MAT-2201 (Chap-4) 1

Chapter 4 EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS ( WEEK 3)

4.1 RATIO & PROPORTION

Term Definition Remark
1 Ratio – A ratio is a comparison between two similar quantities. Two numbers: ‘a’ and ‘b’
– It shows how many times the ‘one’ is contained in a
the ‘other’. Ratio = b
The comparison, in this case, is of the nature of division.
– The ratio ‘a’ to ‘b’ is equal to the quotient, ‘a’ divided a = antecedent
by ‘b’ and is denoted symbolically as a : b. b = consequent
– The first number ‘a’ is called the antecedent and Before a ratio can be stated,
the second number ‘b’ is the consequent. the units must be the same.

2 Proportion – A proportion is the statement of the quantities of the Three numbers: a , b , c

two ratios.
– A proportion may be written in any of the forms. If a:b:c = 3:4:5
a 3
a c a c Then  (1) b = 4
1) b = d Properties: If b = d a 3
(2) a ÷b= c÷d Then (1) ad = bc (2) c = 5
b d a b b 4
(3) a : b = c : d
(2) a= c (3) c = d (3) c = 5

EXAMPLES
(A) RATIOS and PROPORTIONS
1
1. Express the ratio 4 :
4 in its lowest terms.
2. Two lengths are in the ratio 8 : 5. If the first length is 120 ft metres, what is the second length?
3. A 21-foot board is to be cut so that the lengths of the two pieces are in the ratio 2 : 5. Find the length of the
two pieces.
4. Determines the angles of a triangle so that their degree measures are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 7.
5. If a : b = 5 : 3, find the value of
3a + 4b : 4a + 3b

Solution

1. 16:1
2. 75 metres
3 6 ft, 15ft
4. 36, 60, 84
5 27: 29

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 MAT-2201 (Chap-4) 2

Chapter 4(b) Percentage

4b.1 Percentage – A percentage is a ratio in which the second number is Fractions and
Percentages
arranged to be 100.
(1) 3/4 = 75%
– To express ‘one quantity’ as a percentage of ‘another (2) 1/2 = 50%
quantity’ of the same kind, (3) 1/4 = 25%
(1) express it as a fraction of the second quantity, and (4) 1/10 = 10%
(2) multiply by 100. (5) 1/20 = 5%
– Percentage Gain and Loss (1) % Gain or % Loss is
always expressed in terms
of the ‘Cost price’
(3) Loss = Cost price – Selling price (2) If a gain of 30%, then
Cost price−Selling price New : Old =130 : 100
x 100 New : Gain = 130 : 30
(4) Loss (% gain) = Cost price Old : Gain = 100 : 30
(3) If a loss of 30%, then
100+x
New : Old = 70 : 100
(5) If a gain of x%, then  New value = 100 x Old
100−x New : Loss = 70 : 30
Old : Loss = 100 :
(6) If a loss of x%, then  New value = 100 x Old
30

MAT 2103J 2019

 MAT-2201 (Chap-4) 3

(B) PERCENTAGE
1. The ratio of the number of girls in the school to the number of pupils is 2 : 5. What
percentage of the girl in this school?
2. In a town of 4,280 inhabitants, there were 56 births during 1984. Find the percentage birth
rate.
3. A shopkeeper buys an article for $5 and sells it for $6. What is his profit per unit?
4. A woman sells a car for $420 at a gain of 5%. What did it cost her?
5. A radio is offered for sale at $60. A customer is offered a 10% discount for cash. How much
does the customer actually pay?

(B) Percentage
1. 40% girls
2. 1.31 %
3. 20 % profit
4. $400 cost price
5. $54 by customer

EXERCISE- Ratio, Proportion, Percentage

1. In making a television set, the costs for labour and materials are in the ratio of 3:2.
The manufacturer sells for £150 to make a gain of 25 % on his outlay. What is the
cost of the materials for the set?
2. A legacy of £6000 is to be divided between Alfred, Arthur and Anne in the ratios
1:2:4, but first death duties of 12.5 % must be paid. What does each receive?
3. For an examination, 1200 of the candidates were boys. If 50% of the boys and 40%
of the girls were successful, find the number of girl candidates, given that 46% of the
total number of candidates were successful.
4. By selling an article for £5.35, a shopkeeper gains 7%. What should the selling
price be for a profit of 15%?

ANSWERS:
1. £48
2. £750, 1500, 3000
3. 800
4. £5.75

MAT 2103J 2019