Chapter IT * SPEECH FUNCTIONS AND Moons: CLAusE as EXCHANGE 1 Competence a Standard Competence ‘After completing this chapter you are expected to be competent to accurately analyze texts of daily activities and academics in terms of interpersonal meaning systems. b Basic Competences ‘After studying the material sin this chapter you are expected to be able: 1) to identify speech function, 2) to identify types of Mood in texts 3) to label elements of clauses with reference to Mood systems 4) to match speech functions with Mood systems 5) to distinguish different functions of the same element of clause in the Mood systems. 2 Orientation Language is simultaneously used as representation, exchange and organization of experience (Halliday 1994: 68; Wilson & Sperber 1993: 1-3). As social beings, human kinds can not live isolated; they need to interact with others in order to fulfill their needs. ‘The use of language to interact is said to perform interpersonal function. The interpersonal function is realized at two levels namely at the level of (discourse) semantics and lexicogrammar which is termed Mood. At the level of semantics human being perform two roles namely GIVING and DEMANDING. The commodity exchange¢ may be either INFORMATION or Goops & SERVICES. When the roles and commodities are cross classified, four specific activities or speech functions are derived as summarized in the Table 5. Table 5 Speech Functions ROLES Commopity INFORMATION ‘Goon & SERVICES Givinc statement Offer DEMANDING question command ‘The term speech function is used in this book rather than the speech act since the latter is related to formal interpretqtion. Speech function is more oriented to functional interpretation, specifically systemic functional one. When the roles and commodity are ected or cross classified with reference to systemic functional linguistic theories, as ped by Halliday (1994), Matthiessen (1993) and other systemicists, four speech ms are resulted as summarized in (14) Scanned with CamScanner4 $ Jeiving/information] = statement = (b) [demand/information] juestion © (6) [givelgoods & services] = offer (@) [demand/goods & services] = command ‘The four speech functions are semantic in nature. They find their realizations in Mood which is an aspect of interpersonal meaning at the level of lexicogrammar (Halliday 1993). In their unmarked or congruent representations the speech functions of Statement, question and command are realized by declarative, interrogative and imperative Moods. However, the speech function of offer does not have an unmarked representation of Mood; rather it is potentially coded by any one of the three Moods. In English the unmarked realizations of the speech functions are summarized in the - following figure. Realization of speech function in Moods SPEECH FUNCTION statement | offer/— N\, one | eed = 2 ‘realized by’ ea ‘NO tees imperative Figure 3 Realizations of Speech Functions in Mood English a statement may be either positive or negative such as He came to the ferday and He did not come to the office yesterday. These are coded by positive five declarative mood respectively. A question may be either information jh-question) or yés/no question such as Where did you go last week? and Did 1 movie? respectively. Like a statement, an imperative may be positive or Scanned with CamScannerive as in Open the door! ot Please con’t smoke here!. An offer may be code Fment such as Let me take the book for you. . ‘d bya ‘The four speech functions are initiated by the speaker. In real interaction, the jmterlocutor ie. the addressee in his/her turn also responds to the speech functions "produced by the speaker i. the addresser. In other words, a speech function by an "Dadresser is responded by the addressee. Martin (1992: 56) holds that when the initiation “and response as orientation of both the interlocutors are taken into account, other four = speech functions are derived, thus making eight speech functions. ‘The detivations of "speech functions are summarized in a system network as represented in the following * figure. os rive Roles Demand -—— Information ommodity . '—Goods & Services [_ Initiating i osueyoxg rientation goueLiody’ "Responding Figure 4 System Network of Speech Functions reference to the figurt, systemically eight speech functions are derived as ation/initiating) = statement (S) tion/responding] = acknowledge statement (AS) ation/initiating] = question (Q) ation/responding] = response statement to question (RSQ) a Scanned with CamScannerivelgoods & services/initiating] = offer (0) @ [Eivergoods & services/responding] = acknowledge offer (40) (7) [demand/goods & servicesfiitiating] = command (C) (8) [demand/goods & services/respont esponse offer to command (ROC) ‘speech functions may be coded in congruent or incongruent represent ‘atoted Seller, statement, question and command may be a As declarative, interrogative and imperative moods respectively. Itis not uncormeoest © that a statement is coded by the interrogative Mood as seen in the following eee which involves two friends in which they exchange their experience related ee children. As shown in the analysis below B's Did he? is an AS speech functicn wai, typically coded by a declarative mood. However, inthe conversation the AS is nia ty an interrogative mood which is a marked realization. A speech function may be ceded an elliptical mood or minor. By minor is meant an expression which has no process c, verb. When the speech functions are analyzed and their realizations in lexicopramsncy are found the following descriptions are derived. (16) CONVERSATION SPEECH FUNCTION MOOD ‘A: My son passed the entrance test? s Declarative I B: Did he? AS Interrogative A: Yes s Elliptical Dec. Lam very happy . 8 Dectarative A: Congratulation to your son, AS Minor How is your daughter? Q Interrogative B: She is fine. RSQ Declarative She is doing her Spanish s Declarative A: Did she go to Mexico? Q Interrogative B: No. RSQ Elliptical Dec. But she will be attending a course in Spain this Summer. s Declarative A: Good. AS Minor In its function as an exchange of experience or interpersonal function, a clause is constituted by five structural elements, namely Subject, Finite, Predicator, Complement and Adjunct. Subject and Finite form MOOD whereas Predicator, ‘Complement and Adjunct constitute RESIDUE. Thus, a clause divides into two main : MOOD and RESIDUE. MOOD marks a clause as declarative, interrogative and iperative which are respectively realization of the speech functions of statement, ion and command. The. elements of clause in terms of interpersonal function are as the following. 1g (person or thing) which is argued about. The Subject functions as tof the argument (Halliday 2004: Chapter 4), The notion of Subject in Scanned with CamScanner: ivalent to the term Subject in tradit tie mar is to some extent equivalent ubject in traditional tinal gram ie funtion of Subject indicates the resting point ofthe message in . nay, In the clause The man bought a new car, the Subject is the man. © the clause. pris Jas verbal operator that is an aspect of verbal phrase which, together with is defined Mmothing arguable. In The man bought a new car, the Finiteis did. sk ne sells books the Finite is does. Specifically, the split of Finite from verb i ‘1 as the following, where the Finite is italicized. bought =did+buy sells = does + sell has done = has + done write = do + write PREDICATOR is the verb phrase minus Finite. In The man bought a new car, the Predicator is buy. Similarly, in Jane sells books, the Predicator is sell. The predicators are italicized in the following verb phrases. e (18) came = did + come willcome = will + come has written =has + written will have done = will + have done As indicated in the examples, the Predicator and Finite are easily represented in an ‘ion as V=F+P, where V, F and F respectively stands for Verb, Finite and Predicator. ENT is an element of clause which is potential to become the Subject. The f Complement is equivalent to the term Object in traditional grammar. In The ight a new book, a new book is the Complement. However, not all elements of .ctioning as the Complement can be changed to Subject and the Complement is similar to the notion of Object in traditional terminology as shown in the clause doctor where a doctor functions as the Complement in systemic functional not potential to be promoted to be the f Adjunct is equivalent to adverb in traditional grammar. In the house yesterday, to my house and yesterday function as the Finite are two main structural elements which operate a Mood is determined. In other words, Subject and Finite types of Mood of a clause. In the conversation below A and B Scanned with CamScannert repeat she and did as the Subject and Finite respectively to change and move from just repeal ther. one Mood to ane fons among the elements of clause to MOOD and RESIDUE are summarized in ‘Table 6. ‘Table 6 MOOD and RESIDUE elements MOOD Predicator ‘Complement RESIDUE "| Adjunct In English the Mood is coded by the elements of Subject and Finite. The two elements are turned to and fro as in the following conversation where the conversant manipulates only the Subject she and Finite did. (9) A: Jane came to my office yesterday. Did she? A: Yes, she did B: She didn’t - lidn't for God’s sake s exemplified in the conversation a Declarative Mood is coded by both the \d Finite with that order. This is systemically coded as Subject « Finite, where ‘followed by’. Further, the Mood of interrogative divides into two categories, Jar interrogative with the structure of FINITE A SUBJECT and wh-interrogative re WH- A FINITE A SUBJECT. The polar interrogative is also known as yes/no ive (since the response required is ether ye or no) and the wh-question is also information question. The Wh- words include what, who, where, when, \d how. A system network for the Mood in English is presented in Scanned with CamScannerDeclarative . Interrogative Pot Soop Indicative 4 ae Imperative Figure 5 System Network of Mood. ‘The following table summarizes Mood with their realizations by the two tural elements of Subject and Finite. Table 7 The Coding of Mood Codin; Declarative Subject « Finite = Interrogative Finite a Subject E Polar Imperative (Subject) Finite © _W(h)-Interrogative W(h)- A Finite (Subject) 3 Analysis ‘A clause as representation of exchange is analyzed in terms of the structural elements of interpersonal meaning. In other words, a clause is analyzable with respect to functions of Subject, Finite, Predicator, Complement and Adjunct. The following lyses are meant to exemplify the Mood analysis. My son bought a new car last week. Did [buy anew car yesterday | Finite | Predicator [Complement | Adjunct Oo oD RES 1D UE \e secretary has sent the letter to London. lary | has Sent the,etter to London Finite |Predicator | Complement _| Adjunct RESIDUE came to my house. did__[ come tomy house Finite_| Predicator | Adjunct oo D STDUE 25 Scanned with CamScanner2 (23) Will they be coming to the party next week? > [wir “The; be coming | tothe party | next week? Finite | Subject __| Predicator | Adjunct Adjunct, MOO D ROE S 1D U_E Clauses of (1), (2) and (3) are in Declarative Mood. This is marke ‘Mood is coded by the structural elements of Subject A Finite. is in Interrogative Mood which is realized by the structural ele ‘ed by the fact that the in different way, clause (4) "ments of Finite A Subject. When the Transitivity and Mood analyses are mapped on to a clause a double configuration is conflated on the same element of the clause as shown in the following, (24) My daughter bought a new car yesterday, [My daughter | bought anew car | last week ‘Actor Process: Material _| Goal Circumstance: Location. te = 7 i = uN © [Subject did [buy ‘Complement | Adjunct mecca Finite | Predicator \ M==ORORED: ESE Spal DEORE “| 4 Troubleshooting Every ‘major’ English clause will embody a choice from the Mood system. Such choices are also inherent in elliptical clauses, where one or all parts of Mood or Residue. may be absent. For example in the following clause by B the Residue is elided. (25) A: Did you get a letter today? B: No, I didn’t [...] Eltipticat Declarative There are two kinds of clause where the choice of Mood is not employed, namely finite’ and minor clause. n-finite’ clauses. lon-finite clause is characterized by the absence of Finite. However, the Residue may be present as shown in the following examples: his son an express letter to London t telling us his name ‘ing entered the property ressions such as oh, yuk, hi, yummy, thanks, wow. They are called ¢ they are not open to any of the major systems of Transitivity, really serve an interpersonal function such as greeting, t apply in the two kinds of clause. Scanned with CamScanner*¢. Gap in the analysis (26a) 6 2aP she element of a clause is separated from another in a category, a eae in the following example. The analysis is done as the following. Bap results such, (260) Another alternative configuration is also used to indicate the gap, Yesterday we went to the beach with a friend. +[Yesterday | We did Go tothe beach_| with a friend “Adjunct Subject__[Finite | Predicator | Adjunct Adjunct RE S- | MOOD I DU «E as shown in = (26b) Yesterday we did go tothe beach with a friend Adjunct Subject__| Finite | Predicator | Adjunct Adjunct MooD | Z R E s I D U E \ ises ctor tor r go to the market e 1: Practicing Mood agnation. Construct a related clause in the appropriate complete the paradigm. For example polar interrogative declarative imperative polar interrogative declarative imperative polar interrogative declarative , imperative polar interrogative declarative imperative Scanned with CamScannerpolar interrogative declarative imperative will [bring home a few chips? polar interrogative F- declarative ght a new i f My son bousi - imperative polar interrogative Sc Will be visiting us next month declarative F imperative © 7, When did he go to the party? wh-interrogative declar: imperative 9. Where were you born? wh-interrogative declarative imperative 9, Why did they send the luggage? —_wh-interrogative : declarative imperative 10 How did-he go enterthe house? wh-interrogative declarative imperative Exercise 2: Analyzing clauses. Analyze the following clauses into its elements of Subject, Finite, Predicator, Complement and Adjunct. Group the elements belonging to MOOD and RESIDUE respectively as shown in the following example. (27) She ran very quickly to the station Did run very quickly | to the station Finite Predicator_| Adjunct Adjunct RESIDUE She was usually seen by someone. . John, did you see the man? ; In general she stopped in some fashionable streets. Frankiy, she’d hardly visited some of the sights. Where did they go at the weekends? Scanned with CamScanner> 10, My son graduated from the university. xercise 3: Analyze the interpersonal structure of each clause in the following written text. “It is essential for the well being of the Youth of Australia that we adopt a less tolerant ittitude to violence in television. It has been known for some time that young children ~ can be disturbed by the violence scenes presented by television scene. No apparent effort however has been made by either the producers of children’s programs or the ; programmers of children’s programs to take this into account: one only has to look at the extraordinary popular cartoon “Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles”. Exercise 4: Analyze the following conversation with reference to speech function and ~ Mood id you attend the party yesterday? = B: What? Did you go to the party Yes A: How do you like? it’s really great. & Contextualization (OOD is an interpersonal realization at the clause rank. MOOD covers the of Subject and Finite by which a clause is coded as either declarative. ive or imperative. Congruently, declarative, interrogative and imperative code functions of statement , question-and¢: ‘command respectively. Reading information and discussions on Mood in English readers are advised to read ig references. 994. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: inter (Chapter 7) ll 1994, Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Stabler (Chapter 2) - An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Amold (Chapter 4) Scanned with CamScanner