun÷ oDIaá we;af;a fjhs( hïlsis flfkla '''' uqijd fnfKoa o ta ish¨
fok wmdhg hkafkda h' ksrhg hkafkda h' .dñKS ta Ydia;Djrhd flfrys Y%djl f;fï b;d
meyeÿfka fõ kï Tyqg fun÷ isf;la fjhs' zzudf.a Ydia;DD f;fï hïlsis flfkla ''' uqid
nK;a kï ta ish¨ fok wmdhg hkafkda h" ksrhg hkafkda hZZ hs fun÷ jdo we;af;da fun÷
oDIaá we;af;da fjhs' uúiska ''' uqid nKk ,oafoa fjhs' uu o wmdhg hkafkï ksrhg

2
hkafkï fjñhs hk oDIaáh we;s fjhs' .dñKS ta jpkh w;a fkdyer ta is; w;a fkdyer ta
oDIaáh w;a fkdyer neyer fkdfldg f.fkk ,oaola nyd ;nk ,oafoa hï fia kï tfuka
ksrfhys fõ'ZZ10

Wmdilfhl= úiska m%yK

S l< hq;= lreKq myla we;s nj;a tajd m%ySK fkd lsÍu
fya;=fjka fyf;u ÿYaYS,fhl= jk nj;a" urKska u;= ksrhg hdug th fya;= jk nj;a fõr
iQ;%fha olajd we;' tfia m%ySK l< hq;= lreKq my kï m%dK>d;h" wo;a;dokh"
lduñ;Hdpdrh" uqidjdoh yd u;ameka mdkh hs'11 fï wkqj" hfula wi;H m%ldY lrhs kï
fyj;a uqid fnfKhs kï fyf;u mxpYS,hg wh;a isõjk YsCId moh LKavkh lrkafkls'
idu[a[M, iQ;%fha tk újrKhg wkqj fn!oaOhl= i;=úh hq;= ,CIKls fndrelSu ÿ/,d
fndrelSfuka je<lSu' we;a; m%ldY lsÍu' we;af;ka we;a; .,md lSu' ;yjqre j msysá l:d
lsÍu' weoysh hq;= weoysh yels l:d we;af;al= ùu' f,dj fkdrjgkafkl= ùu'12

uqidjdod fõruKS hk oaúmofhka w¾:j;a jk fndrelSfuka je<lSu kï jQ YsCIdmoh

fn!oaO iodpdrd;aul ks¾Kdhl iuÕ úuish hq;=h' ta i|yd m%udKj;a iQ;% rdYshlska fm<
oyu mßmQ¾Kh' úfYaIfhka u fï i|yd Wmfhda.S lr .; yels iQ;% ;=kls' tkï" ld,du
iQ;%h"13 wdêmf;hH iQ;%h14 iy wïn,ÜÀl rdyqf,dajdo iQ;%h15 hs' ld,du iQ;%fha § wm lrk
ls%hdjla
1. l=i, o wl=i, o@
2. idjµh o wkjµh o@
3. ú[a[Qmqßihka úiska m%ixid lr;a o fkd lr;a o@
4. ys;hg iqLhg jefg;a o fkd jefg;a o@ 16

hkqfjka m%Yak fldg th f,daNh" oafõYh fyda fudayh msKsi jkafka ±hs wm úiska u
mÍCId l< hq;= fmkajd fohs' ta wkqj" th f,daNh" oafõYh fyda fudayh msKsi jkafka kï
w;ay< hq;= nj;a th wf,daNh" woafõYh fyda wfudayh msKsi jkafka kï wkq.ukh l< hq;=
nj;a fmkajd fohs'17

wïn,ÜÀlrdyqf,dajdo iQ;%fha § wm úiska isÿ l< yels l%shdjka w;=frka isÿ l<
hq;af;a ;udg;a wkqkag;a ÿla msKsi fya;= fkdjkakla nj fmkajd fok18 w;r ;udg;a
wkqkag;a ÿla msKsi fya;=jk l%shd isÿ fkd l< hq;= nj fmkajd fohs'19

fï ms<sn| woyia olajk ví' ã' ùrr;ak uy;d fmkajd fokafka ñksid úiska isÿ l<
yels l%shd y;la we;s njhs'20
1. ;udg ÿla msKsi fya;=jk kuq;a wka whg iem msKsi fya;=jk l%shdj whym;a
l%shdjls'

3
 2. ;udg iem msKsi fya;=jk kuq;a wka whg ÿla msKsi fya;=jk l%shdj whym;a
ls%hdjls'
3. ;udg;a wka whg;a ÿla msKsi fya;=jk l%shdj whym;a l%shdjls'
4. ;udg iem msKsi fya;=jk kuq;a wka whg iem fyda ÿla msKsi fya;= fkdjk l%shdj
hym;a l%shdjls'
5. ;udg iem msKsi fyda ÿla msKsi fya;= fkdjk kuq;a wka whg hym; msKsi
fya;=jk l%shdj hym;a l%shdjls'
6. ;udg;a wkqkag;a iem msKsi fya;=jk l%shdj hym;a l%shdjls'
7. ;udg;a wkqkag;a iem fyda ÿla msKsi fya;= fkdjk l%shdj hym;a fyda whym;a
l%shdjla fkdfjhs'

fuu úia;rd;aul l%shd mámdáhg wkqj ùrr;ak uy;d uqyqK fok .eg¨j kï hï
ls%hdjla isÿ lsÍfï § ;udg fyda wkqkag fyda ;udg;a wkqkag;a hk fomd¾Yjhg u fyda ÿla
msKsi fya;= jqj o tys wjidk m%;sM,h iem msKsi fya;= fõ kï tjka wjia:djkays § wm
flfia lghq;= l< hq;= o hkakhs'21 fujeks isÿùï fmkajd §u i|yd nqoaO pß;h yd iïnkaO
isÿùï ms<sn|j iudf,dapkhl o t;=ud fhfohs' lsidf.da;ñh ;u orejd u< nj fkd±k Tyq
iqjm;a lr fok f,i nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.ka b,a,d isá úg nqÿrcdKka jykafia Tyq
iqjm;a lr §ug kï lsisjl= fkd u< f.hlska wn iaj,amhla /f.k tk f,i isÿ l<
m%ldYh t;=uka úiska fhdod .;a tla m%ia;=;hls' nqÿkajykafiaf.a ms<s;=r;a iuÕ weh
m%:ufhka uq,d jq w;r miqj i;Hh jgyd .;a;d h' ta wkqj fï l;d mqj;ska meyeÈ,s jkafka
nqÿrcdKka jykafia i;H m%ldY lsÍfuka je<lS isá njls'

wmf.a m%ia;=;hg wkqj uqidjdohla jkafka l=ula ±hs y÷kd.; hq;=h' fï ms<sn|j b;d
meyeÈ,s úia;rhla pqkao iQ;%fha § yuqfõ'22 tkï(
1. fkd okafka oksñhs lsh hs'
2. okafka fkd oksñhs lsh hs'
3. fkd olafka olsñhs lsh hs'
4. olafka fkd olsñhs lshs hs'

ji, iQ;%fha § hï mqoa.,fhla ;ud fya;= fldg f.k fyda" fjk;a wfhl= fya;=
fldg f.k fyda" Okh fya;= fldg f.k fyda i;H úpdrK úg wi;H m%ldY isÿ lrhs kï
fyf;u ji,hl= jk nj olajd we;'23 tfia u Oïñl iQ;%fha § hfula iNdjl § fyda
msßila uOHfha § fyda ;ksj isá wjia:djl § fyda ;j;a wfhl=g wi;H m%ldY fkdl< hq;=
nj;a" fjk;a whl= <jd isÿ fkdl< hq;= nj;a" hfula wi;H m%ldY lrkafka kï ta i|yd
iyfhda.h ,nd fkdÈh hq;= nj;a" wi;Hh iïmQ¾Kfhka u ÿre l< hq;= nj olajd we;' 24
fuu lreKq i<ld ne,Sfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka wi;H m%ldY lsÍu i|yd lsisÿ bvla nqÿ oyu
;=< fkdue;s njhs'

4
 nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a iqúfYaI;ajh úia;r lsÍfï § zzY%uK f;fï fndre lSu ÿ/
,d" fndre lSfuka je<elafla h' we;a; lshkafka h' we;af;ka we;a; .<md lshkafka h'
;yjqre je msysá l:d we;af;a h' weoyshe hq;= l:d we;af;a h' f,dje fkd rjgkafkleZZhs
olajd we;'25

ta wkqj" O¾uh foaYkd lsÍfï § nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,o l%shd
ud¾. ms<sn| wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=h' wNhrdcl=udr iQ;f
% ha § nqÿrcdKka
jykafiaf.ka wik ,o m%Yakhls" zzTn jykafia hï jpkhla wka whg wm%sh o wukdmo th
m%ldY lrkafka o@ZZ hkak' ta i|yd Wkajykafiaf.a ms<s;=re jQfha" zzrdc l=udrh" tys taldka;
ksYaphla ke;ehsZZ hkak' tu ms<s;=r úúrKh lrñka nqÿrcdKka jykafia fufia meyeÈ,s
lr;s" zzrdc l=udrh" uu hï jpkhla wi;H o wjevodhl o ta jpkh wkqkag wm%sh o"
wukdm o th fkd lshñ' hï jpkhla i;Hh o" jevodhl o wm%sh wukdm jqj;a uu th
lshñ' hï jpkhla i;H o" jevodhl o" wkqkag ms%h o" ukdm o th lshñ'ZZ26 fï wkqj" hï
m%ldYhla hful=f.a hym; msKsi mj;S kï th wikakdf.a fkdi;=gg fya;= jqj o
wjia:dfjdaÑ;j th m%ldY l< hq;= njhs'

fï nj jvd;a fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s flfrk iq;% foaYkdjls jiaildr iQ;%h' tys §

nqÿrcdKka jykafia jiaildr nuqKd wu;d fufia foaYkd lrhs'

zznuqK" uu ÿgq weiQ ú¢k ,o yd okakd ,o yeufoa u fkd lsj hq;= hehs fkd
lshñ' lsj hq;= hehso fkd lshñ' nuqK ÿgqhula" weiQ hula" ú¢k ,o hula" okakd
,o hula lshkakdg wl=Y, O¾u jefvhs kï l=Y, O¾u msßfyhs kï tn÷ weiQÿgq
ú¢ yd o;a foa lsj hq;= hhs fkd lshñ' nuqK ÿgq hula weiQ hula ú¢hula fyda
o;a hula lshkakdg l=Y, O¾u jefvhs kï wl=Y, O¾u msßfyhs kï tn÷ weiQ
ÿgq fyda o;a foh lsj hq;= hhs uu lshñ'ZZ

fï wkqj" hula i;H jQ muKska th m%ldY l< fkdyelsh' tu m%ldYh uq,a fya;=
fldg f.k we;sjh yels m%;sM,h ms<sn|j o m%ldYlhdf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h'

Wla; lreKq ish,a, ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq l< úg ta nj jvd;a fyd¢ka ;yjqre
lsÍu i|yd idf,hHl iQ;%fha th úia;rh úuid ne,sh hq;=h' tys § hï .Dym;sfhla
iNdjlg fyda iuQyhla bÈßhg fyda [d;s msßila bÈßhg fyda fiakdjla bÈßhg fyda
rdcl=,hla bÈßhg fyda .sh wjia:djl§ i;H m%ldY lrkak hehs b,a,d isá úg" hula okS
kï th m%ldY l< hq;=h" hula fkdokafka kï th fkdokafka hehs m%ldY l< hq;=h" hula
fkd±lafla kï th fkd±lafla hehs m%ldY l< hq;=h" hula ±lafla kï th ±lafla hehs
m%ldY l< hq;=h" ;ud fya;= fjka fyda wkqka fya;=fjka fyda ,dN fya;=fjka fyda ±k ±k
fndre fkdlsj hq;= h' hula i;H jQj o Tjqfkdjqka ì|jkq i|yd fya;= jk hula fõ kï th
fkdlsj hq;= h' wiuÕs jQ fohy¿jka iuÕs lsÍu i|yd" mj;sk iuÕsh jeä lsÍu i|yd hula
fya;= fj;a o th m%ldY l< hq;= h' lkg ñysß" fndfyda fokdg m%sh jQ hï m%ldYla fõo th
lsj hq;= h' l,a h,a n,d m%ldY l< hq;a;" wre;a iys;j m%ldY l< hq;= h'27

5
 Wla; lreKq wkqj" hfula uqidjdofhka je<lSu i|yd;a l< jrÈka ñ§u i|yd;a
wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjr y;rla ixLOu iQ;%fhys olajd we;'28

1. ;ud úiska fndrejla m%ldY lf<a hehs th ms<s.ekSu'

2. ;ud úiska hï ta muK jQ hï uqidjla m%ldYlrk ,oafoa fõ kï th hym;a l%shdjla
fkd jk nj jgyd .ekSu'
3. ;uka ta fya;=fjka lK.dgq úh hq;= w;r kqjKska i,ld tu uqidjdoh ÿre lsÍu'
4. u;= o uqidjdfhka je<flñhs wêIaGdk lsÍu'

fufia fï mõlï m%ydKh fjhs' fufia fï mõlï blauùu fjhs' wfkl=;a YsCIdmo
fuka u uqidjdoh o mshjr ;=kla Tiafia wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj Oïñl iQ;%fha ioyka fõ'29
1. ;ud fndre lSfuka je<lSu
2. wkqka ,jd fndre lshùfuka je<lSu
3. wkqka fndre lshk úg Bg wkqn, fkd §u yd úreoaO ùu'
fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka ùrr;ak uy;d úiska bÈßm;a lrk lreK nqÿoyfï §
we.hSug ,la j we;s njhs' fujka wjia:djka ys § fhdod .; hq;= ks¾Kdhl wêmf;hH
iQ;%fha i|yka fõ'30
1. ;udf.a wruQK ms<sn|j kqjKska fufkys lsÍu
2. ;udg jvd wdOHd;aul .=Kfhka Wiia whf.a woyia ms<sn|j kqjKska fufkys lsÍu'
3. ;udf.a wNsu;d¾:h bIaglr .ekSu i|yd O¾ufhys Wmfhda.S;dj ms<sn| fufkys
lsÍu'

iqúfYaIS l=i, l¾uhla isÿlsÍu i|yd wm l%shd;aul ùfï § fyj;a hï m%ldYhla

lsÍfï § fuu mshjr wmg wkq.ukh l< yelsh' ksífnêl iQ;%fhys tk zzfÉ;kdj l¾uh
nj;a is;ska is;d lhska" jpkfhka yd ukiska ls%hd isÿ lrk njZZ31 i|ykg wkqj wm isÿ
lrkafka hym;a fyda whym;a l%shdjla ±hs jvd;a fyd¢ka jgyd .; yelsh' wm lfhka isÿ
lrk l%shdj" jpkfhka m%ldY lrk foh fyda ukiska is;k foh we;eï úg th wdrïNfha
§ ;udg fyda wkqkag fyda fomd¾Yjhg u fyda ÿla msKsi mej;sh o tys wjika m%;sM,h
hym;a fõ kï tjeks oE isÿ lsÍug lghq;= l< hq;= nj Wla; lreKq wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'

ta wkqj" wm m%ia;=;h jk" zwm úiska olsk ,o wik ,o ú¢k ,o yd ±k.kakd ,o

hula fõ kï" th m%ldY fkdlsÍu fndrejla hehs ie<lsh yels oZ hkak g ms<s;=r jiaildr
iQ;%fha § ,nd § we;s nj by;ska olajk ,È'

1
ta;x ys fLda fmdÜGmdo w;a:ixys;x ta;x Oïuixys;x ta;x wdÈn%yaupßhlx' ta;x ksíìodh úrd.dh ksfrdaOdh
Wmiudh wNs[a[dh iïfndaOdh ksíndkdh ixj;a;;s' ;iaud ta;x uhd nHdl;ka;s'
fmdÜGmdo iQ;%h" §'ks'1 msg' 414
2
§'ks' 3' w.a.[a[ iQ;%h" msg' 150-6

6
3
§'ks' 3' plalj;a;siSykdo iQ;%h" 116-8 msgq'
4
§'ks' 3' w.a.[a[ iQ;%h" 150-6 msgq'
5
fojmdkJo fjokd jq;;d uhd mßhdfhk" ;sfiidms ''' m[pms ''' Pms ''' wgGdrims ''' P;;sxidms ''' wgGi;ums
fjokd jq;;d uhd mßhdfhk '''
u'ks' 2' mym;s j.." nyqfõoksh iq;a;' 102 msgqj'
6
ð.ÉPd mrud frd.d - oreKqu frda.h l=i.skakh
Oïu moh - 203 .d:dj'
7
WgGdkúßhdê.;d" ndydn, mßÑ;d" fiod jCÅ;;d
w'ks' 1' wKk iQ;%h' 168 msgqj'
8
tjx fLd Nfk; ks.fKGd kd;mqf;;d idjldkx Ouux fofi;s( fhd fldÑ ''' uqid NK;s ifnnd fid
wdmdhsfld fkrhsfld' fhd nyq,x hx nyq,x úyr;s f;k f;k kshH;S;s'
i' ks' 4' i<dh;k j.a." .dñKS ixhq;a;" ixLOu iq;a;" nqcuq' 576 msgqj'
9
hx nyq,x hx nyqx[p .dñKS úyr;s f;k f;k kShH;S;s tjx ifk; k fldÑ wdmdhsfld fkrhsfld
Núii;s h:d ks.KGii kd;mq;;ii jpkx ;x lsuu[[is .dñKs fhd fid mqßfid ''' uqidjd§ r;;shd jd
Èjiii jd iuhdiuhx Wmdodh l;fud nyq;frd iufhd hx jd fid uqid NK;s hx jd fid uqid k NK;S;s'
fhd fid Nfk; mqßfid uqidj§ r;;shd jd Èjiii jd iuhdiuhx Wmdodh wmm;frd fid iufhd hx fid
uqid NK;s' w: fLd fidp nyq;frd iufhd hx fid uqid k NK;S;s' hx nyq,x hx nyq,[p .dñKS úyr;s
f;k f;k kShH;S;s tjx ifk; k fldÑ wdmdhsfld fkrhsfld Núii;s h:d ks.KGii kd;mq;;ii
jpkx'
i' ks' 4' i<dh;k j.a." .dñKS ixhq;a;" ixLOu iq;a;" nqcuq' 578 msgqj'
10
bO .dñKs tlfppd iF:d tjx jd§ fyd;s tjx ÈgÀ( fhd fldÑ ''' uqid NK;s ifnnd fid wdmdhsfld
fkrhsfld;s' ;iñx fLd mk .dñKS iF:ß idjfld wNsmmifk;d fyd;s" ;ii tjx fyd;s uhyx fLd iF:d
tjx jdÈ tjx ÈgÀ má,N;s' ;x .dñKS jdpx wmmydh ;x Ñ;;x wmmydh ;x ÈgÀx wmmáksiicðFjd h:dN;x
ksCÅf;;d tjx ksrfh'
i' ks' 4' i<dh;k j.a." .dñKS ixhq;a;" ixLOu iq;a;" nqcuq' 578 msgqj'
11
m[p .ym;s" mNhdks fjrdks wmmydh zÿiiSf,dZ b;s jqpp;s" ksrhx p Wmmcc;s" l;udks m[p@
mdKd;smd;x" wÈkkdodkx" ldfuiqñpPdpdrx" uqidjdox" iqrdfurhuccmudogGdkx
w'ks' 3' m[aplksmd;h" Wmdil j.a." fjr iq;a;" nqcuq' 332 msgqj'
12
uqidjdox mydh uqidjdod máúrf;da fyda;s iÉpjd§ iÉpikafOda f:af;da mÉphsflda wúixjdoflda f,daliai'
§'ks' 1" idu[a[M, iQ;%h" 110 msgqj'
13
w'ks' 1" ld,du iQ;%h" nqcuq' 336 msgqj'
14
w' ks' 1' ;sl ksmd;" foaj¥;j.a.h" wdêmf;hH iQ;%h' nqcuq' 268 msgqj'
15
u' ks' 2" wïn,ÜÀlrdyqf,dajdo iQ;%h" 132 msgqj'
16
bfu Ouud l=i,d jd wl=i,d jd ;s@ bfu Ouud idjccd jd wkjccd jd ;s@ bfu Ouud ú[[Q.rys;d jd
úu[[QmiF:d jd ;s@ bfu Ouud iu;;d iudÈuukkd ys;dh iqLdh fkd jd l:x jd fyF: fyd;S ;s@
w'ks' 1" ld,du iQ;%h 336 - 344 msgq'
17
hod ;=fuy ld,du w;;kdj cdfkhHd:"
w'ks' 1" ld,du iQ;%h 342 msgqj'
18
box fu ldhluux fkj;;jHdndOdhms ixj;;;s" k mrjHdmdOdhms ixj;;;s" k WNhjHdndOdhms ixj;;;s"
l=i,x box ldhluux iqLqøhx iqLúmdlk;s'
u' ks' 2' wïn,ÜÀlrdyqf,dajdo iQ;%h" 134 msgqj'
19
box fu ldhluux w;;jHdndOdhms ixj;;;s" mrjHdmdOdhms ixj;;;s" WNhjHdndOdhms ixj;;;s" wl=i,x
box ldhluux ÿCLqøhx ÿCLúmdlk;s'
u' ks' 2' wïn,ÜÀlrdyqf,dajdo iQ;%h" 134 msgqj'
20
Individual and society in Buddhism, W.G. Weeratne, Colombo, 1977, p. 41
21
tu'

7
22
bO pqJo tlfppd uqidjd§ fyd;s iNd.f;d jd mßi.f;d jd [d;sucCO .f;d jd mQ.ucCO.f;d jd
rdcl=,ucCO;f;d jd wNskSf;d iCÅmqfgGd zztyfuyd mqßi hx cdkdis ;x jfoySz;sz' fid wcdkx jd wdy
zcdkdóz;s" cdkx jd wdy zk cdkdóZ;s wmiix Zjd wdy zmiidóz;s' miix jd wdy zk miidóz;s' b;s w;;fy;=
jd mrfy;= jd wdñils[ÑCLfy;= jd iumcdkuqid Ndis;d fyd;s"
w' ks' 6' oil ksmd;" pqkao iQ;%h" nqcuq' 484 msgqj'
23
fhda w;a;fya;= mrfya;= Okfya;= p fhda kfrda - ilaÇmqÜfGda uqid n%E;S ;x c[a[d jif,da b;s'
iq'ks' 122 .d:dj' 38 msgqj'
24
iN.a.f;da jd mßi.a.f;da jd - taliai fÉflda k uqid NfKhH"
k NdKfha NK;x kdkqc[a[d - iínx wN+;x mßjÊcfhhH'
iq'ks' 399 .d:dj 118 msgqj'
25
uqidjdox mydh uqidjdod máúrf;d iufKd f.d;fud ippjd§ ippifkOd f:f;d mpphsfld wúixjdofld
f,dliidz;s'
È'ks' 1' 6' ,CLK iQ;%h"$ mdálj.a. md,s" 3' 170$ uQ,mKaKdil md,s" ´mïu j.a." pQ, y;aÓmfodmu iq;a;' 1'
179$ uÊCêumKaKdil md,s" .ym;s j.a." lkaorl iq;a; 1' 345$ WmßmKaKdilmd,s" fojoyj.a." fojoy
iq;a;" 2" 226$ WmßmKaKdilmd,s" wkqmo j.a." 3" 33$ 48'
26
u'ks' 2" wNhrdcl=udr iQ;%h" 96" msgqj'
27
u'ks' 1" idf,hHl iQ;%h" 668 msgqj'
28
N.jd fLd wfklmßhdfhk uqidjdox .ry;s ú.ry;s" uqidjdod úru:d;s pdy' wFÓ fnd mk uhd uqid NKs;x
hdj;lx jd ;dj;lx jd" hx fLd mk uhd uqid NKs;x hdj;lx jd ;dj;lx jd" hx fLd mk uhd uqid
NKs;x hdj;lx jd ;dj;lx jd" ;x k iqgGq" ;x k idOq' wyf[pj fnd mk ;mmpphd úmmáidÍ wiix k
fu ;x mdmlx luux wl;x Núii;S;s' fid b;s máiXLdh ;f[pj uqidjdox mcy;s" wdh;s[p uqidjdod
máúrf;d fyd;s' tjfu;ii mdmlii luuii mydkx fyd;s" tjfu;ii mdmii luuii iu;sllfud
fyd;s'
i' ks' 4' i<dh;k j.a." .dñKS ixhq;a;" ixLOu iq;a;' 583 msgqj'
29
iN..f;djd mßi..f;d jd - tlii tfld k uqid NfKhH
k NdKfh NK;x kdkqc[[d - innx wN+;x mßjccfhhH
iq;a; ksmd;h" Oïñl iQ;%h" .d:d 399"
30
;SKszudks NsCLfj wdêmf;hHdks' l;udks ;SKs( w;;dêmf;hHx" f,dldêmf;hHx" Ouudêmf;hHx'
w' ks' 1' ;sl ksmd;" foaj¥;j.a.h" wdêmf;hH iQ;%h" 268 msgqj'
31
fp;kdyx NsCLfj luux jodñ" fp;hsFjd luux lfrd;s ldfhk jdpdh udkid'
w'ks' 4' clalksmd;h" ÿ;sh mKaKdilh" uyd j..h" 208 msgqj'