Populations i) Deme : Local population (population living in a specific area at a particular time) ii) Metapopulation : Whole set of local populations connected by dispersing individuals. iii) Eeophene (Eead) : The phenotype variables due to fluctuation in environment. This range of variability shown by the phenotype is called phenotypic plasticity. iv) Eeotype : Genetically adapted population v) __ Ecoline : The intermediate form between two — ecotypes is called ecoline. vi) Keystone Species : It is a species which though having a small population has a major influence on the composition of the community because of its key role in maintaining the community structure through regulation of trophic level in routine or during adverse conditions. Ecotone : It is the transition zone or overlapping zone between two communities viii) Edge effect : High diversity in the ecotone area is called edge effect and such diverse species are called edge species Population Interactions Interspecific interactions are of three types — a) Beneficial (positive interaction), b) Detrimental (negative interaction), c) Neutral (neither harmed nor benefited). Hyperparasites : Bacteriophages which are parasite over parasitic bacteria. Revision TOPIC 1: ABIOTIC FACTORS, RESPONSE FOR ABIOTIC FACTORS AND ADAPTATIONS 1. Organisms, populations, and biomes are the four levels of biological organization, 2. Ecology at organism ic level is essentially... which tries to understand how different organisms are adopted to their environment. 3. Distinct seasons with annual variations in precipitation account for the formation of major 4, Desert, forest, Tundra are examples for .. Regional and local variations with in each biome lead to the formation of a wide variety of 6. Snow laden polar region are called ... 7. Physico-chemical components of ecosystem is called 8. Habitat includes . and componentsnas u 12. 13, 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2 23. 24. 2s. 26. Each organism has an invariably defined range of conditions that it can tolerate, diversity in resources at utilizes and distinct functional role in ecosystem, all those together comprise its s the most important ecologically relevant environmental factors. Tuna fish are caught in ............latitude in ocean, Temperature affects and through at the metabolic activity and other physiological functions of organism Organisms that can tolerate and thrive in wide range of temperatures . Organisms which can tolerate only narrow range of temperatures ‘The level of .... ..of different species determine to a large extent their geographical distribution, Water affects the . and distribution of plants. For aquatic organisms becomes important. Organisms which can tolerate wide range of salimities Organisms which can tolerate narrow range of salimites Many freshwater organisms cannot live for long in sea water and vice versa because Of sesessseseeesesseeesenthey would face Salt concentration is less than nin land waters, 30~35 in sea and . in hyper saline logoons Animals USC .........ssssssssssssssssssn8 cue for timing their foraging, reproductive and migratory activities. Various properties of soil such as soil composition, grain size, and aggregation determine the percolation and secceeeeeeeeeeseeee SOIL Maintenance of a constant internal environment . Success of mammals is largely due to their ability to maintain . and thrive whether they live in Antartica or in the Sahara desert. An overwhelming majority of animals and nearly are plants cannot maintain a constant internal environment are called. Small animals are rarely found in -region If the stressful external condition are localized or remain only for a short duration organisms survives by the method ... and ‘National park in Rajastan -30. 31 34, 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 4 42. 43. 4s. 46. 47 The temporary movement of organisms from a stressful habitat toa move hospitable area and their return when stressful period is over is called .. The form: mn of resistant spores in bacteria, fungi and lower plants to survive unfavourable condition is an example for. Bears go to during winter. Some snails and fish go into ........ -----t0 avoid summer related problems. Under unfavourable conditions many zooplankton species in lakes and ponds are known to enter Seeds and vegetative reproductive structures undergo seed dormancy by reducing Any attribute of an organisms which enable the organism to survive and reproduce is called . Many adaptations have evolved over a long evolutionary time and are Kangaroo rat in North American deserts is capable of meeting all its water requirements through ... Desert plants have special photosynthetic pathway .........----.....:that enables their stomata to remain closed during daytime. According to mammals from colder climates generally have shorter ears and limbs to minimize heat loss. Human beings adjust to higher altitude by adaptation. In higher altitudes human beings adapt to less atmospheric pressure by .......-2..-5 Archarbacteria living in hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents show adaptation At higher altitude binding affinity of haemoglobin oxygen .. Desert lizards lack ability like mammals to adjust with high temperature of their habitat, Desert lizards manage to keep their body temperature fairly constant by .. means. Organisms living in extreme environmental conditions show a fascinating array ofTOPIC 2: POPULATIONS ween 10. ul 12. 13, TA eee 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2 Organisms of same species living geographical area constitute a .. Plant community in a forest is an example for ...........000000000 All cormorants in a wetland makes a .. links ecology to population genetics and evolution. Attnbutes of population (a) . (b) . Ac) @.. Ifage distribution is plotted for the population resulting structure is called Triangular age pyramid represents an population. Bell shaped and ur a shaped age pyramids represents population respectively. Tiger census in four national parks is often based on ... Bo Total fish population density of a lake can be calculated by finding out .. Density of a population in a given habitat fluctuates due to four basic processes such as. Type of growth seen in habitat with unlimited resources .... Ifpopulation size is N. birth rate ~b death rate ~d_ then increase or decrease in N during time period in N during time period a will be is chose a for assessing impacts of biotic and abiotic factor on population growth. r values for Norway rate = flour beetle = + value of human population in India is 1981 ~ Geometric growth pattern of population results in .........---0..-..growth curve. Integral form of exponential growth equation is . Type of growth model seen in population with limited natural resources ... growth model Here K represent Tr represent N represent22. -growth model is considered to be realistic one 23. The different phases of logistic population growth curve ... 24, Logistic population growth curve will be ................shaped 25. The maximum reproductive fitness of population is called .. 26. Life history traits of organisms have evolved in relation to the constraints imposed by é.... TOPIC 3: POPULATION INTERACTIONS ih com arise from the interaction of different species Beneficial inter specific interactions .. Determental interspecific interaction Interaction where both species are benefitted ..... Interaction where both species are harmed Interaction where one species is benefited and one species is harmed Nw ee DP Interaction where one species is harmed and other is neither harmed nor benefited interaction is nature’s way of transferring to higher trophic levels the energy fixed by plants 9. In ecological interaction point of view Herbivores can be considered as ...keep prey population under control and act as conduets for energy transfer across trophic levels 11, Exotic species introduced to an area become invasive and start spreading fast because they do not have jin new land 12. Prickly pear cactus introduce into Australia in early 1920°s brought under control by 13, Biological control methods adopted in agricultural pest control are based on Interspecific interaction 14... help in maintaining species diver y in nature. 15. In rocky intertidal communities of American Pacific cost, more than 10 species of invertebrates become extint in a year after the removal of s-ssseebecause of 16, Some species insects and frogs are to avoid being defected easily by the predator.17. Monarch butterfly is ... to avoid predator. 18. Nearly 25% of insects are ... nature 19. Thorns of Acecia, cactus are the ...................0f defence 20. Calotropis plant produce to avoid herbivores predators. 21. Mention some chemicals produced by plants to avoid grazers of brocosers 22. Unrelated species in some of American lakes like visiting flemingoes and resident fishes compute for... 23.1n feeding efficiency of one species might be reduced due to interfering and inhibiting presence of other species, even if resources are abundant. 24, is one process where fitness of one of the species is significantly lower in the presence of other 25, Accoridng to Gause’s .. when resources are limited competitively superior species will eventually eliminate other species. .in Galapagoes island became extinct with in a decade after goats were introduced on the island. 27. An evidence for occurance of competition in nature comes from 28. On the rocky seacosts of Scotland, larged and competitively superior barnacle Balanus dominates the intertidal area and excludes smaller bamnacle -- from the zone. 29, --scan avoid competition. 30, According to Mr.Arthur’s experiment five closely related species of warblers living on the same tree were able to avoid competition and coexist due to and this is an example for . 31. Adaptations of parasites . 32. Example for a nemotide parasite . 33, Intermediate host of human liverfluks 34, Female anopholos mosquito is the vector of parasite... 35. Lice on humens ticks on dogs are example for .. 36. coo ---suci8 a total parasite plant 37. Liverfluke is an example for . 38. Cockoo is an example for a 39. An orched/epiphyte growing on mango tree is an example for interaction40. Plant animal interaction often involve 41. Fig plant provide & for wasp 42, Meditleranesan orchid -employs . to get pollination done by ...... Organisms 1. Tiger and deer Prickly pear and moth . Liverfluke and moth Bermacle Balancus & Cathamalus 2 3. 4 5. Cattle and grass 6. Flemingoes and fish in a lake 7. Cuscut and Hedge plant 8. Fig and wasp 9. Plant and pollinator 10. Cockoo and crow 11. Cattle egret and cattle 12. Ophrys orchard and bee 13, Abington tortoise and goat 14, Bernacle and whale 15. Lice and man 16. Lichens. 17. Ticks and dogs 18. Sea anemone and clown fish 19. Mycorthizae 20. Plasmodium and mosquito MCQs TOPIC 1 : Abiotic factors and Response to abiotic factors and adaptations 1. Who formulated the first postgraduate course of ecology in India? a)P.Maheshwari —b)Ramdeo Misra) G.N.Ramachandran_d) K.Esau 2. Why does a bird sing? a) Operation of the voice box (syrinx) ») Vibrating bone ©) bird need to communicate with its mate during breeding season d) Both a and b 3. How does a bird sing? )Operation of the voice box (syrinx) b) Vibrating bone c) bird need to communicate with its mate during breeding season 4) Both a and b