Archaeology in Greece 2001-2002

Author(s): David Blackman

Source: Archaeological Reports, No. 48 (2001 - 2002), pp. 1-115
Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3246021
Accessed: 07-05-2016 08:28 UTC

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted
digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about
JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Cambridge University Press are
collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Archaeological Reports

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002
INTRODUCTION
This year my report deals mainly with the work of the years
1996, covered in the latest Deltion Chronika (Vol. 51), and
1999-2001, based on AEMTH volumes 13-14 and reports
which have been sent to me, mainly on 2001.
The publication 'The work of the Ministry of Culture in the
sphere of Cultural Heritage' (Epyov YInnO) has not appeared
since vol. 3 for 1999. This is a pity since it provided valuable (if
telegraphic) information on recent discoveries of the
Archaeological Service.
Unfortunately a necessarily earlier deadline for this issue of
'A in G', coupled with a slightly later date than usual for the
annual report of the Secretary General of the Archaeological
Society of Athens, has made it impossible to take account of the
Society's Ergon for 2001 in this issue of 'A in G'; it will of
course be covered next year. I should add that the Society's
magazine Mentor is also a very good read. For the Deltion
Chronika, references to the current volume are given by page
number if possible, and without the volume number; references
to earlier volumes include the volume number.
My work on these sources has been greatly facilitated by the
contributions of a number of Members and Students of the
School resident in Greece: Eleni Hatzaki (Crete), Iphigenia
Tournavitou (prehistoric to Roman central and southern
Greece), David Turner (Byzantine Greece, except Crete),
Katerina Panagopoulou, Anthi Dipla and Despina Christo-
doulou (northern Greece), Rosie Roumelioti (Cyclades and
northeast Aegean). Alexandra Villing and Anne Blackman
helped with translations and Helen Fields with essential support
in editing and sequencing the text, Koula Asiatides, Elina
Stamatatou and Vicki Tzavara with typing. Penny Wilson
Zarganis drafted the section 'New Publications' and Sandra
Pepelasis helped with allocation of material. I am most grateful
to all of them, and also to the Editor, Dr Lyn Rodley, for her
patience and understanding.
I continue to receive favourable comments about the
increased number of illustrations, and much appreciate the con-
tinued generous support of the Hellenic Society towards the
cost of publication; we do however realize the costs involved,
and again this year the number of illustrations is somewhat
reduced.
For an explanation of the types of field work carried out in
Greece and their forms of publication, and the other sources of
information on which the compiler of 'A in G' can and must
draw, I continue to refer the reader to the masterly introduction
by Hector Catling to his last contribution (AR 1988-89, 3-8).
His contributions have served as my model in the last six years.
The economic and touristic development of the country does
and will continue to provide a threat to the cultural and natural
heritage of Greece; the Archaeological Service makes heroic
efforts to limit the damage. Currently a crash construction pro-
gramme is under way to prepare for the Athens Olympics in
2004. The cause c6elbre last year was the proposal to hold the
rowing events at Marathon, with the construction of a basin in
the marsh at Schoinias. Despite determined opposition, partic-
ularly by the Archaeological Society, this project has gone
ahead. On the other hand, the upgrading of the Phaleron shore-
line will be applauded by all.
A new draft Archaeological Law was finally presented in
parliament at the end of May 2002; as I write the archaeologists
of the Archaeological Service are holding protest strikes over its
contents.
The Parthenon Marbles have remained in the headlines, with
a new proposal for the Museum of the Acropolis and debate
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
about the archaeological finds made on the proposed site in
Makrygianni. The unification of archaeological sites in Athens
continues to make progress, with the closure of Odos Apostolou
Pavlou, the northwestward continuation of Odos Dionysiou
Areopagitou down towards the Theseion. The outstanding
archaeological find of the year was undoubtedly the kouros
found in the Kerameikos in early April 2002 (see below).
Minoan scholars will be delighted by the reappearance after 73
years of the 'Ring of Minos' (see below and cover illustration).
Theft of antiquities remains a problem in Greece, as else-
where. We all rejoiced in the recovery in January 2001 of the
objects stolen from Corinth Museum in April 1990; a special
exhibition was inaugurated in the Museum on 1 December.
Again many exhibitions have been held this last year. My
personal selection is: 'Byzantium: an Oecumenical Empire'
(Athens); 'Byzantine Hours: Works and Days in Byzantium'
(also Mystras and Thessaloniki); 'Fragile Luxury: Glass Vessels
in the National Archaeological Museum' (Athens); 'Glass of the
Sultans'(Athens); and the exhibition in Corinth mentioned
above. Museum openings have included the Byzantine Museum
at Veroia and the site museum at the temple of Demeter at
Gyroula, Sangri (Naxos). Sadly, temporary closures at the
National Museum, Olympia Museum and parts of Delphi
Museum have been announced for 2002/3. Conferences have
covered a wide variety of subjects, such as: 'The Macedonians
in Athens, 323-229 BC'; 'Ancient Arcadia'; the 9th
Cretological Congress; '15 years of restoration work in the
Mediaeval City of Rhodes'; 'Ancient Greece at the turn of the
Millennium: Recent Work and Future Perspectives' (to cele-
brate the Canadian Institute's 25th anniversary); and
'Inscriptions and the History of Chios'.
We applaud the commencement of Phase II of the extension
of the Gennadeion Library, inaugurated by the President of the
Republic in February 2002; also the news that the trireme
Olympias is to undergo a refit.
There have been no 'changes at the top' in the Ministry of
Culture and Archaeological Service: Mr Evangelos Venizelos
remains Minister of Culture, Mr Lazaros Kolonas Director
General of Antiquities, Mrs Nicoletta Valakou-Divari Director
of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and Mr Isidoros
Kakouris Director of Byzantine and Mediaeval Antiquities; Mrs
Eleni Korka has become Head of the Department of Foreign
Schools. We wish them all well, and I should like to thank them
for the support which they give to the work of the Foreign
Schools in Greece.
We report with sadness the deaths of notable figures in
Greek archaeology: Angelos Choremis, William Coulson, Jos
De Waele, Jale Inan, Gregorios Konstantinopoulos, Nikos
Papadakis and Jeanne Robert.
I close the introduction to my last 'A in G' with a mixture of
nostalgia and relief: I have tried to make 'A in G' a useful prac-
tical tool; I hope the increased amount of illustration has helped;
and I feel it could be better if one had more research support.
Not for the first time, I view the French model with admiration
and a certain envy. One of the fascinations of compiling 'A in
G' is to lear so much about what is being achieved by col-
leagues; the principal frustration is that one is left with no time
to visit them. This I hope to put right in the future! I wish my
successor, James Whitley, good luck as he takes over as 21st
Director of the British School on October 1st, 2002. It is an
exciting, challenging and rewarding post, in one of the liveliest
centres of modem European culture.
2 DAVID BLACKMAN
NEW PUBLICATIONS 2001-2002
Where a Greek publication is available in translation, this is
indicated in square brackets, e.g [Eng]; a bilingual text in a sin-
gle volume is shown thus: [Gr/Eng]
Archaeological Service (all published Athens 2001): in the
series A rto(teiSgo?aTa Tzo ApXatoXoytKoU Ac?Tio)D: 75. A.N.
Ktovocdvctvo;, npoo?yyitor ozo T pyo zTov (oypdcpwov an6 'co
Kaoc?copo zTr; HIcE?pou; 76. N. KuxTapioorc-AnotzoXXiKa, Ta
Hpo'iooptKcv KcorgR'caza zT'c; OeoaXiac;.
In the series of guides to sites and museums: f. ToaTzoo-
7oioo)U-KaXo56rn, Me?r(JPpioa-Zc)vn [Eng]; H. KaoacLdpao
(ed.), Move?g3paocic [Eng]; A. MCrti'tox)-ED)Tar00io),
ArgrzT,uptd [Eng]; Ato6Ovnr [Ger]; A. Kou)to6(Tol, AKpocKpIv0-
o; [Eng].
Sheets: ()XdXitCa: IXiou M?aocOpov, o EvotKO; KOCI o
oapXlT?KTc(OV ToD [Eng]; H toTopia Tou Noltol,aztlKOD Mou)oe?io
[Eng]; O EppiKo; SX15Cmav Kca TO NogtoClGarIKO Mou)6?IO [Eng];
NotLaCT'ac KaI T?XVrl [Eng]; M?kT ktXXt Kao TEXVTl [Eng];
IntvayX6OKa; Hnd1I? ozo Atyaio; PoPCaiKi y7?(pupa HiTzpaoc
[Eng]; u)kXoyri TYookoirl [Eng].
The Department for Educational Programmes within the
Archaeological Service has also produced a large number of
small publications in Greek as teaching aids for primary schools.
Individual departments, committees and ephorates: N.
Ku)iapiool-AioaoToXiKcx (ed.), SclXmato Oe6c?0'Tpa. A&c6E?K
Xp6vIa cavoaKacpcv KaI ?p?uva; 1987-1998. HpaKcKctKc
AtI?volS; DuV?epiOD, TpiKAXoc 6-7 Noc?.ppiou 1998, Athens
2000; X. Minopao;, K. Zdi7(to;, Ta ?pya TzrS EiTzpomniS
Zu)vzrqpiT(o?co Mvrleitcov AKpoTOc?oS; ozTnv A0rlvoaK1
AKpp6oOXn, Athens 2001; M. OlitXNiovo;-ToozioT'o, B.
EXe)?D0?pOD), AKp6iOoXl Aiv5o), Rhodes 2000; K.A. ZOCxo;, To
vnLe?10io TO OKTzCapavoo0 ADyouGTOu o 'cnq NtKOcoX1:' TO
zpoTcaio zTn; vax)UataSX; TOu AKT'iou (MvrgLcia NtKOczoXnrl 1),
Athens 2001; K. Movo15oou-N?NXXa, Me?otcovtK}I Ic6OXI
PO6o), ?py7a aoRoKcazOTcTzaor 1985-2000, Rhodes 2001; A.
AX?e4av5pi (ed.) KacXXi'ozT?Deu[a.' ?X?T?; npo; T'lUiv zTlq
'OXyau; ToidXo)-AXe?4av6pl, Athens 2001; IXio) M?XacOpov
2000, TO NotactlaTIKo6 Mo)oe?o zTO KcazTc(pXi TO) 210o
actmva, Athens 2001; EV?TOI Kat IIoavvize'; t177C6'ET, 6iKTz)a
oX)PCoL)aTIK I; apxtzeT?KTOcvlKr;. Hitpa.aatKMi ?V?py?ia
ARCHI-MED, Athens 2001; Zovcoavd KOdCopa [Eng. and
Eng/Gr CD], Athens 2001; Qp?; Bi)aVTIOt), ?pyo Kca 1I.IC?p?
ozT BiOdVTIto, AO0iva, ?O(ooaXoviKn, M)(Tzpda;, Athens 2001;
To B)OdVTtO 0to OItKO)U.?Vq. B)uvctvO Kat XptoztaVIKO
Mo)?1eio OKT. 2001 -Iav. 2002 Athens 2001; I. Touratsoglou,
C.B. Kritzas, The Greek script. Die Griechische Schrift
[Eng/Ger], Athens 2001; X. HIvvao;, McX'Z?Tr1l t?oopD)aVtvtvlS
yX)lc'TIKSIl; N6do;-nHdpo;, Athens 2000; Ao6?Kdvrl(0o , zTOTiOu
KaOt 6vOpmotot oCTO (paKo IzTcuXv KaXXt'cLXT?vo [calendar],
Athens 2001; H IoXtzicciTi TO MV)Tcpc. M)TzpdOi Auy. 2001-
Iov. 2002, Athens 2001; E7Ta7icdpyto, H aXKpOTcOXi Tnz;
0(eooCXoviKcr;. Oe?oo6tovtiKn OKT. 2001-Ioav. 2002, Athens
2001; AoKitIo ytIa Tnv OX)PC(TIKl c6TO B)O'CVTIO. O
Bop?toe?XXCi6tKO6 Xopo 405-150;? a. OeGocTXoviKnr OKT.
2001-Iav. 2002, Athens 2001; Unification of the archaeologi-
cal sites of Athens, Athens 2001; A. ApXovzTi6ox)-Aprylp (ed.),
Xio; T''ivaXo; IO c6X OtvoxIiovo;, Chios 2000; 0. (ItXocVICOTO
(ed.), Aio6 Tc Nd6o zTO Atyaio) ozTM NdOo zTnS itK?cXia(;, gUi
6obo ?etliKotvoviao; [Gr/Eng] Athens 2001. H,g?poX6yio 2002,
(yri.CavctK?C; OCVO(cKa(pE; 6Tc; KaOKXi6;S KmOI zi d&go orca T?zXN
'TO) 20O) KOC TI'; zt oPX; 'TO 210t aotwIv, Athens 2002; N.
TacoculroXi6i, F. Taoo0)Xac, Aiya0to7iX?ayi'cT OX)gcLvtoviK?c
T'i; apXatiXoTal' ;. [Gr/Eng], Athens 2001; H. IIdvzo;,
KcolK05coiorr(?Y voto0?o?iag; yta zTnv ToxItzt(oLtciK KXnpovo,Utd,
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
KaCdr 06LRcTa (EXkqvtIK} Nogo0eo6?ia 1), Athens 2001; J.
Albani, A. Doumas (eds. and trans.), The splendour of heaven.
Sacred treasures from Byzantine Collections and Museums in
Greece. Exhibition September 2001-January 2002 Frankfurt,
Dommuseum [Gr, Eng, Ger], Frankfurt 2001.
F. Ne?zTopibo (ed.) rq(pieq Tzou BSzavtiou, Athens 2001;
in the series nHpypaoiMa MeXiva (Tcpi6Eq Tzo B'cavzTou):
B. nIlaca5o7coUXoD, Znv 'ApTa, Tov cKatpo TOV AExTIozTcv,
Athens 2001; E.K. HoIacpaotkXeiou, K. Kc(paock, H oKnlvfl Tznc
Ae?DT?Cpa; pouoiaoC;. zTotieia yUa Tcj 1owi Kal T'TV TEzXVln (T
e?T[apDvavzTIv' XZDq, Athens 2001; E.K. na7apaotkieiou, H
(oKqv TTI; AerDT'Epac; fHapouia(;. To KavTrX(aKI TOzo gcucapt-
mc-MtXCXr' Tpe?torOPDV?t, Athens 2001; 0. ApXovTrcoto0,ko,
Hpayuaz'TOoyXlKat GotXEia T{n; 1z77COTOKpaTOUcLtevfl; Po6bo
ozTnv EKKn1c(iqa TZ Ayiou NtKOXAOD oza Tptavza, Athens
2001; 0. ApXovzT6ouODXo;, npayaoTo?loyiKtc ozotXiEi Tzr;
trUroCKpazTO4uevn Po68o) o'rv EKKXn;lia TOXD Ayiou NIKO,(Xdo)
Goa Tptavza. Ayto; NtKc6ao; ?eepepvvmVTa (To Xpovo,
Athens 2001; E. racpptkdKcrl. In the series np6ypa[ta MeXiva
(O KO6(IOG TnZ; ApXatzoTfaS(): E. ForappltX&l, A. Kav'a, H
Kpl'TTrl Tov tpcoTcov avocKTOpcov Kat TO o(TL(ozrTFll eXYox) TzOV
Ca7o0rlceK?DTcK(V Xopov, Rethymnon 2001; A. Kdava, MUa
tzTopia o av 7icapaL09t Tzo MovaoXrfpdaKI Agapiou,
Rethymnon 2001.
Archaeological Society of Athens: In the series BItpkto06icrK
T'r; ev AOi'vaIt ApXaItooyIKiS; ETzape1ia;: 201, 202. K.-V.
von Eickstedt, To A(Kkrnctetiov TOu) IHepaiot; [Gr, Ger]
(ApXaioi TO6roI KaI Mouoe0ia Tnz; EXX&0io; 15, 16), Athens
2001; 204, 205. H. Walter, Die Leute von Alt-Agina 3000-1000
v. Chr [Eng] (Antike Stitten und Museen Griechenlands 18, 19),
Athens 2001; 206, 207, 208. A. Cambitoglou et al., Torone I.
The excavations of 1975, 1976 & 1978 [ 3 vols.], Athens 2001;
209. B. Eder, Die Submvkenischen und Protogeometrischen
Grdber von Elis, Athens 2001; 211. E.-A. X2k~ao, MEroo(iVq, TO
ApT?ep1otov KXt OIKOt Tr; AztcUtKI; 7l czT?pyu; Tzo A(oKcXrt7teiOD,
Athens 2001; 212. A. MtalxoqXiou, AKPCi)poTP Oixpa; H
te?kc?T z TOV op(pov (OTa KTripta zTO OtIK1GIOD, Athens 2001;
213. T. na7caYao(TopaKfT;, 0 IAtKO(C.o; Zo0 ) TpoIXOU Tzov
vaOcv zTr; HXatoi0 6ye0a(; 7Iept6?o)6 o'Tr BaKocavtK'i
X?p(o6vrno 'Ka T nv K~icpo, Athens 2001; 214, 215, 216, 217.
S. Tine, A. Traverso, Poliochni: the earliest town in Europe.
[Gr, Eng, It, Ger], Athens 2001; 218, 219, F. PE0?RLtoTXcKTI;,
MtIVCIKOtC nZIkva ?eti56kta 7a16 Tnv veoavaKTcopiKci ?Eco TZnv
)nIogtvtOIKt ic pio6o (Ancient Sites and Museums in Greece 24,
25) [Eng], Athens 2001; 221. S. Iakovides, Gla and the Kopais
in the 13t Century BC, Athens 2001.
Congresses (in chronological order of the events): F' AtI?V?;
DV?56pto BotwoIKCv Meke?Tzv Ol3pa, 4-8 Zc?cz. 1996
(E7c?Tn'piS Tn5; ETalp?iia BotCoztIKCv Me?Tc'v 3, a,b) Athens
2000; TROPIS VI, 6th International symposium on ship con-
struction in antiquity, Lamia 1996, Athens 2001; Iozopoia, T?'Xv,
cpXoaokoyiota Tz; Kco. A' AtI?V?; EltoZGcr0oviKo6 ZDV6ptO, KO;
2-4 Ma{o). 1997 (ApXatoyvoGxia. Artootni0?Dc't 1), Athens
2001; D.U. Schilardi, D. Katsonopoulou, (eds.), oapita XOo;:
uaT'zog?i, gdpCPapo Kat ?pyaTozTlpt yu Xzticin T'zc; Ha pou
[Paria lithos: parian quarries, marble and workshops of sculp-
ture] HpaKTIKA A' AI?OvoS; xDV?ePIOX) ApXatoXoyiaS Hnapo)
KIt K1KXc6dov HIpotKici, HnapoS 2-5 OKT. 1997, Athens 2000;
HpacczTcdK A' Aitevmo'; Zt(pvaicKOu oDLITcrctiOD. ?icpvo; 25-28
Iouv. 1998. T6gouo B' Bx)(dvzto, OpayoKOKpoTatc, Touplco-
Kpaocti, Ne?zEpot Xp6vot, Athens 2001; N.X. 'ca.noki6rS
(ed.), HoavectZiTil'tto KpiTzrl; / KB' EnKA, Kao?Ei; aTnrv
e?icoX ToD XcXcKO6 KaI Tnzv icp'tli r:o ?x%X Toi ) z1O i5pou).
Hpa'cKtKca to) Duluro0iot) P66o;, 29 Aip.-2 Macou.. 1999,

Athens 2001; A' Hocvexvi'jvto Xuvi6pto EncrypmpiKilS, ltpK-
rtidc. Xtij psvinl Ailgrlcpio-) Kvova"otGuXl, Oe&cOcovii" 22-
23 OKtc. 1999, Thessalonike 2001; H Burxwtvtij yXtarctici 7O;-
120o xtcmvo 6-8 Ce-mt. 2000 [Gr Fr summaries], Athens 2000;
F. To-L)(pFi,4, To Mice1cxotCvt K(Xt ot AyopF' ;t1; A6cplGxp oY ut
Cu upxuit xo; 0t vr6tzepu Xpovtux. [A&'ptlx 21 23 Xuct. 2001]
(European Heritage Days 2001), Athens 2001; 0' AtFOvf;
KpfltcoXoyuKo Xvvi6pto. EXobvtu [9th International Congress
of Cretan Studies. Elounda 1-6 Oct. 200]] (7 vols), Heraklelon
2001.
Greek Universities and other Academic Institutions:
Anthropological Society of Greece: A.N. foutaov6k, H
7mp6ekEuorX tov E2)kijvow. EOvoyrvetKtij EprPuvU. H
~tohij.tccliKrI ccnr'&6t& ytx ctrfv otcswy(o tov Ekkqvvov. Aino
tob u0Cpp6Cvponto1S ... CoS )touS 71kilo5oto tIf; liv6ou
(BtPktoOfiiKrl til; AvOpo)cokoytxij; Epuxpeiutx E2&68o; 9),
Athens 2001.
National Hellenic Research Foundation: A.A. Pti(Xiiq;,
AXociK6' totio II: A'6!nll KOut &Ociu XO)P0. npOXKTLKO,C tuo
AtFxOvol X wc.pioo "Aufrxia-Bolicnp iuc" K'cto AXd4x, 6-8
OKtr. 1995 (Mckuijgtwux 29), Athens 2000; M. B. Hatzopoulos,
L'organisation de l'arm~e maccdonienne sous les Antigonides:
problhmes anciens et documents nouveaux (MXetr-i,j.uxt 30),
Athens 2001; OpOCK00h UtTOPIl,KC K01 y6(0'ypU(pTtK
npooryyiorlS. Papers delivered in a series of lectures during
1998, Athens 2001; KGutpo;, GTcropo6p6pi trfl MexUoyetiom
Papers presented at the EIEfrom 1-29 Feb. 2000, Athens 200 1;
Toc BxkKiXV1U YtCflv icpoi'topiu. Papers delivered in a series
of lectures during 2000, Athens 2001; [With the] Ai'to;
lHwpiov Kc43i.sx;, F.A. fiKou?u;, H xoJpu toV nthYpov,
G4b)Cpokl GCttV toicoypcxpiu tzcc, Athens 2001; [With the] A.G.
Leventis Foundation, Greek archaeology without frontiers
"Open Science Lecture series", Athens 2002.
Technical Chamber of Greece: N.N. Mout(i&t'ouXo;, To
BuSuvxwviv KUYT'po trS M1jy6ovIKt Pevtivoc. H OXISpoGf
KU P T1 E6peix9l To0 OtKtYgLO', Athens 2001.
University of Athens: [With the] Ministry of the Aegean,
Nci5o;, to upX(co Ip6 to- Fupoiuj k to Xcryxcpi, Athens 2001.
University of Crete: M.A. NozTGoTh To upXuxYK6X' ?vuxEt1
trl] uOr]vKcdKl' XKpOIc'ToXT, h.t1.)OoXLOYtKtj KoXt noXitixd
epyrt1vriu (PiOAgvu 7), Rethymnon 2001; A. BrXl66oKfl, 0
KFvCuXpo; ativ 11po'*trl EkXX6c&x (Pi9u.tvu 8), Rethymnon
2001; N. (cpuXKXuc, H yConMokdtlK1 oPYCV0oG11 t11;
fIEhoonovv1YutKmxK5 AXi{ct (PiOjtvcx 9), Rethymnon 2001.
University of Patras: S.P. Papamarinopoulos, Geophysical
surveys at sites of archaeological importance and the solution
of their problems raised by agricultural, industrial and urban
development. Geotech Nato Sciencefor Stability project, Patras
2001.
University of Thessaloniki: N.B. fIHxcnn&; Ekki1vtiitK'ix
Kcpo!.tlKfl uit6 til Ayop& tri l;hO)l K xa tclv ireptox trj1 3t0
Moxx,eio EKgtyyiow tou Aft?.., Thessalonike 2002.
Foreign Schools:
American School of Classical Studies at Athens: C.W.
Blegen, M. Rawson, A guide to the Palace of Nestor,
Mycenaean sites in its environs and the Chora Museum.
Revised by J.L. Davis and C. W Shelmerdine, New Jersey 2001;
W.R. Farrand, Depositional history of Franchthi Cave: stratig-
raphy, sedimenitology. and chronology. With a report on the
background of the Franchthi project by Thomas W Jacobsen
(Excavations at Franchthi Cave, Greece 12), Bloomington &
Indianapolis 2000; J.C. McEnroe, PP. Betancourt (eds.), Pseira
V, the architecture qf Pseira (University Museum Monograph
109), Philadelphia 2001; MRK. Risser, Corinth: results of exca-
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001 2002 3
vations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies.
Volume VII, part V- Corinthian conventionalizing pottery
(Corinth 7.-pt. 5), Princeton 2001; J.W. Shaw, A.Van de Moortel,
A LMIA ceramic kiln in South-Central Crete:-function andpot-
tery production (Hesperia Supplement 30), Princeton 2001;
M.H. Wiencke, Lerna: a preclassical site in the Argolid.
Results of excavations conducted by the American School of
Classical Studies at Athens. Volume IV- the Architecture,
Stratification, and Pottery of Lerna III, New Jersey 2000.
Austrian Archaeological Institute: V. Mitsopoulos-Leon,
C. Schauer, (eds.), Forschungen in der Peloponnes. Akten des
Symposions anlaesslich der Feier "100 Jahre Qesterreich-
isches Archaeologisches Institut Athen" Athen 5.3. 7.3.1998
(O.A.I Sonderschriften Bd.38), Athen 2001.
British School at Athens: J.N. Coldstream, L.J. Eiring,
Knossos pottery handbook, Greek and Roman (BSA Studies 7),
London 2001; W.D.Taylour, B. French, M. Alden, Well built
Mycenae. The Helleno-British excavations within the Citadel
at Mycenae, 1959-1969, Fasc. 7: The prehistoric cemetery: pre-
Mycenaean and early Mycenaean graves, Oxford 2000.
Danish Institute at Athens: J. Isager (ed.), Foundation and
destruction, Nikopolis and the synoecism (Monographs of the
Danish Institute atAthens 3), Athens 2001; I. Nielsen (ed.), The
royal palace institution in the first millennium BC: regional
development and cultural interchange between East and West
(Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 4), Athens 2001.
Finnish Institute at Athens: 0. Salomies (ed.), The Greek
East in the Roman context. Proceedings of a colloquium organ-
ised by the Finnish Institute at Athens, May 21 and 22, 1999
(Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute at Athens 7),
Helsinki 2001.
French School: G. Siebert, L'ilot des bijoux:- L'ilot des
bronzes: La maison des sceaux. 1. Topographie et architecture.
2. Plans et restitutions (Exploration Arch/ologique de Dilos
38), Athens/Paris 2001; H. Duch6ne, P. Fraisse, Le paysage
portuaire de la Dilos antique. Recherches sur les installations
maritimes, commerciales et urbaines du littoral dMlien
(Exploration Arch~ologique de Delos 39), Athens/Paris 2001;
C. Pr&tre et al., Nouveau choix d'inscriptions de D9los. Lois,
comptes et inventaires, Etudes epigraphiques (Exploration
Arch/ologique de Delos 40), Athens/Paris 2002; A. Couli6, La
ceramique thasienne dfigures noires (Etudes Thasiennes XIX),
Athens/Paris 2002; J.-Y. Marc, J.-C. Moretti (eds.)
Constructions publiques et programmes 6dilitaires en Grcce,
entre le Ile si&cle av. J.-C. et le jer siMcle ap. J.-C. Actes du
Colloque organise par l'Ecole Fran9aise dAth~nes et le CNRS
Ath~nes 14-17 mai 1995 (BCH Suppl. 39), Athens 2001; J.
Jouanna, L. Villard (eds), Vin et sant~ en Grace ancienne, Actes
du Colloque organis~ a Puniversit? de Rouen et a Paris du 28
au 30 septembre 1998 (BCH Suppl. 40), Athens 2002; C.
Hasenohr, C. Mueller (eds), Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe
s. av. J.-C.-ler s. ap. J.-C.). Circulation, ddnomination, int?-
gration. Actes de la Table ronde organis~e a Ilcole Normale
Superieure, Paris, 14-16 mai 1998 (BCH Suppl. 41), Athens
2002; S. D. Kryjitskij, N. A. LeipounskaYa, Olbia. Fouilles, his-
toire, culture, (Sites et Monuments) Athens/Paris 2002.
German Archaeological Institute: H. Baitinger, Die
Angriffswaffen aus Olympia (Olympische Forschungen 29),
Berlin/New York 2001.
Italian School: A. Di Vita, Gortina V Lo scavo del Pretorio
1989-1995 [7 vols] (Monografie della Scuola Archeologica di
Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente 12), Padova 2000.
Swiss Archaeological School: Alo E23e_toi apXuoioX6yoi
cpoJoypucpiSouv rrjv EXXi6oc. Waldemar Deonna IcKx Paul
Collart 1904-1939.Mouuc,io MICrV6KTh AO'ivu 16 Mopt.-14
Aicp. 2001, Athens 2001.
4 DAVID BLACKMAN

Other topographical monographs: B. Mnoiuv'o1U'pfl, (. Mxv-

OOmxK1q, Kp~j'Tn. Moumeio MnEV6<KTh, (PTOYoYPp(PtKo U.pXeio,
ApXcfrx Borel Boissonnnas, [Gr Eng], Athens 2001; M.J.
Boyd, Middle Helladic and Early Mycenaean mortuary prac-
tices in the Southern and Western Peloponnese (BAR J.S.1009),
Oxford 2002; A. Brown, K. Bennett (eds.), Arthur Evans's trav-
els in Crete 1894-1899 (BAR I.S. 1000), Oxford 2001; J.M.
Camp, The archaeology of Athens, New Haven 2001; P.
Chatzidakis, T. Zisimou, Delos: Fiihrer mit Rekonstruktionen,
Athens 2001; I.M. AavFrprTs (ed.), Zovcvopivmq, OE'po,
Arncpov1(TtRx, HTpcvjreio, Athens 2001; B.N. Ao" Ko1pr Ep, IEpc~
Mov"i Ay&ou Nticoka6ou FoaaYT6Kt B. EA4Potoc; Limni 2001; F.
Depcv'tvo;, Ib'copia Tfrl AicocpvuviaU, wtIo xpXCo'dC&Cwv
Xp6vov gtpF 'XiS EicoyjiOX1 'cou Xpvub'ooi, Athens n.d.; E. French,
Mycenae: Agamemnon s capital. The site in its setting, Oxford
2002; B. Karantzali, The Mycenaean Cemetery at Pylona on
Rhodes (BAR IS. 988), Oxford 2001; X.M. Ko-owcFkXiK
T'qjvo;: upx it KUa XptYt1XxvtKX1'. Hpof3XTlWC7X' Kad
uCnavT1GEti;' yux To iccFpeXO6v T1n (HpoU6yy'rnl upXPo0Cooy~Kf7,
vu3roptK'], !XDOkoyOlK], gptkokoyu<19, Athens 2001; M.C.
Lentini, Naxos di Sicilia in eta Romana e Bizantina ed eviden-
ze dai Peloritani. Catalogo Mostra Archeologica Museo di
Naxos (3 dicembre 1999 - 3 gennaio 2000), Bari 2001; M.C.
Lentini, (ed.) The two Naxos cities: a fine link between the
Aegean sea and Sicily, Palermo 2001; E. Mvxvro1p&pvrq, H
cXpXaoAoyic' O'rl 1cpouYtToputrcT- K167tpou, Athens 2001; E.
Mil'cpoino'Xo, Acupefiu AGKXqitouo 5 Kat YyeiuS G'crjv 1. & 2. Athens, agora: material re-used in Byzantine wall
ApKu6frx [Eng], Athens 2001; Organising Committee for the
Olympic Games Athens 2004, Schinias National Park. Olympic
Rowing Centre fact sheet, Athens 2001; A. Papathanasiou, A
bioarchaeological analysis of neolithic Alepotrypa Cave,
Greece (BAR I.S. 961), Oxford 2001; F.A. f{Kcouka;c, AFe_Suc
'cov OtKxtcLt) vTr1 fe2Fo7covv'iGou (Horos), Athens 2001; H.A.
Raab, Rural Settlement in Hellenistic and Roman Crete: the
Akrotiri Peninsula (BAR IS. 984), Oxford 2001; A. YciwfJozv,
ApXcuoXoytKoc ipruvu 'c t B6pcpte; ZCnop66E8, Alonnisos
2001; A. CXtvui, F. AXt0'crTi, AOivau KXctvO6v &mJycu [Gr Eng],
Athens 2001; B. Slapsak, Tanagra 2000. Report on preliminary
geoarchaeological and geophysical investigations. [Boeotia
Project, Project 99018 of the Programme of' Slovene-Greek
Scientific Cooperation, COSTAction G2 - Ancient landscapes
and rural structures], Ljubljana, 2001; K. YouUprsp,
MU"VLdtK1C Cl pmxpie- wpc6 o'rjv 'Hictpo, Athens 2001; F.A.
Y'iccvXciouep, To ApXoctooyuco6 Moooxwio feetpatd';, Athens
2001; F.A. YCoC'1vXio1epp, M.F. MoXlKoircI, Fletp tC;. K&v'Tpo
von.'Utriia; icat coXvrvugtol [Eng], Athens 2001; K. Tsouni
(ed.), Mesogaia, history and culture of Mesogeia in Attica,
Athens 2001; N. Z'iKo;, A. _apocpei6ou(eds.) HwutfiKtov Opo;:
upXcctoXoyuK<O o6r,yy6. Mount Papikion: archaeological
guide, Macedonia 2001; A. ZOdnTj;, PWo.YKo1'1d Iepdne'upoc: giu
uiyvoxo'crir azloKpo'opt?-il ic6Xr, 0 KoJ.43o 'c1'q iXVOCtO)dKl} ATHENS

MeGoyeiolo (Aic66eiSit), Athens 2001.

New Periodicals: EuXtCgivrl, gCXiE'TES c_crfv Kk(c(5tK11
ApXcntokoyit'r, TcTlv Enrypxiptici, 'cl No~t1cY1rvcKuctj Kict 'r1y
fnlopoXoyif, 1, 2000- , Rethymnon 2001; Ev'%LEp(ioTtip'_C
ct6 iacw; cuiC6 ,TV 'CryCuvT'oxkrI 'cow gvrfLtniowv Til AK<p6inoX1l;
... AO'voc, 2001-, Athens 2001; Mediterranean Archaeology
and Archaeometry. International Journal 1, pt. 1, 2001-,
Rhodes 2001; Mo'ixEio MIncCv60KTh 1, 2001- , Athens 2001;
Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, Notiziario 1, I Apr. Sett.,
2002-, Athens 2002.
Agora. John McK. Camp, II (ASCS) reports on the 2001 sea-
son of excavation:
'Work was concentrated at the NW of the agora. with a sec-
ond group in the area of the Eleusinion.
NW area: In section BZ the excavations continued to expose
the MByz settlement of the 11 th Ct. For the most part we exca-
vated through and under the lowest floor levels, digging into fill
representing the abandonment of the area in the 7th to 9th Cts
AD and exposing the upper parts of the LR walls beneath. The
Byz house walls, built of irregular stones set in clay with a fair
admixture of reused material (Figs 1 and 2), were exposed to
their full depth. A tile- and stone-lined well was partially exca-
vated; the lining had collapsed where it passes through DA lev-
els and final excavation will have to wait for next season. A fair

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 5

houses and shops, almost never in public buildings or sanctuar-

ies, so they seem to be an expression of private cult activity. The
vases indicate that dining and drinking were part of the cere-
mony, while the invariable presence of a lamp perhaps suggests
that the rite was nocturnal. The BE shop building has a higher
concentration of these little deposits (seven) than anywhere else
in the excavations. Deposit J 3: 7 contained about 20 pots and a
lamp dating to ca 350-275 BC.
Further work was done in both of the Myc chamber tombs,
partially excavated in previous seasons and dated to the 14th Ct
BC. In the southernmost grave, enthusiastic pumping by the
Metro company had lowered the water table sufficiently to
allow us to clear the last of the bones scattered on the floor. The
large number of additional bones may require a reassessment of
the full complement of individuals buried in the tomb, present-
ly estimated at two adult males, an adult female, and a child. In
the northern tomb we removed the end of R wall C and finally
exposed the entranceway or dromos into the tomb. The door-
way, partially cut by the 5th-Ct well excavated during the past
two seasons, was blocked with stones. The dromos itself
approaches the tomb from the W, entering at the N end of the W
side of the chamber. Set near the center of the dromos, some
2.50m from the blocked door, was the lower part of a large
grey-ware Lesbian amphora, dating to the 1st half of the 5th Ct
BC. The top had been shaved off in antiquity, at the same level
as the preserved top of the dromos. Within the amphora was
some charcoal and ash, together with a single large iron nail.
3. & 4. Athens, agora: herm fragments The NE comer of a third Myc chamber tomb was uncov-
ered this season, just S of the dromos described above. It
seems from its alignment to be somewhat earlier, perhaps of
amount of glazed and sgraffito pottery from the lining suggests the 15th Ct BC. The cutting was full of large stones, several
either that the well is one of the later features to survive on the
site, dating to the 12th or 13th Cts AD or, more probably, that a
late attempt was made to reline the upper part of the well. A sec-
ond feature uncovered this year was a stone-lined cess-pit,
placed in the road just outside the house. It was well preserved,
with a cover slab in place, along with a drain leading into it
from the adjacent house. It is the first such installation for
household waste to have been uncovered or recognized in this
neighborhood. In the S area a large plaster-lined pit-perhaps the
lower part of a cistern-produced pottery of the 12th and 13th Cts
along with large chunks of roof tiles. At the extreme N end of
section BZ a serious and successful attempt to clear up the area
of a modem basement was carried out. The churned-up fill
included fragments of terracotta wheels and figurines of the sort
found in large quantities in a shallow pit just a few meters to the
E-evidence of coroplasts at work here in the R period (J 1:
1-Hesperia 65 [1996] 239-241, and pl. 69).
Section BZ continued to produce assorted fragments of
herms (Figs 3 and 4), adding to the corpus of such monuments
recovered from the NW comer of the agora, which was known
in antiquity as 'the Herms' because of the large number dedi-
cated there. Herms were used to mark the entrances of houses
and shrines all over Athens and they are concentrated in our
area because we are excavating the principal entrance to the
agora, along the Panathenaic Way, and therefore a suitable loca-
tion for the erection of public herms. To date, parts of 17 have
been found in the area N of Hadrian Street. Also somewhere in
this vicinity stood the Stoa of the Herms, referred to in ancient
sources from the 5th to the 2nd Ct BC; thus far it is either unex-
cavated or unrecognized.
In Section BE we continued work in the C shop building. In
the southernmost room excavations beneath the floor produced
yet another HL pyre deposit (J 3: 7, Fig. 5). These shallow pits,
full of small-scale vases, traces of burning and a few bones, rep-
resent a ritual not attested in the literature. They are found in 5. Athens, agora: Hellenistic pyre deposit

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
6 DAVID BLACKMAN
6. Athens, agora: Mycenaean chamber tomb
7. Athens, agora: vase from Mycenaean chamber tomb
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
8. Athens, acropolis slopes: horse skull
vases (Figs 6 and 7), and a pile of bones. Much more work will
have to be done on this tomb; like the others it is largely
obscured by later walls and installations.
Acropolis slopes. In section EA we continued to dig in the
area just S of and uphill from the Eleusinion, along the E face
of the LR fortification wall. A handful of LR sherds found in the
f1ll presumably reflects its construction in the years around AD
280. For the most part we encountered a thick layer filled with
fragmentary pottery mostly of the late 3rd and early 2nd Cts BC;
included were numerous bg kantharoi, mould-made bowls, bee-
hives, and examples of West Slope ware. Also recovered were
numerous fragments of worked bone, several dozen
loomweights, many stamped amphora handles (most from the
island of Rhodes and others from Knidos), the partial remains of
two or three horses: skulls (Fig. 8), vertebrae and leg bones, par-
tially articulated, and fragments of terracotta figurines (Fig. 9).
There is no obvious historical or archaeological event to
account for this deposit, nor any certainty that it is in primary
deposition here. Somewhat puzzling is the fact that this materi-
al lies directly over bedrock, leaving no sign of earlier activity
in the area. In the final hours we uncovered the shaft of an
unlined well cut through bedrock; the upper fill was HL. A few
irregularly placed post-holes were encountered in the bedrock;
when excavated lower down the hill they have usually been
interpreted as sockets for anchoring wooden bleachers (ikria),
set up for spectators watching parades or chariot races along the
Panathenaic Way (Athenaios 4. 167f).'
Athens city: the Metro. For a helpful plan see ADelt vol 1 Fig.A
(end of volume); see also synopsis in AR 1999-2000, 10-12.
Syntagma Station. In the W part of the square was revealed
part of the so-called 'Pisistratean' aqueduct, which provided
Athens with water from the Ilissos springs on Mt Hymettus.
The drain was placed in a long rock-cut trench, investigated for
a length of 42.82m, which was 53-94cm wide and ca 2m deep,
with a S-N direction and slope (Fig. 10). The 73 different pipes
recorded (I. 57-60cm, di. 23cm), which were decorated with
black bands, not only fitted into each other, but the resulting
joints were sealed with lead. On the upper sides they bore semi-
circular cleaning holes, sealed with clay lids and schist slabs.
The excavated section, a later westward extension or branch of
the original 6th-Ct BC aqueduct discovered in Leoforos Amalias
(AR 1999-2000, 7), can be dated in the 1St half of the 5th Ct BC.
Also discovered in the same general area were 15 cuttings,
some rectangular, the remnants of destroyed tombs of the ceme-
tery lining the road towards the Mesogeia demes, and some cir-
cular, which were associated with the bronze-working work-
shops on Leoforos Amalias (ADelt 49, 28-29), with air-shafts,
remains of bronze-slag, and fragments of moulds. (ADelt 141-2)
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 7

9. Athens, acropolis slopes:

terracotta figurine fragments

In the SW part of the square, excavations unearthed six also reported part of a semi-circular construction, possibly a cis-
tombs (one ash-urn, and f1ve rock cuttings), part of the ceme- tern, built with baked bricks, and coated with plaster on the inte-
tery lining the road towards the Mesogeia region, which date rior. Both the cistern and a part of the Valerian wall collapsed as
from LC to R times (ADelt 42-3). In the N part of the Agnostos a result of underground tremors caused by the metro tunnelling.
Stratiotes square, were recorded a ll-shaped drain, running (ADelt 44-6)
E-W, sections of two walls, a destroyed shaft-grave, and five
workshop-type cuttings containing bronze-slag and LC sherds,
which were probably part of the continuation of the Leoforos
Amalias workshop installations. On Leoforos Amalias were
excavated part of a Il-shaped drain, running N-S, the corner of
an ossuary, containing 16 skulls and a few bronze offerings, and
13 successive road surfaces, running E-W, the latter probably
associated with a gate to the S of the Leochares gate.
In one of the tunnels for the new Metro, in front of the W
entrance into the National Gardens, was discovered an under-
ground drain, with an apsidal roof, running S-N (I. 11.35m, w.
40cm, h. lm), while 16 ancient wells were recorded in other
tunnels in the area. (ADelt 43-44)
In the excavations of Odos Amerikes were discovered 209
graves, part of the extensive E cemetery of the city of Athens,
originally identified in Odos Karageorges Servias, in many parts
of Odos Stadiou and along Odos Panepistemiou and Amerikes,
with Odos Gregoriou V as its W limit. The tombs included 63
pit-graves, 42 child larnakes, 32 tile-roofed graves, 27 pot-buri-
als, 24 cremations, 10 simple burials, two poros sarcophagi, two
hut-shaped tombs, and an adult larnax burial. The majority of the
tombs (148) which were those of adults (146), contained funer-
al offerings, and can be dated to the C period (5th_4th Ct BC).
There were also 10 graves of the R period, and a few belonging
to the transition from the A to the C period. Deserving special
mention are a wg lekythos (ca 420 BC), decorated with a 'visit
to the tomb' scene, and a 400 BC rf pyxis, with blue and white
colours and details in relief. In the NW section of the area was
recorded a retaining wall, running E-W, associated with a
stream (the Eridanos), and traces of a workshop area, an usual
phenomenon in the vicinity of cemeteries. (ADelt 44)
In the process of tunnelling through the National Gardens, a
rock-cut tunnel was discovered, possibly part of an anc. aque-
duct, running NE-SW, which communicated with an anc. well.
In the W part of the area was recorded part of the Valerian cir-
cuit, running NW-SE, and parallel to it a drain with an apsidal
roof. The wall, 3m wide, was preserved to a height of five
courses, with two stone faces and a rubble interior. To its W was 10. Athens, Syntagma station: drain pipe

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
8 DAVID BLACKMAN
11. Athens, Odos Rigilles: gymnasium of the Lykeion
Odos Rigilles. Archaeological investigations in the S half of
the plot revealed the foundations of the palaistra of the gymna-
sium of the Lykeion (N, E, W sides), which continued to the S,
towards the Odeion of Athens and the old bed of the Ilissos
river. The building has been greatly damaged, from the 19th Ct
to the 1960s, especially by the installations of a military camp.
Most of the surviving walls lie on the local bedrock, and follow
its sloping course. (Fig. 11; see also AR 1996-97, 8-10)
The building consisted of a central rectangular court, 23m
wide, running N-S, and surrounded by stoas on all three sides.
To the E, W and N extend symmetrically-placed rectangular
rooms, while in the centre of the N side a single rectangular
room stands out on account of its size; this was probably the
ephebeion, with other symmetrical rooms aligned on either side
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
(probably the elaiothesion:oiling room, the koniste-
rion, and the korykeion). The width of the N stoa is
4m, while that of the E and W stoas is 3.50m. To the
same complex belong two hypocausts, part of the
bathing installations, one on the NE, the other on the
NW side, with their respective furnace chambers
and tanks, while in the centre of the N side of the
court was recorded a tank for cold baths, with semi-
circular ends, and plastered walls; to the S, the tank
is connected to a well and to a built drain, which ran
l down to the Ilissos river (it sloped towards the S). E
of the tank lay a well, lined with clay rings. All the
floors of the building were of trodden earth.
The palaistra was apparently constructed in the
last quarter of the 4th Ct BC, while LA pottery sug-
gests an earlier use of the area. Towards the start of
the 1st Ct AD, clearly after the Sullan destruction,
the superstructure of the building was reconstructed,
and the two hypocausts were added. The tank next
to the 4th-Ct BC well was also built after the 1st Ct
AD. After the Herulian destruction (AD 267),
destruction deposits were piled up over the old
floors, and the palaistra was repaired and re-used. The final
destruction occurred towards the end of the 4th Ct AD, after
which the site was abandoned.
The identification of the building with the gymnasium of the
Lykeion is corroborated by a number of factors, including its
dimensions, the long duration of its use, which suggests that it
was an important public building, always repaired on the same
general plan after successive destructions, and finally the
descriptions in the written sources (Strabo, Pausanias,
Plutarch), especially as regards its location. (ADelt 46-8)
In Odos Daidalou were reported LR remains and a re-used
column drum, bearing inscribed masonry signs, probably from
the Ares temple, which in the R period had been moved to the
anc. agora. (ADelt 48-9)

The various remains of mostly C and R date recorded along
Odos Phalerou included two drains, a child burial, part of a cis-
tern, and sections of walls, parts of two retaining walls belong-
ing to C roads, one with 11 road surfaces preserved, part of
another anc. road, used from C to R times and leading towards
the Allade gates and Phaleron, part of a 3rd-Ct AD semicircular
workshop installation, and sections of two buildings, one of
which is dated in the 5th Ct BC (ADelt 49-50). Fragmentary
architectural elements, including an inscribed funerary column
of the 1st Ct BC/1st Ct AD, were recorded in Odos Erechtheiou
and Odos Demophontos, while in Odos Dryopon, in an area
with C pottery workshops a C apothetes was discovered, dated
to 460-350 BC (ADelt 50-1). Fragmentary foundations and
drains of various periods were unearthed in Odos Krieze, an
area which was apparently densely occupied in antiquity (ADelt
51-2). In Odos Armodiou part of a LHL building was discov-
ered, including an atrium laid with a simple pebble mosaic,
under which was found a C well; it was associated with sections
of walls to the S, as well as an apsidal structure of LR date to
the SE. (ADelt 52)
Excavations in Odos Platonos, Vasilikon and Kratylou
have revealed sections of two anc. roads, the first an A road
(four road surfaces) 4m wide, running SW-NE, used at least
until ER times and possibly connecting the Academy with the
area of Hippios Kolonos. The other, running SE-NW along
Odos Platonos, was part of the funeral road (five road surfaces),
connecting the Dipylon gate with the Academy, and used from
C to R times. To the NW of the junction of the two roads was
located the entrance to the Academy. In LR times at least the
SW part of the funeral road was used as a cemetery, while in the
5th-6th Cts AD, when this cemetery was no longer in use, a
building of probably public character was erected along the SW
side of the road; its NE side was covered by stone paving.
(ADelt 53-6)
Hadrian's Library. The excavations to the SW of the facade of
the building (Fig. 12) revealed the N face of a section of the LR
wall, located on the line of the S wing of the library (present 1.
17.80m, h. 3m), with a white marble toichobate, and orthostats
of re-used, grey Hymettos marble, material probably removed
from the R agora. A section of this wall preserves an irregular
style of masonry above the toichobate, which suggests that this
was the position of a gate, opened at a later date (ca 14th Ct
AD), to provide access to a road passing in front of the R agora
and Hadrian's Library in a N-S direction. This road,
as well as the 'wide road' connecting the anc. and R
agoras, was covered with deposits postdating the 8th
Ct AD, at which time the N-S road was moved to
the E, closer to the facade of the R agora; this neces-
sitated the opening of another gate in the fortifica-
tions to the E of Odos Areos. At a much later date, -
possibly in the 18th Ct AD when the Voevodaliki of
Hadji Ali Haseki was built over the WSW part of the
library, the gate was probably blocked haphazardly.
Byz remains were reported in two areas of the
excavation: ca 14m W of the facade of the library, a
section of fallen wall was probably part of a
destroyed building of the 2nd half of the 7th Ct AD,
while ca 22m W of the same facade were discovered
the remains of two narrow drains and of a well,
dated in the 12th--13th Cts AD.
Along the LR wall was also uncovered the con-
tinuation of the R court, which originally extended
below Odos Areos. The substructure of the court
consisted of reddish kourasani, with traces of slabs,
including a section of marble flooring; the central 13. Athen s, Hadrian's Library: N oikos
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 9
slabs in this section were made of grey marble, with traces of an
incised zodiac circle. It was observed that the slabs were not all
of Pentelic marble, nor were they all rectangular, nor do they
run N-S, as do the slabs along the facade of the building. These
slabs were placed along the line of the LR wall in an E-W
direction, and have been disturbed twice: one disturbance
included architectural members of the Middle Stoa of the anc.
agora, placed below the substructure of the court (six parts of
columns). Many of the fragments in the vicinity of the columns
were of Phrygian marble, which suggests that they belong to the
interior peristyle of Hadrian's Library. This and pottery dating
from the late 3rd/early 4th Ct AD indicate that the flooring of the
court, at least in this section, was not contemporary with the
library itself, but was constructed after the destruction of the
interior peristyle of the monument, and the building of the LR
wall (after the 4th Ct AD). It is possible that this flooring of the
court was executed by Herculius, the Illyrian governor, who
repaired the library, as well as other monuments. A statue of
Herculius was set up in gratitude in the propylon of the build-
ing by the sophist Plutarch (IG II2, 4224).
Investigation of the N oikos has revealed that the founda-
tions of the stylobate of the building consisted of poured con-
crete (opus incertum), with stone courses (euthynteria) above,
while the foundation of its N wall-peribolos included seven
poros blocks of uneven height. In the fill were discovered fres-
co fragments imitating marble, terracotta roof-tiles, fragments
of mud-brick, coins and pottery, mostly dating from the 1St Ct
BC-lst/2nd Ct AD, which suggests that the area was used for
domestic occupation from the HL to the ER period, when the
library was finally erected. (ADelt 25-32)
Recent clearance and investigations in the area have result-
ed in an informed overview of the extant remains (Fig. 13). The
N oikos was revealed in its entire height (eight courses of poros
blocks and a string-course) as was a large section of the N peri-
bolos and the peristyle to the W of the Oikos. The latter formed
the continuation of the N peribolos and is characterized by the
same structural principles (isodomic masonry). The length of
the peribolos between the Oikos and the exedrae is 28.05m,
while the interior of the Oikos itself is 10.20m x 5.80m. The
thinness of the walls suggests that both the Oikos and the exe-
drae were provided with a wooden roof, while the walls were
veneered with marble. (ADelt 32-37)
fewihoxrAapGAtugehsmdPeiCatnbomaiftrensoiaerfdiznbyealbt4oehafleso-l5Ctsarbnl(i1cdBnr.CivneKet.gCr9BolaCivr7omednh,rsiaenh.lkiwagbeofh8sewanctdmelfism:ofcuFeonituvegdnl.rduy1enIbd5.u),AcdielrtuhcreiaonertgodecaitcnhleagdmsirtgliXocntWIagiEol1u_SE1slud$rSw;:_i c;l-frit1l-;:v5a;!1,EnXaL|1^5!,1t
^cbui*l-aprot_}iE2
ohn|cAa-.mjl|8etcdS-|nem'beidfaYi1ng::wcrLigsdfh,cue|ldiitaMrnes;pdtmI5Il^/^.;l
;::DbS
_-11l t.^1gjX:i;
|--0--t*iim
;i#__-_11?11
! :>g| *-il@
.._> >FJ(<t*
;| serves
F1<aSl_L)rtewolI-Lwletrlcn
..iwhere 5JSh/iithenames,
415-413 __Benaki
BC...... W{whch.e;omaaSfri311
svrhead
t4. YDutlv. Museum'
campaign oF5nofWrhS|iyhogY5p-tw.wafohlt14)efahtelsncbtheteha.'ui.oftEihThesnetpll>loWrDi[e>FmbslgftotallY
i1(ecff-w=
t;net_................
.t>zen .....1preclse
xt r..s 1rIslamic
AtYhens rThe
_reportS
spo
{.+^ 1,slab; <ucollec-
.Tpre-
. t.onr
wnere at-81psarnecyleohl11rBeneath
mwkouros
o*snflairynXSegatgC-11hdautfeni1sUneXtPeACtseculpturesduringthc
rd,lbounda
eocza1-1d|mronnachannel
vdwaactar-elhda2,rLRelying
yorlwdrcafiiystregytialdefensive
r.dthcsne1olfisdianoet2)nf-frodwas!onst1eneweredihclaitebFnscioA,*anhXfound
vlitsofs,fiW-ei-.sa',nwall.'
_Wxt5lalFw;3h,D_1dlfront,
,_2yeS>"Vthet-Xirei.si1;0ti!P1r:_;nd{H0itorsoevesti;X:Si_:J*;st0S.ri70-'igand_Xlated.;:1and}Y|i0_g1|,_ligar
10 DAVID BLACKMAN

X g $ they fell has not survived on the inscrlpt1on.

_| __ S g ( The find, under a neoclassical building on
, _
IN
ll I I_
,
_.
f I
the_
corner
. .
of Asomaton and Dipylou Streets

_ : il *. S j 1 w | - | 11 i tion is to be displayed, was incorporated in

e.ir,;.ii '
_ ^ ^ i b 11" t-o beside it the fragment of a sphinx. When
z_ ll - I_ ---f-:F?) .... t A A 1 1 r r
1._ __ tne excavatlon was extenclecl lt was d1S-
I l! !

__ covered that a row of A sculptures had

15. Athens, Kerameikos: been deposited under the earth road which
Protocorinthian aryballos can be connected with the first phase of the
Themistoclean Sacred Gate (Fig. l 6).
14. Athens, Kerameikos: ditch From N to S: the hindquarters of a crouch-
ing lion; the column fragment and capital
Kerameikos. Dr Jutta Stroszeck (DAI) reports on the 2001 season:
'In the Kerameikos excavations at the dromos in front of the _- ; s|ag lllll
Dipylon gate, which had begun in l998, were continued. Their ___ *IE! |1S8i
aim was to check the results of earlier investigations (since
1914) for publication (cf. AA 1998, 147-l 72; AA 1999, _ - -Xt--X--; _
455-493). In 2001, the uncovering of foundations of R tomb |1 _ t9%

wascontinued. + Mi&i!i: -, g * ' W }.1! _ i f i, 11%

ditch wall belonging to the predecessor of the well-known M L i L |J A . . fi < 0 ]

defensiveditchthathadbeenconstructedinconnectionwiththe G ffi ! f _ C - p* ;^1 h i

front of the Dipylon mforhe thdarnOmos start dlrectly at the basm | E i 1 1 i

wall. This means that, in the course of the 4th Ct, the dromos E i gai
was extended at this point to a wldth of 40m, as 1S indlcated by t * - f t firiz!SS

the Athenian dralnage system of the 6th Ct AD. This comprised i

vided by pottcry irl the lowest level of the chamber and in the %7 .

chamber's wall. ^ 1 u V e ,{lllI ri. E g

work at the Sacred gate.' g; ; lff8q j

In late January 2002 the press reported: ; i ; . E g * X : I iilEil''illi-l-lli'

archaeolog1st Ioanna Tsirigot1-Drakotou, the 1.54m-h1gh slab

was part of a public monument to those who died in the 16.Athens,Kerameikos:archaicsculpture

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
waopcofasmifrunfebyoforrtaoshunpmnaehtitabuitnerhlxcyehltknodsitceeraccolsktesubodprefhal iltLnhcixoetn_s- 13 ];1_*r-si s|
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 1 1

17. Athens, Keramelkos: sphlnx

of an Ionic column; the forepart of the lion; the sphinx frag- 18. Athens, Kerameikos: lion
ment; the kouros; the capital of a Doric column and a recumbent
lion. Except for the Doric capital, which is of poros, all the monuments bearing sculptures. Such columns, however, were
sculptures are of marble. They were carefully buried, as is hitherto known only from sanctuaries and not from tombs, as
shown by the poros blocks buried between them, mostly by the this findspot, the Kerameikos, would indicate.
head. A wheel rut running across them and beyond indicates Some of these sculptures are very heavy, and they can hard-
that they were laid here to consolidate the road at a point where ly have been dragged a long way to the place where they were
apparently it was continually flooded and covered with mud. found. We hope therefore that the above-mentioned questions
The sphinx (Fig. 17) dates to ca 560 BC and is in the reverse will be answered as excavation continues in the area of the
position to its sister, which had been found in 1906 immediate- Sacred Gate, where interesting A foundations have been found
ly S of the Sacred Gate and is now in the National Museum in which require more precise investigation.'
Athens. Both the lions are also to be dated to the 2nd quarter of
the 6th Ct. The crouching lion 19. & 20. Athens, Kerameikos: kouros
is broken in two, and its face ffl >

canal. On the other hand, the _ ll -| 11|111 SSs y

oo_kSS<_RE
recumbent lion (Fig. 18) is in _ I 1 | l * X t

explained? Previously it was

believed that slngle sphinxes l_ i
crowned grave stelae. Did this _ PRi_ 2111

flank a bu1lding? The Ionic il1X 'S. 2 e! -

and Doric capitals do not |-Z -2 lilil |
texts; traces of settings show gl_
that they were individual __

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
12 DAVID BLACKMAN
Plaka. Remains of LByz/Post-Byz date (walls and five built
grain stores), as well as a LR burial, were recorded in Odos
Panos. (ADelt 32)
National Museum. In addition to routine restoration work, the
recording of antiquities in the various departments and a num-
ber of scheduled architectural repairs, which were conducted
during 1996, the museum organized the exhibition: 'The
Aedonia Treasure. Seals and jewellery of the Late Bronze Age,
in the Aegean' (June-August 1996, December 1996-September
1997), hosted an exhibition organized by the French School at
Athens ('Greek space. 150 years of excavations of the French
Archaeological School at Athens') and contributed to the trav-
elling exhibition of the Museum of Cycladic Art: 'Neolithic
Civilisation'.
The results of analysis of the EMyc amber from the muse-
um, in the Berlin Museum of Prehistory and Proto-history, sug-
gest that all the amber originated from the Baltic, while the
chemical analysis of the bronze statue of Zeus/Poseidon, dated
ca 460-450 BC, revealed that it was made of unleaded bronze,
a common alloy for statues in the A and C periods.
Among acquisitions of the museum are a funerary lekythos
with a dexiosis scene in relief, dated to the late 5th/early 4th Ct
BC, and a funerary stele from N Greece, with three female fig-
ures (pudicitia-type), of R date. (ADelt 1-10)
A dramatic rediscovery was reported to the press in early
April 2002. Dr Lena Papazoglou, Curator of the Prehistoric
Collection, explains:
'The gold signet ring known as the 'ring of Minos' has been
surrounded by legend since the time of its first, accidental, dis-
covery near the 'Temple Tomb' at Knossos in 1928. It had cap-
tured the imagination of Sir Arthur Evans, who gave it its name,
and became a subject of controversy between Sp. Marinatos and
N. Platon, then Ephor and Curator respectively at the Herakleion
Museum, with Platon arguing for the authenticity of the ring.
Considered lost since 1930, photographs and the cast of the ring
made at that time, as well as a replica made by Gilli6ron for
Arthur Evans (now in the Ashmolean Museum) provided mate-
rial for meticulous studies over the years on the iconography of
the ring that took into account new excavation finds.
It was thus with great astonishment that I realized that I was
looking at the 'ring of Minos', first on the photographs given to
the Greek Ministry of Culture by
its present owner and then at the
ring itself (cover illustration).
The signet ring, together with
p!| |3 another gold ring of LHL/ER
g8 11ulb * date, was handed over to the
!I General Director of Antiquities
1 ,1 Dr Lazaros Kolonas in May
2001 and since then it has been
! kept in the Prehistoric
l A9 _ Collection of the National
Archaeological Museum.
;,~. , r 'The 'ring of Minos' was thor-
Jf~i a iu oughly studied in the Chemical
71-I ^ , l - Lab of the National Museum
(Dr E. Mangou); Dr I. Pini was
also involved in the research.
l B Fl ~The complex religious scenes
| h X ii jdepicted on its bezel, the five
rows of granulation on the
Wl is ?hoop and the technical details
21. Athens, National Museum:
Boeotian figurine
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
of its manufacture were all taken into consideration to answer
the puzzling question of the authenticity of the ring. The
Ashmolean Museum, at our request, has provided information
and photographs of the two replicas of the ring that are kept in
Oxford. The Scientific Committee, appointed by the Ministry of
Culture in February 2002, has finally confirmed the authentici-
ty of the ring which, after seventy years, will eventually find its
way back to Herakleion Museum.' This took place on 23 July
2002.
I also illustrate the female figurine that inspired the Olympic
Games' mascot (Fig. 21). This figurine and some other relevant
objects are now presented in room 34 (room of the altar) in the
Museum. The catalogue reads as follows:
'5635. Boeotian female bell-shaped figurine with movable legs.
Hand-made. Bell-shaped body with modelled breasts and high
neck ending in a bird-like face. Earrings were probably fitted on
the large pierced ears. The arms, in the gesture of epiphany or
adoration, are rendered as two flat projections with seven fin-
gers. The large legs end in five and six toes respectively. On the
top of the head a suspension hole. Red paint has been used for
the decoration of the dress and shoes. From Thebes. Beginning
of 7th Ct B.C.'
This figurine has been the source of inspiration for the 2004
Olympic Games' mascot, Phoibos and Athena.
ATTIKA
Eleusis. Five rescue excavations were reported from the mod.
town of Eleusis, including sections of roads, domestic build-
ings, and tombs. In Odos Perikleous, were discovered the
remains of a R drain, channelling rain water from the sanctuary
to the sea; the drain was located over a LC-EHL road, connect-
ing both the sanctuary and the city with the anc. port (width:
7m). (ADelt 56-7)
At the junction of Odos Demetros with the national road
from Athens to Corinth, LR remains were recorded, located
over an earlier cemetery of LC-HL date, as well as part of the
Sacred Way, S of which lay the LR remains. (ADelt 57-8)
Part of a R farmhouse of the 2nd half of the 6th Ct AD was
excavated in Odos Rega Pheraiou, ca 800m N/NE of the
acropolis hill of the anc. city, including an olive-press installa-
tion in the W part of the building. The area of the olive-press
was partly underground, and consisted of a stone press with a
spout on a built base; before the spout lay a stone receptacle for
the oil, in which were found a jug and a clay funnel. Also dis-
covered in the same plot were a marble mortarium for olive-
grinding and the E retaining wall of a LC road, leading from
Eleusis to Mt Pames. (ADelt 58)
Finally, remains of two pot-burials of the 5th Ct BC were
recorded in Odos Ploutonos, and a row of five tombs of C date
were excavated in Odos Ioannou Agathou. (ADelt 57)
Laureotike. A MH settlement has been located on the peninsu-
la of Ag. Nikolaos Anavyssou, including two pithos burials by
the coast, remains of buildings along the SW, W and N sides,
part of a room on the S side, with a yellow trodden earth floor,
and small pithoid vases, set in small hollows in the floor, as well
as remains of a hearth. The finds include matt-painted and grey
Minyan pottery, as well as stone tools. (ADelt 65-6)
At the site of Bertseko, after a geophysical sdrvey of the
area, the remains of a spiral and a flat washing installation were
investigated. The former, which had been completely destroyed,
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 13

preserved a diameter of ca 6m per spiral. The flat washing

installation, ca 1.50m to the NE, was provided with square set-
tling basins, and had a single room to its W; the large circular
water cistern of the complex lay to its N. The extant pottery sug-
gests that the complex was used in the late 4th/early 3rd Ct BC,
as well as during the R period. (ADelt 66)
A looted funeral peribolos, with the remains of two tombs of
late 5th and 4th Ct BC date, was discovered in the area
Demoliaki-Barbaliaki, while to the NW of the peribolos were
recorded the remains of a farm, those of another building to the
SE, and parts of a rectangular and a circular funeral peribolos,
in the same area. The presence of funeral buildings and peri-
boloi along the mod. road NATO-Santerina, suggests that the
same road was used in antiquity, to connect the mines and the
deme of Sounion with the demes of Vesa and Amphitrope and
the Mesogeia region. (ADelt 65)
Thorikos. On the old dirt road from the Kavodokano area an
anc. metal-working workshop was investigated: a large com-
plex, surrounded by a strong wall of large stones, well-pre-
served only on the E side, where the entrance was also located
(marble threshold with pivot holes, for a double door). The
same entrance was also used by carts for the transport of metal-
lurgical products (wheelmarks). Within the peribolos were pre-
served two flat installations for the washing of the metal ores,
olive-presses, storage areas, and a well. To the W of the work-
shop lay the remains of a large building, probably used as quar-
ters for the workers or for the owner. The rooms were built in
an L-shaped arrangement. For the foundation of the walls, the
bedrock was extensively cut back on the W, while the vertical
face of the rock was used as the W limit of the building. The
bedrock, on which the E wall of the workshop was founded,
bore the inscription: OPO[Z] cIAOK[PATOY?], with possibly
the word for workshop (ergasterion) in between. The pottery
belonged to the 4th and the 1st half of the 3rd Ct BC. (ADelt 65)
Markopoulo. During preparatory work for the construction of
the Olympic Games' equestrian facilities, the discovery of a
shrine of Aphrodite is reported (Greek press, March 2002).
Megara. Of the 14 rescue excavations carried out in 1996 in the
mod. town, the vast majority involved funerary remains, as well
as a number of private houses and a section of the anc. fortifi-
cations. The latter, excavated in Odos P. Georgake, is pre-
served to a thickness of 3.50m and constructed of large rectan-
gular poros blocks, with a statue/inscription base before its S
face. (ADelt 63-4)
In Odos I. Metaxa the S part (three rooms) of a HL build-
ing were investigated, as well as 4th-Ct BC remains, the S part
of a very disturbed area, with sections of a laid floor and a trape-
zoidal basin cut in the bedrock (ADelt 62-3). The E part of
another HL building was recorded in Parodos Korae, outside
the city walls (ADelt 64), while the remains of a LR/ECh house
were excavated in Odos Mykenon (ADelt 62). Finally, four
areas of a LR house were investigated in Odos Theseos, pre-
serving a small section of a stone slab floor, plastered walls, and
a cistern to the W. (ADelt 61)
Funerary remains: in Odos Eukleidou, 600m to the NW of
the mod. city, were excavated six tombs (stone sarcophagi), part
of the large cemetery located in the area, and dating from the
5th- st Cts BC (ADelt 58-60). In Odos Ag. Varvaras, in the NE
section of the plot, were discovered three tombs, a cist-tomb and
two sarcophagi, in addition to the 13 graves discovered in the
same area in the past, dated to the 5th Ct BC and the MHL peri-
od (ADelt 60-1). Three tombs, part of an extensive cemetery of
the 4th Ct BC and the EHL period, were located by the road to
Chani, 350m from the church ofAg. Ioannes (ADelt 62).
22. Palaios Oropos: prehistoric house
Three sarcophagi of the 6th Ct BC were reported in Odos
Siphnidon (ADelt 62), two other graves (one cist and one sar-
cophagus) were excavated in Odos I. Metaxa, and in Odos P.
Georgake were discovered three tombs of the end of the 6th Ct
BC, predating the section of C fortification walls in the same
plot (ADelt 63-4). One of the tombs contained a disintegrated
skeleton, with two broken eggs between its legs, and a small
bronze pierced object on its chest. Finally two LA sarcophagi
were recorded 350m W of the Exo Vryse bridge and in Odos
Thevon, respectively (ADelt 61).
Palaios Oropos. In Odos Dexamenes, ca 4km to the NW of
Skala Oropou, at the foot of Mt Maurovouno, were located PR
remains, dating from the end of the MH/transition to LH I peri-
od, including a large part of a house, the exterior wall of a sec-
ond house and a road between them (Fig. 22). Within the first
house were found three cist tombs, a pithoid stamnos and other
matt-painted pottery, as well as an apothetes with Myc pottery.
(ADelt 66-7)
Two EHL tombs (one cist, one hut-shaped) were recorded at
the junction of Odos 25 Martiou and Kyprou, in the mod.
town of Chalkoutsi Oropou. (ADelt 67-9)
Pallini. A large N settlement was discovered during construc-
tion of the Attiki Odos.
Piraeus. Zea Harbour. Bjoer Loven (Danish Institute) sur-
veyed the E part of the anc. Zea harbour with a permit from the
EEA. He reports:
'The focus of the 2001 survey was the area in front of the
ship-sheds excavated by Dragatzes and D6rpfeld. The only struc-
tures exposed in the 1885 excavation which are still accessible
are the upper parts of two ship-sheds and parts of a third pre-
served in the basement of the comer building Odos Serangeiou 1;
two columns are preserved in the pavement outside the building.
The modem building and the ship-shed remains inside were sur-
veyed electronically to create a frame of reference for the archi-
tectural remains preserved in the harbour basin.
In the harbour basin we found substantial remains of the
slipways and other structures that will add significantly to the
understanding of the architecture and function of the ship-sheds

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
14 DAVID BLACKMAN

23. Salamis, Kanakia site

and the topography of the anc. Zea harbour. The total length of
the slipways was established, and Zea is the only ship-shed
where the total length of the buildings has been determined.
The most important discovery of the survey is that so much
of the anc. Zea harbour is preserved in the sea. In addition, the
survey of the ship-sheds in front of Odos Serangeiou 1 will be
of great significance for understanding the overall dimensions
of the trireme and other types of ancient warships, and of course
the architecture and function of these important buildings. The
electronic survey was carried out with the help of Mr Richard
Anderson.'

Salamis. Kanakia. Prof. Yannos G. Lolos (University of

Ioannina) reports on his 2001 discoveries concerning Myc
Salamis:
'Systematic excavation conducted by a team from the
University of Ioannina at Kanakia in September-October 2001
brought to light two large adjacent buildings, situated at the
higher levels of the acropolis, and containing ceramic evidence
of destruction or abandonment in the LH IIIC:early phase. They f7 7 P MR , , , , ,
apparently belong to an extensive building complex, perhaps
0 1 O 10

the most important one at the site, with well-organized central

functions. Access to it was possible through an impressive
entrance functioning as a check-point (Fig. 23: site plan).
Industrial unit IA, measuring 11.5 x 18 m, is a large 'corri-
dor-type' building, with architectural parallels at Mycenae,
Tiryns, Menelaion and Iolkos. It comprises workshops and
rooms for storage (basements), arranged at two successive lev-
els (Fig. 24 ). Among the contents of the workshops in the upper
24. Salamis, Kanakia: industrial unit IA
wing are: vases, numerous stone implements of various types,
pieces of mineral pigments and large parts of two clay bath-tubs
(asaminthoi in Homeric Greek), one of which has remnants of
lime-plaster on its inner surface. From a cellar (room 5) in the
lower wing of the building come complete clay pots of LH

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 15

26. Salamis, Kanakia: arrowshaft straightener and sling-stone

'

V/
0 1 2 5 10

25. Salamis, Kanakia: building IB

IIIC:early date, a small 'compressed' vessel of lead and a

pierced pyramidal object of stone (weight).
Incorporated in the architectural plan of partly excavated
building IB (Fig. 25), in use in LH IIIB-IIIC:early times, are a
massive tower-like structure (1) and a strong composite
entrance of unusual type, flanked on the one side by a guard-
room or porter's lodge (5-7). It is a twin triangular gate that has
no LMyc parallels on the Greek Mainland or Cyprus.
The presence of archers and slingers among the guard of the
gate can be surmised by the discovery, in the destruction layer, of
a stone 'arrowshaft straightener' and a sling-stone (Fig. 26), near
the large threshold of the gate, in addition to a complete bronze
knife from the uppermost fill of a nearby room or passage cer-
tainly destroyed by fire (room 3). The involvement of archers
and slingers in warfare is documented from passages in the 27. Salamis, Kanakia: jug with side strainer-spout
Iliad. In pictorial art they are depicted, in common defensive
array, on the famous 'Silver Siege Rhyton' of the 16th Ct BC,
from shaft grave IV in royal Grave Circle A at Mycenae.
Evidence for the external relations and trade contacts of this ISLANDS OF THE SARONIC GULF
major Salaminian settlement is already provided by a number of
finds including pieces of grey andesite stone and clay tripod Aigina
cooking-pots very probably from Aigina; a painted jug with side Meristo. Eleven tombs (10 pit-graves, 1 tile-roofed), part of a
strainer-spout from a room adjacent to building IA (Fig. 27), a larger cemetery used from the mid-5th to the beginning of the 4th
ceramic type with a notable diffusion in the Aegean and very Ct BC, were discovered in odos Ag. Georgiou. (ADelt 69-70)
much in evidence on Rhodes and in the Dodecanese in the LH
IIIC period; and also a large fragment of a copper oxhide ingot Kalaureia
of certain Cypriot provenance (see AR 2000-01, 15, Fig. 30; also Berit Wells (Swedish Institute) reports on 2001 work in the
Y.G. Lolos, in Enalia, vol. VI, in press), of a type that is well Poseidon Sanctuary:
known from the cargo of the Cape Gelidonya wreck, of ca 1200 'Extensive cleaning was carried out especially in the W area
BC, and from Mycenae. of the sanctuary. Debris from the modem farmstead was
On all the evidence, the Myc polis at Kanakia, placed among removed, including the standing ruins of the stables, as were the
the states of Athens and the Argolid, is 'Old Salamis', 'desert- excavation dumps from the investigations of Sam Wide and
ed' in Strabo's time (IX.1.9). Its total desolation after ca 1150 Lennart Kjellberg in 1894. All worked stones were collected
BC, now inviting various interpretations, is vividly reflected in inside the fence of the sanctuary, while soils (approximately
the archaeological record.' 210m3) were transported away and dumped. Besides a couple
of fragments of architectural terracottas, the old excavation
Voula. Parts of two one-room buildings, separated by a narrow dumps contained only fragments of very worn tiles. Wide and
corridor/road, and dated in the 2nd quarter of the 5th Ct BC, were Kjellberg, in their report in AM 1895, remark upon the dearth of
investigated in Odos Achilleos, while a section of a retaining material in the sanctuary as a result of the plundering of the site
wall belonging to an anc. road, running parallel to Odos over several centuries. It is now evident that they in essence col-
Eleutherias, was recorded in Odos Varnale. (ADelt 69) lected whatever there was to collect.'

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
 16 DAVID BLACKMAN
28. Kythera Island Project: survey areas
Kea
Ioulis. A fragment of a marble relief (right leg of a male figure
wearing an himation) of the 4th-3rd Ct BC, re-used as building
material, as well as a marble anthemion (ca 500 BC), were col-
lected from private houses. Fragments of marble architectural
members of LR and ECh date were recorded at the site Diaselli
tou Otzia, on the N coast of Kea, possibly the site of an ECh
basilica. (ADelt 37-8)
Kythera
The Kythera Island Project undertook its fourth field season in
the summer of 2001, deploying the largest team to date (40-50
people) to complete the intensive survey on schedule, and mak-
ing good progress with the study of material, the geoarchaeo-
logical fieldwork and other inter-disciplinary research. Dr
Cyprian Broodbank (BSA) writes:
'The season opened with the analysis of pottery from 21
sites plus a sample of the tract material by Broodbank (UCL),
Johnston (UCL), Kiriatzi (Fitch Laboratory, BSA) and Vroom
(Leiden), the major new challenges being characterization of
the EBA pottery, the creation of a typology for the post-R mate-
rial, and the investigation of off-site finds from tract-walking. In
tandem, a third geoarchaeological season by Frederick and
Krachtopoulou (Sheffield) with Kousoulakou (Fitch
Laboratory, BSA) completed the mapping of soils, geomor-
phology, land-use and the consequent visibility or survival of
archaeological sites in the heavily alluviated and terraced
coastal region ofPalaiopolis, complementing similar work done
around Mitata in 2000, as well as generating detailed geoar-
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
no. of sites
, \C ,, E, C I
Late Neolithic
Early Bronze
Age
First Palace
Second Palace
Third Palace
Early Iron Age X"u
Geometric
cr
_ <
Archaic
Classical
Classical 0. o
Hellenistic
Early Roman
Late Roman
Byzantine
Venetian
Recent
29. Kythera Island Project: chronology
chaeological appraisals of ca 50 archaeological sites in these
regions. Research by Rackham (Cambridge) and Moody
(Baylor) on Kytheran vegetation continued, analysis of the
island's settlement over the past 500 years through archival
sources was initiated by Bennet (Oxford) and Davies
(Cincinnati), and Vardaki undertook a pilot study of the anthro-
pology of island identities. In addition, GIS analysis of the pro-
ject's data is being undertaken year-round by Bevan (UCL), as
is ongoing petrological analysis of fabrics and clays by Kiriatzi.
In the intensive field survey, tract-walking concentrated in
the SW sector, centred on the inland basin of Livadi, with minor
infilling elsewhere, but a distinctive feature of the 2001 season
was the priority given, in terms of person-hours, to a major pro-
gramme of gridded collection of a sample of material from most
of the sites found by the survey. Highlights in 2001 included a
big LN lithic site near Kastri, several EM III-MM IA coastal
sites around the bay, the only G sherds from the survey (found
near the polis), and more abundant Byz to early Venetian mate-
rial than encountered hitherto, mostly in the vicinity of Livadi.
Preston (Cambridge) documented known tombs within the sur-
vey area. By the end of the season, the overall 1998-2001 total
stood at ca 8700 tracts, covering 43 km2 in a combination of
N-S transects and expanded coverage of areas of special inter-
est (Fig. 28). In all, 185 concentrations have been allocated site
status (a figure liable to rise slightly as a result of ongoing
study), of which 120 were gridded, and most of the remainder
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 17

covered by less intensive controlled collection. Overall, the appear to be of recent date, but pottery finds in the immediate
temporal 'spikes' in the rural landscape remain EBA, Second region date to the 13th Ct AD.
Palace (a minimum of 88 sites contain a component of this Study was also carried out of the ceramics and other arte-
date), C, LR and Late Venetian to Recent (Fig. 29: provisional facts collected in 2001 and previous years. These include sig-
data only). Geophysical prospection of six EBA and Second nificant pieces from EH, MM, C and HL periods.'
Palace sites within the survey area was undertaken early in 2002
by a team led by Boyd (BSA); the results are currently under-
going analysis. KORINTHIA
In addition, the pottery excavated in 2000 as a synergasia
between the 2nd EPCA and Kythera Island Project, coming from Anc. Corinth. Two pit-tombs and one cist were excavated at
damaged rock-cuttings at Tholos (an inland extension of the site of Ag. Paraskeve, while an EH wall was investigated
Kastri), was studied in April 2001 by Kiriatzi and Knappett on the hill Arapiza-Gelese, E of the anc. town, which controls
(Cambridge), assisted by Kappa, whilst Bevan completed the communication routes between the isthmus and the Argolid.
analysis of the excavation records. The in situ pottery (a mini- (ADelt 94)
mum of 259 vessels) is now firmly dated to LM IA and LM IB.
The bulk of the evidence strongly argues that the contexts were Corinth. The 1996 season (ADelt 96-97) was covered in AR
funerary, thereby advancing knowledge of the distribution of 1996-97, 17-18. Guy Sanders reports on the ASCS excavations
Second Palace tombs around the Kastri settlement. The final at Anc. Corinth in 2001:
publication of this excavation and its material is in press with 'Excavations in the Panayia Field, SE of the Forum at
the Annual of the British School at Athens (vol. 97).' Corinth, since 1995 have uncovered the 4th-Ct remains of a R
Paliochora. Stavros A. Paspalas (Australian Institute) and town house with mosaics, wall painting and small-scale sculp-
Timothy Gregory (Ohio State University) report: ture (Fig. 30), LR buildings including a small bath structure
'A short field season of four weeks duration was undertaken (Fig. 31), fragmentary remains of Byz occupation and several
in 2001 by the Australian Paliochora Kythera Archaeological early to mid-19th century houses (Fig. 32 ). In the summer of
Survey, a project conducted under the auspices of the Australian 2001 the area excavated was extended to the N and W in an
Institute. This was the third season in the series. With the view attempt to define the limits of the MR house. More of the road
of fulfilling the primary aim of the project, the analysis of the on the E side of the house was exposed and within the house
settlement history of N Kythera in all periods, the team mem- several of the earth floors were removed to reveal earlier phas-
bers conducted a number of surface investigations in areas es of the site. Finally, part of what was thought to be part of the
within the wider region of the Med settlement of Agios early modern Panayia cemetery but which proved to be 17th-Ct
Demetrios/Paliochora. was excavated (Figs. 33-34).
A major part of the fieldwork carried out in 2001 was Removal of the floors of the MR house in rooms 11, 13, 14
focused on collecting material that pertained to the individual and 16 revealed earlier structures (Fig. 35). When the MR
history of a number of churches, and the evidence of settlement house was constructed the entire area was terraced and levelled,
and/or building in their immediate surroundings, which mark a destroying all but the foundations of walls and pockets of mate-
range of hillocks (Agia Marina, Agios Ioannes, Prophetes Elias, rial in the W and trimming down deposits to above the floors in
Agios Onouphrios and Agios Menas) in the wider vicinity of the E. On the W side were illegible scraps of walling loosely
Paliochora. Most of the material noted in the areas surveyed is associated with a LA to EC secondary deposit which contained
Med and later, though ancient ceramics were documented at miniature vessels and small figurines. The top of what appears
Agios Ioannis, and R pottery was located at Prophetes Elias and to be an ER basement with plastered walls was uncovered. One
Agios Stephanos. The area around the church known as Agios of the robbing trenches of this structure revealed large stones
Georgios Kolokythias, N of Agia Pelagia, preserves
the remains of buildings which testify to a complex -".
different in nature from those located at the other
areas examined in the 2001 season. It is marked by +
its still standing church (which was clearly larger in
an earlier phase[s]), the remains of at least one other _
church, a double cistern, further buildings (domes-
tic/administrative?), and a fortification enceinte. It
should be noted that the site overlooks the sea pas-
sage between N Kythera and the Peloponnese, and a
small bay at its foot may have been used as a har- N
bour. The earliest pottery noted here dates to the LR
period.
Finally, the area known as 'Trochiles', which is
characterized by the fertile nature of its surroundings,
was also surveyed. The inherent advantages of this L
productive area were highlighted by the fact that the
surface pottery clearly indicates occupation during
many periods, including MM, C, HL and R periods.
In co-operation with the local representative of n
the 1st EBA, Marina Papademetriou, members of the s+
APKAS team documented a number of graves, and
cleared the exposed bones, by the church of Agios +
Athanasios, N of the village of Kastrisianika, which
had been disturbed by bulldozing. These graves 30. Corir ith, Panayia Field: Roman town house

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
18 DAVID BLACKMAN
31. Corinth, Panayia Field: late Roman bath
32. Corinth, Panayia Field: Byzantine and later structures
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
covering a cavity that may well prove to be a grave.
Three substantially complete MG oenochoai found
in adjacent LR disturbances in the immediate area
suggest the presence of G graves of which this may
be one. To the E the lower reaches of a small built
cistern, faced with plaster, were found to contain a
deposit of late 4th to very early 3rd-Ct pottery.
Farther still to the E, running into the baulk under
the road, are the floors and foundations of a small
structure probably built in the 2nd half of the 1St Ct
BC which went out of use in the mid-1st Ct AD.
Under the floor of this structure the complete skele-
ton of a tortoise was found with a lamp dating to the
reign of Augustus and a coin of ca 44-40 BC. Over
the structure were parts of a water tank abutting the
road wall filled with pottery of the 2nd Ct AD and an
adjacent well filled more or less at the same time.
The overlying strata indicate that the MR house did
not extend all the way up to the road and that this
space was essentially abandoned in the 4th Ct until
the walls were robbed out and the area became a
dumping ground for material excavated during the
construction of the 6th-Ct long building.
The MR house has now been exposed over an
extent in excess of 1,000m2. The majority of the
walls were robbed out when new construction cov-
ered the area in the 5th and 6th Cts, but the floors are
generally well preserved. Excavations on the E side
have revealed a further 1 Om of the road frontage but
the extension of a probe on the W side of the field
failed to locate the western limits of the building. On
the N side a very large E-W tank, lined with water-
proof cement on the interior and with interior
dimensions of 16.2 x 2.1m, was found to the N of
room 11. The pool, with the Euripus in room 10, the
octagonal fountain in room 8 and the square fountain
pool in room 2, is the feature which gives a sense of
E-W and N-S axiality to the house. A deep probe
immediately to the N of the pool revealed that there
were no significant walls or floors, suggesting that
the area beyond the pool was laid out as a garden.
A lead pipe, partially robbed out in the 6th Ct, was
found under the floor of room 11. This line originat-
ed S of the peristyle (room 10), curving to a point on
the S side of room 11 before dividing to serve the
octagonal fountain in room 8 to the S and continu-
ing towards the SW comer of the large rectangular
pool where presumably it fed some kind of fountain
head. The packing of the pipe line contained coins
dating to the last years of the 2nd Ct. These coins and
the fill of two wells which went out of use before the
construction of the house indicate that the house was
built at least some, and perhaps many, decades after
the beginning of the 3rd Ct. Coins in the destruction
horizon date the end of the building's use to after ca
360.
To the N of the exposed portion of the MR house
and the 6th-Ct bath, work on an area of about 550m2
continued with the eventual intention of defining
and exposing contemporary and earlier structures.
Further exposure of this area required the removal
of graves which were thought to be part of the
Panayia Cemetery used into the early 20th Ct and
known to exist immediately to the NW. Special per-
mission was sought from the Deme of Corinth to
excavate these graves and re-inter the post-Greek
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 19

War of Independence remains in one of the current

facilities. Study of the contexts and their contents
showed that if the graves do belong to the Panayia
Cemetery they were part of an early phase. Some
were cut by early l9th-Ct house walls, presumably
when the graves were long forgotten, and after
cleaning the few coins found were dated to the 17th
Ct. A reasonable chronological span for the inter-
ments is the end of the first Ottomanokrateia, ca
1600 to ca 1670. A total of 59 graves with remains
representing 89 individuals were excavated. The
majority were Christian burials, generally oriented
N of E, with hands placed on the abdomen; many
had stones propping up their heads and some had
stones covering the face. A small minority on the S
edges belonged to Moslems. These were oriented
NE with head facing right towards the SE and with
hands placed by the side of the torso. If it is under-
stood that many of the shallow graves of infants and
children are likely to have been destroyed by early
mod. and mod. ploughing, then the 25% of the
graves of this age group appears to be normal (one
may expect a figure of about 40% in less disturbed
33. & 34. Corinth, Panayia Field: 17th/18th Ct cemetery circumstances). The preponderance of males over
females in a ratio of about 2.5: 1, however, is unusu-
al and remains to be explained. One very disturbed
grave contained the remains of a male who died in
his early 20s buried face down. A large iron hook
found curving under the left clavicle was partially
responsible for death. It appears that the individual
was spiked and suspended until dead, then buried in
a position which denied his witnessing the second
coming.
Removal of the last early mod. walls in this N
part of the site in the area of the cemetery was com-
pleted. A large garbage pit partially excavated in
2000 was found to have been cut by one of the field
walls and to have cut some of the graves. The wall
in question appears on a plan of the village made
soon after the accession of King Otto, thus provid-
ing a terminus ante quem for its contents of ca 1828.
Coins within the pit, the latest two of which date to
1786, the 13th regnal year of Sultan Abdul Hameid,
give a terminus post quem of 1796 +/- 10. The
deposit adds to the range of previously undated
material from the Panayia site; this also includes
contexts dating soon after the Greek War of
Independence (ca 1830) and deposits which imme-
diately predate the earthquake of 1858.
Continuing the work of 2000, a short period was
spent in remote sensing survey of the area S and W
of the Asklepieion (Fig. 36). This confirmed the
poor quality of the data obtainable here.
Interpretation of the new material and further inter-
pretation of the 2000 data showed that the initial
identification of faint anomalies as the seating and
sphendone of a circus were illusory and hasty. In
fact there is nothing in the results to either support
or deny the identification of a feature found in the
University of Texas Excavations near the
Gymnasium (Hesperia 38 [1969] 64-106) as a meta
of the spina of a Circus. The LR city wall thought to
transect the area cannot be identified among the

35. Corinth, Panayia Field:

structures below Roman house

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
20 DAVID BLACKMAN
I .1
/i -1--/
//
i
?C
i
?C:
'"
I--
A Remote Sensing 2001 \
west ofAmhitheater .
O05 25 s50 _ me. _ _
I yard. The West Waterworks, which had been cov-
36. Corinth: survey of Asklepieion area
anomalies (Hesperia 48 [1979] 264-280). To the W of the
amphitheatre results were much more positive. Prospection
work began to the W of the last visible surface traces of the wall
and continued northwards. A large structure identified close to
the edge of the mod. road along the edge of the terrace appears
to be the end of the wall where it traverses the plateau in a NW
direction (contra Hesperia 48 [1979]). In the prospected area
were traces of many linear features, probably houses, and a
large anomaly, represented by very high readings, probably rep-
resents part of a LR bath. The clearest patterns, however, were
of a massive circular or octagonal building, 12m in diameter,
immediately adjacent to a square building measuring 20 x 20m.
This seems to be a structure identified by D. I. Pallas from the
few standing remains as a basilica (Reallexicon zur
Byzantinischen Kunst 4, s.v. Korinth [1990]), but the patterns
presented by our data are more suggestive of a martyrium.
The return of the artefacts stolen from Corinth Museum in
April 1990 and other pressing conservation projects did not per-
mit the completion of cleaning and stabilizing the North Market
mosaics by the end of August 2001. Less than 5% of the work
remains and it is hoped to finish the work by the Spring of
2002.'
Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey. Timothy E.
Gregory and Daniel J. Pullen (ASCS) report on the third season
of survey and study in 2001:
'The project carried out one week of archaeological survey,
in July 2001. Before that, it carried out environmental study and
the organization and examination of material from the two pre-
vious seasons. Our 2001 permit restricted research to two small
areas: SW of Isthmia (0.5km2) and the vicinity of Agia
Paraskeve, between Xylokeriza and Kenchries (0.04km2). We
were easily able to cover these areas in the week we had at our
disposal, and we were also able to fill in some of the area
between Rachi Boska and Kromna in the central part of the sur-
vey region. In all we covered 0.816 km2 in 357 survey units. SW
of Isthmia we found a significant site of Myc, a thick spread of
C and R artifacts, a large World-War II military installation, and
the all-but-certain course of the anc. road between Isthmia and
Kenchreai. At Agia Paraskeve we found evidence of continuous
habitation, from at least the C period until the last century.'
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Isthmia. Prof. Elizabeth R. Gebhard (ASCS)
reports on the University of Chicago Excavations'
2001 season of study and conservation:
'Site conservation: cleaning and conservation was
carried out in the following areas: Northeast Cave.
\ To prevent rainwater from entering through the ceil-
i ing, the exterior surface of the bedrock over the cave
was covered with clay and then with a thin layer of
/ l cement. At the edge of the rock retaining walls were
positioned to divert run-off from the courtyard and
entrances to the cave below. Further study of the
problems surrounding conservation of the cave will
be carried out next year. East Temenos. Additional
soil was added to the fill already in place in order to
level the terrace N of the 'Roman altar'. Great
Circular Pit. A mortared retaining wall to prevent
- erosion was built at the W and NW sides of the area
- around the pit, where the adjacent schoolyard lies at
a higher level. SW Temenos. Existing retaining
walls were repaired along the sides of the school-
ered with sand in 2000, were outlined on the surface
to show visitors the shape and location of the mon-
ument. In the Isthmia Museum the area outside the W wall of
the apotheke was cleared and a drainage pipe was laid to pre-
vent collection of water and leakage into the interior. Leaks in
the apotheke windows were repaired, and the window frames
were cleaned and repaired. Palaimonion. Fritz Hemans
designed a roof that will cover each end of the tunnel leading
into the base of the temple in order to prevent further damage to
the clay sides and the roof of the passage.
Studies for publications in the Isthmia series:
Arms and armour (Alastar Jackson): study continued on the
body armor and weapons. It was noted that, while dedications
of armour began in the late 8th Ct, they reached their apex in the
6th Ct, exhibiting a sharp rise in the 2nd half of that century.
Archaic temple of Poseidon (Fritz Hemans): new observa-
tions on the roof tiles suggest the use of a template in their man-
ufacture (following C. LeRoy in Fouilles de Delphes). It was
observed that marks on the tiles seem to be associated with a
process of fitting that could only have been done in situ and
before the tiles were fired. The tiles appear to have been
designed according to a foot of 0.326 m. At the level of the
eaves, four tiles occupied each intercolumniation and were
carefully aligned with the columns below.
LA and EC pottery (Martha Risser): inventoried and context
pottery (including stamped amphora handles) was brought up to
date, and 516 items were prepared for the catalogue. A prelimi-
nary survey of the ceramics in the database showed that during
the 6th Ct BC the number of kotylai increased, and in the 2nd
half of the century there was a shift from aryballoi to lekythoi,
a shape that Corinth adopted from Athens. Miniature vessels
very likely made for dedication became more common during
the same century, and their popularity markedly rose during the
second half. These trends could be, but need not certainly be,
associated with the period when the Isthmian Games acquired
panhellenic status (cf the arms and armor).
HL and R pottery(John Hayes): checking and additional
drawings were done in the museum. Several sections of the vol-
ume were submitted to the editor in draft form.
Coins (Liane Houghtalin): the entire collection of coins was
checked for completeness of inventory and condition of preser-
vation. Recent cleaning made it possible to improve some iden-
tifications and descriptions, especially in the case of Frankish
examples that bear secret mintmarks, and others that were
revealed to be counterfeits of their day.

Stone tools (Ivan Gatsov): all stone tools were inspected, and
inventories made or updated. It was observed that grinding
implements predominate, probably related to food preparation
in or near the temenos. The paucity of pounding instruments
was noted. Nick Kardulias is working on the obsidian blades.
GPS reading on the Archaic temple (Erin Nell): for a com-
parative study of Greek and Egyptian temples in regard to their
cardinal, stellar and solar orientation, readings with a Global
Positioning Survey unit were taken in twelve areas of the tem-
ple on two successive days.'
Prof. Timothy E. Gregory (ASCS) reports on the Ohio State
University Excavations' 2001 season:
'A program of study and conservation was carried out, with
a primary focus on the R bath, but with significant concerns
elsewhere in the site. Joseph Rife (Corell University) complet-
ed gathering materials for publication of his book-length study
of the LR and Byz human burials at Isthmia. Jane Reinhard
(Carthage College) completed her study of the interior decora-
tion of the R bath, while Julie Apley (Ohio State University) fin-
ished her computerized 3-dimensional reconstruction of the R
bath. Fikret Yegiil (University of California at Santa Barbara)
and Timothy E. Gregory (Ohio State University) continued their
study and writing toward the full publication of this important
monument. Other work in the R bath consisted of conservation,
most importantly the resumption of conservation on the great
monochrome mosaic in room VI.'
The 1996 season (ADelt 97-98) was covered in AR 1996-97,
21-2.
Loutraki. At the site of Katounistra, the remains were located
of a large building, probably a bath-house, including a room
with apsidal niches in the comers, clay drains, and part of a bath
with a hypocaust, all dating from the LR period. (ADelt 94-5)
Nemea. The 1996 season (ADelt 96) was covered in AR
1996-97, 22. Stephen G. Miller (ASCS) reports on the 2001
excavations and other work:
'Excavations. A small probe carried out in the crypt of the
4th-Ct temple of Zeus showed conclusively that a wall, long vis-
ible at the bottom of the crypt, is not from the east temple, but
is a part of the 4th-Ct building.
W of the temple of Zeus the banks of the Byz phase of the
Nemea River were dug out and more than a dozen pieces of the
temple were recovered.
The elongated artificial tumulus/ridge of the infant hero
Opheltes was pursued for more than 100m to the N without
finding a definite end; a total length of about 130m can be esti-
mated. The 6th-Ct mound once again revealed clear indications
of ritual drinking with whole vessels and even sets of vessels
carefully interred.
In the trench at the N end of the mound (as far as we uncov-
ered it) was revealed a N-S curbing wall which seems to be the
limit between the mound on the W and the early stadium track on
the E. This is welcome confirmation for our theoretical location
of that early track, which was subsequently so damaged and
destroyed by the later river cutting through it.
Several trenches were excavated along the W side of the
mound in an attempt to locate the hippodrome, that most fugi-
tive of all Nemean features. We found clear traces of chariot
tracks in several locations and at several different levels. Thus,
chariots and horses were certainly known in this area.
Unfortunately, we also discovered that the whole area W of the
mound was a flood plain with dozens of layers of sand and light
gravel accumulating over the centuries, so no continuous flat
layer survived that might have preserved wheel ruts over an
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 21
37. Nemea: track for athletes
extensive horizontal surface. It may also be noted that the long,
relatively narrow mound of Opheltes served as a kind of levee
to keep the flood waters away from the temple.
The situation was complicated by the unexpected discovery
of yet another starting line with grooves, like that of the EHL
stadium, for human toes (Fig. 37). Although the line is only two
blocks long with space for only two runners, it is clear that no
other starting blocks adjoined these. It seems that we have a
practice track for athletes preparing for the games in the 4thCt.
Further to the W the reservoir discovered last year was com-
pletely excavated. The discoveries in the three chambers includ-
ed drinking vessels, jugs, and amphoras, which appear to have
been accidentally dropped into the reservoir by thirsty ancients.
Two discoveries are of particular importance. One of these is a
bronze Macedonian helmet, which is now in the conservation
department of the National Museum in Athens. The second is a
lovely bronze ladle with its curved handle ending in a duck's
head (Fig. 38). This piece is paralleled by one discovered in
Macedonia several years ago (See Themelis and Touratsoglou,
Ot Tc(pot tou Aeppevio)u, B26). The two ladles are so similar in
design, workmanship, and size that they appear to have been
made in the same workshop, perhaps by the same artisan.
The completion of the excavation of the reservoir showed
three compartments of almost identical size: 2.20 x 2.80m and
nearly 8m deep (Fig. 39). The total capacity was over 140m3
although it is doubtful that they were ever completely full.
Indeed, the carefully worked and set
blocks of the walls show no traces of
plaster lining. Our experience shows
that the reservoir can work as a well,
tapping the water table when it is suf-
ficiently high. On the other hand, the
channel that brought water to the reser-
voir from the bath shows that it must
have been necessary to augment the
water supply during times of drought
when the water table was low.
The purpose for which the reservoir
was intended is unknown. Obviously a
large and reliable supply of water was
wanted, but for what? Given the other
indications in this part of the site, one's
thoughts turn to horses and the desire I
to assure the owners of these expen- I
sive animals that their participation in
the Nemean Games would not involve
a lack of water for them. A number of
bronze and iron pail handles from the 38. Nemea:
reservoir document the presence of bronze ladle
22 DAVID BLACKMAN
40. Stymphalos: site
39. Nemea: reservoir
vessels of an appropriate size to water horses, but no horse trap-
pings were found. It appears that, at least for the moment, the
purpose of the reservoir for supplying the horses competing in
the games must remain an attractive but unproven theory.
Temple reconstruction: another major part of the Nemea proj-
ect has become the reconstruction of the temple of Zeus. One
and one-half columns have been re-erected so far. The process
includes carving new stone to match the broken surface of miss-
ing stone, and then carving the surface of that new stone to
match the flutes of the extant ancient stone. Perhaps the greatest
satisfaction has come with the training by Mr Ioannis Arbilias of
six local men who are showing themselves to be able and, as
their experience grows, among the best in Greece at such work.
By the end of 2001 we hope to see these two columns finished
and the architrave tying them together at the top.
River Embankment: the removal of the blocks of the temple
of Zeus from the embankments of the river (above) necessitat-
ed the construction of two massive walls to keep the river out of
the site, and to reinforce the bridge W of the temple.
Bath exhibition: the process of converting the ancient bath to
a fully-fledged exhibition area went forward with the finishing
touches on rain gutters around the edge of the roof, construction
of two retaining walls, back-filling to the ancient floor level,
and painting. This is fast becoming a favorite attraction at
Nemea and next year will see the addition of park benches and
two remaining explanatory plaques.'
Stymphalos. Hector Williams (Canadian Institute) reports on
the 2001 season:
'Excavations and study at anc. Stymphalos continued in
June-July 2001. Work continued in a number of areas previ-
ously excavated as well as in several new ones (Fig. 40). Our
major area of investigation was the SE area of the site where we
have been digging since 1994. Here we focused in particular on
the early 1St-Ct AD house that had been inserted in the aban-
doned remains of a LC/HL house. Of particular significance
was the discovery of large quantities of well-preserved painted
plaster moulded into ashlar blocks in two rooms; it had fallen in
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
large sheets from walls in an earthquake around AD 40 (evi-
dence from pottery and especially coins of Gaius). We also
uncovered the remains of a large wooden door with 26 bronze
bosses of four different types that decorated it. Best parallels for
both plaster and bosses seem to be mid-2nd Ct BC in date. We
also carried out limited sondages into earlier levels of previous-
ly excavated rooms; especially interesting was a large oval
stone-lined pit that contained considerable quantities of animal
bones, especially heads. We began to excavate the intersection
of a N-S street W of the 'plaster room' with an E-W avenue,
but problems with irrigation channels delayed completion.
Similar problems with water levels only allowed us to dig about
a metre and a half into a well in the courtyard of the R house.
About 100m S of the above area and near the S city wall we
opened up a 10x5m trench to investigate unusual parch marks.
The site, at the end of a city block, proved to have a semicircu-
lar trough lined with tiles about half a metre wide and deep that
seems to run the entire 30m width of the block with a drain at
its W end into the street. No immediate purpose could be deter-
mined, but it may have provided a source of washing water for
a gymnasium.
Our second major area lay about 100m to the W, where last
year we had found the stage building of the theatre area; this year
we uncovered more of the facade of the proskenion (Figs. 41-42)
with blocks inscribed with letters, and tried to investigate the
lowest levels of seats, but there were none surviving in an area
across the front of the orchestra, where there was a thick, appar-
ently LR-EByz wall of unknown purpose running E-W; the
wall included re-used C and HL architectural material such as
part of a large Doric capital. We also excavated more of the
poorly preserved HL structure on the flat terrace just behind the
top of the rock-cut seats of the theatre and uncovered two puppy
burials under the floor; we found no evidence of the building's
purpose, however. Of particular interest was a small quantity of
LMyc pottery scattered through later fills. The site was used for
burials in the early ECh period, one of the several ECh small
cemeteries we have found around the site.
Just W of the late wall at the base of the theatre area we
uncovered a large exedral area with what seem to be remains of
several courses of curving seating, suggesting a structure like a
small bouleuterion in the area (about 10m across).
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 23

About 100m further W we excavated much of a room that

backed up on the vertical scarp of bedrock left in the area; built
of large regular blocks as well as smaller ones, it contained a
large anepigraphic stele with bulbous base that had broken in
antiquity and been mended with iron clamps set in lead. The
room faced onto a major E-W road leading to the theatre and
may have been part of a series of shops.
A further 100m or so W we carried out extensive cleaning in
an area originally cleared, although never published, 70 years
ago by Anastasios Orlandos. The structures examined included
a tholos-like building that may have been an hero6n, a LC
spring house that we hoped to begin to restore, the propylon to
what Orlandos suggested might have been a palaestra, and the
'Pheneos gate' of the city (Pheneos is the next city to the W).
The structure was of particular interest as we were able to relo-
cate and plan the actual entrance with its twin benches and 41. & 42. Stymphalos, theatre: stage building
colonnade, unique among Gr gates known to the team; it seems
to have been carefully taken apart and reburied after Orlando's
excavations, possibly during WWII. Deep cleaning in the tho-
los uncovered no material earlier than mid-4th Ct BC; several
terracotta votive figurines suggest a religious purpose. We also
found traces of white plaster, inside and out, as well as two
small fragments of an inscription of unknown purpose but LHL
or ER to judge from letter styles.
Up on the acropolis we opened a new area on a terrace more
or less in its center and on the N side. Although there were
extensive shallow traces of walls on the surface, most of which
seem to have been HL, there were also ECh graves (poorly pre-
served) and even some MByz pottery. Perhaps the most signif-
icant find was a 'celt', a lithic utensil identical in material and
form to EH II examples in Corinth.
Work also continued in the large artillery towers on the
highest point of the acropolis and in the middle of the W city
wall, to finish excavating several ECh graves exposed last year. In Odos Erakleous a section of a HL road was recorded,
Our human remains team also cleaned and studied the material running NW-SE along the E side of the plot, and lined with
from earlier seasons that we had not finished last year. stone retaining walls; to the W of the road were found six buri-
In conjunction with the new demos of Stymphalia we organ- als, mostly cists, of the G and the HL periods. (ADelt 88-90)
ized a trail around the site to make the anc. city more visitable Finally, in Odos Ag. Konstantinou, were discovered the
by the interested tourist. Numbered points of importance are remains of LR/EByz houses and of a tile-roofed tomb. (ADelt 90)
keyed to a guide available to visitors in the village. We decided In the area between Argos and Mycenae cleaning operations
not to put up information plaques because of the vandalism were conducted in two monuments: the so called 'pyramid' of
done to several erected last winter by the Forestry Service.' Ellenikon, 2km SW of Kephalari Argous, with sloping exterior
[We apologize for the omission of the report of the 2000 season walls, which comprised the ground floor of a probably three-floor
in AR 2000/1] tower, of the end of the 4th Ct BC, with a mud-brick superstruc-
ture; and the 'pyramid' E of Argos, at the site of Dalamanara,
mentioned by Pausanias, and decorated with shields in relief. The
ARGOLIS tower of Lemikon, at Phychtia, is square, probably had many
floors, with a mud-brick superstructure, and is dated to the end
Argos. There were three rescue excavations reported in 1996 of the 4th Ct BC. (ADelt 95)
from the mod. city of Argos, two of which involved sites used MH settlement on the Aspis. A. Philippa-Touchais and G.
over long periods of time, both for burials and for domestic Touchais (French School) report on activities in 2001:
activities. 'Pottery study. The cataloguing of the matt-painted pottery
In Odos Perrouka, to the NE of the mod. market square of from the SE sector of the excavation was completed (over 1500
Argos, and in the S part of the A. Manou plot, part of a HL road, sherds and 15 vases have a complete profile). The completion
running E-W, was located and investigated for a length of of this study broadens our knowledge of the whole of the paint-
12.50m (w. 4m), with a stone retaining wall on the N. In the NE ed pottery of the settlement, since, in comparison with the N
section of the plot was recorded a stone well of the A period, sector, the SE sector, which was intensely occupied until the
and three LHL/ER tombs, tile-roofed ellipsoidal or rectangular MH IIIB-LH IA period, offers richer ceramic material, with a
graves, containing single extended burials in which, judging by fuller and clearer stratigraphic sequence.
the number of iron nails deposited, the corpses had been origi- Clay analysis. Archaeologist-chemist O. Dekavallas
nally placed in wooden coffins. The same area was apparently (University of Paris I) completed the first phase of the new pro-
also used as a cemetery during the PG and G periods, judging gramme for study of the MH pottery, having done a chromato-
by the discovery of seven graves, of various types (4 cists, 2 graphic analysis to ascertain the contents and therefore also the
pithos burials, 1 pot-burial), the orientation of which suggests use of the pottery. A selection of 33 sherds from all categories
that they were originally lying to the N of a road, later covered and from typical vase types was made; to be analysed in the lab-
by the HL road. (ADelt 87-8) oratories of the Louvre.

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
24 DAVID BLACKMAN

W.ffi@++ 44. & 45. Argos, Middle Helladic settlement: walls

43. Argos, Middle Helladic settlement site

On completion of the chemical analyses at the NCSR

'Democritus' (see report for 2000, BCH 125 [2001], forthcoming),
the selected sherds went to the Fitch Laboratory of the BSA, for
petrographic analyses under the direction of Evangelia Kyriatzi.
Some preliminary observations, particularly in regard to the
lustrous decorated pottery, have already been reported to the 9th
Cretological Congress (October 2001). According to these
observations, apparently confirmed by the chemical analyses,
this pottery constitutes a single group with the same fabric,
characterized by the addition of sand (mudstone and quartz) to
the clay, and executed in the M tradition (characteristic of the
EM and MM periods). This does not necessarily mean that the
vases came from Crete, since this fabric is quite widespread in
Kythera, as well as at other sites in the SE Peloponnese where
the Cretan influence was especially strong. Moreover, given
that fabrics 'travel' and that mudstone and quartz rocks are not
rare, and so not typical of one particular region, it is quite pos-
sible that these vases were produced even in the Argolid.
Study ?r the human bone material. Osteoarchaeologist S.
Triantafillou conducted the study of the bone material: a total of
12 skeletons from an equal number of tombs located within the
settlement. These skeletons belong not only to infants and chil-
dren but also to adults, men and mainly women. The prelimi-
nary report on the study will be included in the report for 2002.
Excavation. In the SE excavation sector cleaning and main-
tenance work was carried out as well as the excavation of a
baulk (3 x lm) which had partially collapsed in 1999, directly
N of the apsidal house (squares BE-BF/39-40, Fig. 43).
During the limited excavation which was conducted by A.
Philippa-Touchais, the continuation of two walls, 568 eating a particular area, then we may advance the hypothesis
(NW-SE) and 447 (NE-SW), was uncovered. These two walls that it was a peribolos wall, the purpose of which was to protect
meet perpendicularly (Fig. 44, from the W) without being phys- the apsidal house.
ically connected, as they do not belong to the same chronolog- The small wall 447 was built during the phase of the rectan-
ical level. Wall 568 is quite solid and is preserved to a height of gular complex and can be distinguished by its rough construc-
three courses (0.55m). It appears to have been used in two phas- tion. Its SW end rests upon the apse of the apsidal house, which
es, the f1rst contemporary with the apsidal house (MH IIIA), was obviously no longer in use, whilst its NE end lies adjacent
whereas the second phase is contemporary with the orthogonal to wall 568. It is clear that wall 568 was still visible since not
complex (MH IIIB-LH IA). Its W end is lost beneath the unex- only was it re-used from quite a low level, near its base, but it
cavated section of the hill, whilst its E end is interrupted by a was repaired in quite a rough way. On their W side, these two
deep pit of the HL period, with the result that we do not know walls, along with the E wall (481) of the house which lies to the
if it continued farther E as far as wall 449, with which it is con- W, form a small rectangular area (Fig. 45), which was probably
temporary and runs in the same direction. If this wall did con- open to the S. The finds from here do not help in determining
tinue, then it would have passed under wall 419 of the rectan- the use of this area, which must have been an auxiliary area. At
gular complex, which has also been destroyed at this point by least three graves had previously been excavat-ed at this point
the HL intrusion. If wall 568 was indeed that long, and given (see BCH 112 [1978] 801), belonging to an adult and a small
that no other wall parallel to it has been found further NE delin- child beneath the fragments of the same pithos, and an infant.

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

46. Argos, apsidal house
Beneath wall 568, on the N side where its foundations were
not built upon the rock, the earlier occupation level of the hill
(MH I-II), known almost exclusively from pottery fragments,
was identified (Fig. 46). The composition of this level (red
clayey earth with numerous small stones and many sherds, pre-
dominantly M, with grooves on the shoulder and Lustrous
Decorated) indicates that this is a fill made in order to flatten the
area in preparation for the construction of wall 568.'
47. Asine, Kastraki: fortifications
Asine. Kastraki. Investigations along the N side of the anc. for-
tifications of Asine, especially after the collapse of a 20th-Ct AD
section of walling, revealed that the N exterior face of the anc.
wall was preserved to a height of 12 courses (h. 4.20m, th. 3m;
Fig. 47), while the undisturbed deposits on the inside included
pottery from the MH to the A periods. Judging by the pottery, it
seems that the poros wall, which formed here a rectangular
tower, was constructed during the C era (end of 5th Ct BC-1st
half of the 4th Ct BC), and not during the R period, as was main-
tained by the Swedish Mission. The fortification circuit was
completely rebuilt in grey limestone during the HL period,
clearly incorporating the older walls, except for the N poros
section of the wall investigated this year. The W section of the
circuit has been eroded by the sea, and is in need of protection.
Along the N side of the excavated anc. site were unearthed
parts of foundations of houses, in close proximity, dating from
the MH and the Myc periods, during which Asine seems to have
been densely populated. Parts of eight different buildings were
recorded, including a section of an ochre-yellow beaten earth
(plesia) floor, and a Myc child's pot-burial connected with a
particular building. Around the household pots were found
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 25
remains of a funeral meal (animal bones, sea shells). Along the
W side of the fortifications, close to the sea, was located the
lower semi-circular E part of a lime-kiln, with traces of another
one to its NW. (ADelt 90-2)
Halieis. Christina Dengate (ASCS) provides a status report on
the publication of excavations at anc. Halieis:
'The Schrader Committee at Indiana University made grants
in 2000 and 2001 to fund the publication of the first four vol-
umes of the Halieis excavations. Christopher Chippindale has
designed the Halieis layout, which has been approved by the
Halieis Publications Committee. Electronic files of the first vol-
ume to be completed (Bradley Ault, The Houses. The
Organization and Use of Domestic Space) have been sent to
Chippindale for the production of proof pages. The draft of the
third volume in the series (Marian H. McAllister, Fortifications
and Adjacent Structures, with contributions by Michael H.
Jameson and James A. Dengate) is being read by Halieis
Publications Committee and an outside reader.
Two articles on Halieis have recently been published by
Michael H. Jameson: 'A hero Cult at Halieis,' in IOAKH.
Festscrift fur Jorg Schifer zum 75. Geburtstag am 25. April
2001, ed. Stephanie B6hm und Klaus-Valtin von Eickstedt,
197-202 (Wiirzburg: Ergon Verlag), and 'Oil Presses of the
Late Classical/Hellenistic Period,' Techniques et societes en
Mediterranee. Hommage a Marie-Claire Amouretti, ed. Jean-
Pierre Brun and Philippe Jockey, 281-99 (Paris).'
Lerna. Martha H. Wiencke (ASCS) reports on progress with
the Lera Publication Project in 2001:
'Elizabeth C. Banks' work on the Lera IV text continues,
and in the past year she coordinated the lithics entries in the text
with the revised study on the Lerna BA lithics by B.
Hartenberger and C. Runnels (see below). Corrections on the
plans were made in anticipation of a working session in Athens
with Roxana Docsan, which resulted in a digitized version of
the individual and phase plans and sections. Present work is on
summary statements and conclusions with a target date for a
reasonably complete text by the end of 2001.
Curtis Runnels' article 'The Bronze Age Flaked Stone
Industries from Lera written together with Britt Hartenberger,
is scheduled to appear in Hesperia this year.
In July 2001, K.D. Vitelli completed the text of the volume
on the Neolithic pottery from Lera I and II. After review she
aims to submit the entire manuscript before the end of the cal-
endar year 2001.
Carol Zerer has continued to edit the text of Lera V. She
has completed the account of the stratigraphy and the pottery
catalogue of area D, the best preserved sequence of the MH
period. The finalization of the system of classification of all the
MH pottery from the site has been advanced by the work she
has been doing on the article on the ceramics of Lera V in col-
laboration with R. Jones and I. Whitbread. The results of their
chemical and petrographic analyses are to be included, together
with the typology of the many wares.
We have frequent requests from scholars to examine Lerna
material in Argos. Michael Lindblom's excellent study Marks
and Makers (Jonsered 2001) on the Aeginetan potters' marks,
makes much use of Lera material. Another publication of
interest is Beiheft 6 of the Corpus der Minoischen und
Mykenischen Siegel, 2000, containing symposium papers by
Maria Kostula and Anne Foster, both of whom have worked on
material in our workroom. Christine Shriner's recent doctoral
dissertation for Indiana University, Ceramic Technology at
Lerna, Greece, in the Third Millennium B.C. (2000), is also
based on material from our site.
26 DAVID BLACKMAN
48. Midea, acropolis
This fall, Jeff Kramer (University of Cincinnati) is working
on shaft grave material, for his investigation into the 'dramatic
decline in the fine wares of the Middle Helladic tradition' and
the rapid increase in Myc decorated pottery. Dr Robert Arott
and Dr John Prag (University of Birmingham and University of
Manchester), with Lisa Little (ASCSA and Indiana University)
and Terry and Keri Brown (University of Manchester) are to
examine teeth of the MH population, partly in order to re-exam-
ine Angel's clan theories, and also in support of their wider
study in epigenetic variation and ancient DNA, for which they
have examined skeletal material from Grave Circle A at
Mycenae.'
Leukakia. To the W of the Ypapante church, part of an anc.
retaining wall was identified, designed to create a platform for
the erection of a large LA temple, the foundations of which lie
to the E. The temple should be probably identified with that of
Pythios Apollon of anc. Asine, as testified by Pausanias, which
has until now been wrongly identified with the remains on the
top of the Barbouna hill. (ADelt 92)
Midea. The Greek-Swedish excavations on the Myc Acropolis
of Midea continued in 2001 under the direction of Dr Katie
Demakopoulou with the collaboration of Dr Ann-Louise
Schallin (representative of the Swedish Institute) and Nicoletta
Divari-Valakou. Dr Demakopoulou reports:
'The excavations were conducted in three sectors: in the W
gate area and on the SW slope (Greek sector) and in the E part
of the acropolis (Swedish sector).
Investigation continued in the N wing of the building com-
plex, which has been brought to light by the W gate. Room XI,
excavated last year, was completely uncovered; part of a new
room was found to the N. Fragments of frescoes recovered from
the rooms indicate that the walls were originally covered with
painted plaster. The fragmentary pottery found is dated to LH
IIIB2. Other finds include terracotta roof-tiles, stone and bone
tools and spindle-whorls of steatite.
A new trench situated on a lower terrace 15m W of the build-
ing complex was excavated. Pure Myc deposits with piles of
stones and blocks fallen from destroyed buildings and from the
fortification wall were removed. Parts of walls were uncovered
under the fallen stones in the NE part of the trench. Abundant
pottery of LH IIIB2 was found, including many typical shapes
of this phase, such as deep bowls, kraters, mugs, jugs and stir-
rup jars. Fragments of storage and cooking vessels were also
recovered. Among noteworthy finds are a crushed lead vessel,
terracotta roof-tiles, fragments of plaster, human and animal
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
49. Midea, acropolis: LH IIIB2 pottery
clay figurines, stone tools, pinkish ochre, pieces of mother-of-
pearl and remains of foodstuff.
The excavation continued on an extensive plateau on the SW
slope, 43m N of the W gate, where some ruined walls had been
uncovered (AR 2000-01, 29). The structural remains found this
year consist of three rooms (Fig. 48) and a long retaining wall,
badly preserved. Part of the road uncovered in 2000 was also
found. The rooms and the road were afflicted by widespread fire
destruction, caused by the earthquake that struck Midea around
the end of the 13th Ct BC resulting in the collapse of many
buildings and parts of the fortification wall. The pottery dates
the destruction to the final phase of LH IIIB2. A large number
of fragmentary vases and sherds, typical of this phase, were
found, such as deep bowls of group A and B, stemmed bowls
(Fig. 49), rosette bowls, kraters, stirrup jars, jugs, miniature
handmade vases, plain kylikes and angular bowls, as well as
storage and cooking coarse-ware vessels, including a large frag-
ment of a spit-holder. Other finds include clay human and ani-
mal figurines, seal-stones, steatite spindle-whorls, glass beads,
unworked pieces of semi-precious stones, such as agate, cor-
nelian, rock crystal and fluorite, arrowheads of bronze, obsidi-
an and flint, millstones and stone tools, fragments of plaster,
pieces of mother-of-pearl and yellow ochre; remains of food-
stuff were also found.
The most remarkable find of the 2001 season is a clay pris-
matic nodule (Fig. 50) from the area of the retaining wall SE of
the rooms. It is very well preserved with a vertical perforation,
a seal impression of a bull in flying gallop with an attacking ani-
mal above its back, and a Linear B inscription of three words,
recording a commodity or an artifact given to the Megaron by a
person called Aisonios. This nodule with its significant inscrip-
tion confirms the position of Midea as a palatial centre in the
Argolid.'
_ w x _ p,
50. Midea, acropolis:
clay nodule with
Linear B inscription
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 27

Dr Schallin reports on work in the Swedish sector in 2001:

'The Swedish team continued field activities on the E side of
Midea. Excavations were carried out in trench 1 on one of the
middle terraces, inside and outside the E gate (trenches 4 and 5),
and in trench 3, situated on a higher level E of the E gate.
The excavation in trench 1 revealed a stratum which contin-
ued all the way down to the bedrock. It is a layer with a com-
pact, clay soil mixed with a tumble of large stones. The nature
of the tumble and the mixed sherds of various dates found with-
in it may suggest that the bedrock depression was filled in and
leveled in one action, perhaps for agricultural purposes. Judging
from the latest dates of the sherds, this must have occurred dur-
ing post-R or post-Byz times.
The E gate has been the focus for investigations previously
but due to the complexity of the construction there are still
many unanswered questions. A ramp or a similar construction
must have existed once outside the entrance, but all traces of it
have eroded away, perhaps with the exception of two worn
stones under the threshold (in situ) and a cut block (not in situ)
found in the center of the trench. In the section of the gate pass-
ing through the citadel wall itself, the Myc floor level was
encountered; the floor was very hard and compact.
Work was also done E of the E gate, at a level where previous
excavations revealed a series of rooms along the interior face of
the fortification wall. Further evidence of such rooms was found,
as well as an earlier construction, the date of which still needs
clarification (Fig. 51, showing two Myc construction phases).'

Nauplion. During excavations in the Parko Staikopoulou, on

the inner, W side of the Venetian fortifications, pavements were
recorded with a pebble surface, probably belonging to the last
period of use of the road and the Land Gate in the 19th Ct AD,
while 15m to the W lay the W apsidal fagade of the gate; imme-
diately to the S was found a stone paved floor, the lowest part
of a built fountain, and two aqueducts providing the fountain
with fresh water. To the S of the Land gate was uncovered part
of the old gate of the Venetian walls, depicted in the unique
etching of Karl von Heideck. It seems that the S internal apsi-
dal entrance of the old gate communicated with the gate itself
through a small postern, and not directly. In the same area was
also located the older phase of a LByz road, which pre-dated the
Venetian walls.
At the junction of Odos 25 Martiou and Odos Polyzoidou
was discovered a built apsidal underground defensive construc-
tion, probably a secret passage running N-S, part of the
Venetian fortifications in the second Venetian occupation, locat-
ed outside the actual walls and along the E sea moat. A similar
passage has been located on the S side of the same moat, N of
the Grimane tower. To the W was recorded the line of the inner,
parallel wall of the Venetian fortifications, with a face on the W.
(ADelt 92-4)
ARKADIA
Asea. Dr Jeannette Fors6n (Swedish Institute) reports on the
2001 season:
'In 2001 fieldwork at Asea Paleokastro was limited to one
week with the purpose of tracing the course of the wall encir-
cling the lower city. The parts of this wall that are closest to the
Paleokastro are visible above ground and had already been
cleaned of vegetation and studied in 2000 (a final report is in
press in Opuscula Atheniensia). In 2001, with the help of geo-
physical methods, our purpose was to trace the course of those
parts of the wall that are covered by a 1-2m thick layer of mod-
ern alluvium, brought to the site by the Alpheios.
51. Midea: area E of east gate
The geophysical survey was conducted in collaboration with
Prof. Papamarinopoulos of the University of Patras, using the
resistivity method. Thirteen tomographical profiles, or pseudo-
sections, were made and in all of them the wall could be seen.
Thus, we have a rough idea of how the lower city wall runs, and
it seems as if the NE edge of the wall is confined by the Panaitsa
ravine. However, a picture of the exact line of the lower city
wall can be obtained only by applying georadar to the site.'
Lousoi. Fieldwork in 2001 was directed byf Veronika
Mitsopoulos-Leon for the Austrian Institute. She reports:
'In the Stadio plot, excavations took place in the area of the
hall, clearing work was conducted around a peripteral temple,
and documentation and measuring work was carried out. In the
Phournoi sector, conservation work was carried out on the
excavated houses. The whole settlement area was subject to a
geological survey.
Several trenches in the area of the hall, which had been
uncovered through clearing the previous year, provided crucial
information about the ground plan and the stratigraphy of the
building and its previous uses. In these trenches, the founda-
tions of the rectangular stoa (65.20 x 12.05m) as well as its
euthynteria (Fig. 52) and, in places, orthostats, were observed.
In the interior a central row of supports divided the building into
two naves; of this, three stone slabs on top of layers of lime-
stone rubble were uncovered at an interaxial distance of 4.50m.
In addition, foundations of an E-W transverse wall became vis-
ible in the N; foundations of a wall running lengthways in the S
were also visible. Thus the stoa's wings probably contained two
closed groups of rooms of about 12m length. On its E side, the
stoa gave onto the slope through a colonnade, framed by return-
ing walls; the latter might correspond in their extent to the
closed interior rooms at the ends of the hall.

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
28 DAVID BLACKMAN
52. Lousoi: stoa foundations
In the S, the hall's foundations were sunk into a packing
comprised of relocated workshop debris (the interior lining of a
kiln destined for the processing of clay or metals) as well as fur-
ther material datable to the 6th to 4th Ct. Remarkable in this con-
text is the find of a clay antefix fragment (Tka 1/01), which on
stylistic grounds is to be dated to the 2nd half of the 6th or early
5th Ct. To the E of the stoa, a workshop of yet undetermined
function, its floor reinforced with tile debris, points to a previ-
ous use, probably connected with the construction of the stoa.
The stoa can be dated to the 3rd or 2nd Ct on the basis of com-
parisons with similar ground plans. What remains remarkable,
however, is the existence of LA artifacts in the area.
Clearing work on a terrace above and SE of the stoa led to
the discovery of a previously unknown temple. An L-shaped
two-faced limestone wall (w. 0.9m) is accompanied, at right
angles, by a broken line of foundations in the form of large
limestone slabs (max. 1.80m2) above layers of limestone rub-
ble. These building remains allow the reconstruction of an E-
facing peripteral temple with a central cella (clear w. 7.90m)
and with a peristasis of six by at least 12 columns (15.70 x
33.40m) at an axial distance of ca 2.93m. The still uncertain
length of the peripteros and its unusual stylobate, which takes
the shape of a broken line of foundations, make a secure dating
impossible, although a connection with the LA antefix cannot
be excluded.
The stoa, the peripteral temple and the area of extended flat
terracing suggest that this area was a public centre of Lousoi,
complementing the extra-urban sanctuary of Artemis ca 1.lkm
NE of the city.
? ^^'^-^'^~,.,
i-t
/
/ /
. - ,-: ~ - ~ . ..vi-'~, \'
V-^^ ** ^~~~~"
1/ % . 2 g ( 4 ' \ \
//
//
/ f //
_ / _1fI/
- f.
IX J - -1; // ,
I' ,
-. . :.
Io' o; "? 1 ? -l 53. Megalopolis: theatre
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The geological evaluation of the settlement area of Lousoi,
finally, attests a high degree of safety and land stability for this
area in particular, in contrast to the areas of the Artemis sanctu-
ary and settlement area in the Phoumoi sector, which are vul-
nerable to landslides.
In the peristyle house of the Phournoi excavation, a stretch
of a N-S wall W of the oikos or bath-building was conserved,
since components of the dry stone wall had begun to slide off
through weather-related erosion. The stones were removed,
cleaned and placed back, bound with sieved earth; those stones
that had already fallen off the uppermost layer were replaced.
The plots of land in the Stadio area that had been bought the
previous year were fenced off around the stoa and around the
temple. The information boards that had been erected in the
Phouroi sector and in the Artemis sanctuary were replaced
with weather-resistant vinyl boards.'
Megalopolis. During restoration work at the anc. theatre, a
number of archaeological investigations were conducted for the
final clarification of certain architectural details, and especially
the form of the two retaining walls of the koilon, preserved to a
considerable height (E: 7.25-8.70m, W: 6.65-9.50m). It seems
that the E retaining wall, with a total length of 65m, was built
in the rectangular isodomic masonry system, which added to the
stability of the wall. This system first appeared in Greece in
defensive works of the 2nd quarter of the 4th Ct BC, and was ini-
tiated by the Theban general Epa-meinondas. Short spur walls
were anchored to this wall as buttresses, at regular intervals of
3.20m, while from a certain point westwards, where the retain-
ing wall receives the greatest pressure from the hill behind, a
second wall, 12.40m in length, ran parallel to the main wall,
doubling its thickness to 4m (Fig. 53). The two walls were
joined by short cross walls, creating compartments which were
filled with earth. A similar device was used in the Messene for-
tification walls, and especially in the section dated in the late
4th-early 3rd Ct BC. To the N of the E retaining wall were also
discovered the remains of a rectangular underground tower, a
sort of underground support for the main wall, similar to those
recorded at the Dodona theatre (297-272 BC). The tower post-
dated the construction of the retaining wall, and may possibly
be associated with the stay in the city of Pyrrhos, king of Epiros,
during 273 BC. The W retaining wall was also provided with a
second wall, running along its inner face. The skenotheke build-
ing was apparently lacking foundations, and the walls were
coated with lime plaster; its W wall is preserved to a height of
3.90m, and its N wall to a height of 3.48m. In the area of the E
parodos was discovered for the first time part of a
clay rectangular water channel, probably chan-
nelling water from the E to the main orchestra drain;
it is preserved for a length of 13m. It has been estab-
lished that the Megalopolis theatre was one of the
"\\ Gfirst public monuments to be erected immediately
\ after the foundation of the city, at the beginning of
x \\\ the 370s, and one of the first theatres in Greece to
\ use a circular plan for the koilon and the orchestra.
\\ The construction of the retaining walls belongs to
\\ \ the 2nd half of the 4th Ct BC. (ADelt 137-44)
\\ \
\\_ -? -4' Palaiochori Kynourias. Investigation of the Myc
I' tombs at Mikre Tourla has proved that the five
,n ',~J funerary structures were not true tholoi, but rather
I ~^ < ~built, corbelled tombs of LH IIIA -IIIB2 date.
:-. . . Tomb 1, the largest in the group, had an ellipsoidal
plan; within it was a pit containing burnt earth and
lined with slabs, probably not an original feature.

TAoTr I
J. I
TAoOI .
eC - *- IAOOI 3
,.
Immmmmmmmmmm
0 I p
T AC0.E
The tomb lacked a canonical dromos, and was provided with
only a basic entrance, originally blocked with a dry stone wall.
Tomb 5 was of similar size and shape, while the others were
smaller versions of the same type (Figs. 54-55). (ADelt 135-7)
Skortsinos. In the 'Troupitses' cave at the site of Potami, a N
deposit was identified covering the floor of one of the cham-
bers, with pottery and fragments of bone and stone tools of the
same period. In the surrounding area sherds and obsidian frag-
ments were collected on the surface. (ADelt 150)
LAKONIA
Alepochori. Kouveleike cave 1. E. Stravopodi (EPS) reports
on the fifth and sixth seasons of work (1995-1996). In the outer
chamber of the cave, excavation of trenches A5, B2, F2, and A2
was completed, and study of the stratigraphy was undertaken.
Trench AS: two layers were excavated, a brown-yellowish
brown and an ashy layer, encountered also in previous seasons.
Pottery was found in quantity, while lithics and organic materi-
al were very sparse. At a depth of 0.45m the deposit was a mix-
ture of brown-red sediment overlying a layer of pure ash rich in
fine pottery. A pit found in the NE part of the trench contained
stones, animal bones, and abundant ceramic finds.
Trench F2: the deposits here followed the sequence estab-
lished in trench A5. Its W section was characterized by a pletho-
ra of anthropological remains contained in earliest cultural
horizon lying on the cave floor. Whether the deposit was in situ
or secondary was not yet clear.
Trench A2 exhibited the same succession of deposits as F2,
and the basal reddish material had apparently been redeposited.
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 29
54. & 55. Palaiochori Kynourias: o l,
Mycenaean tombs
Finds were heavily eroded and bones had become petrified.
In trench B2 the brownish grey layer contained plenty of pot-
tery, obsidian artefacts and a concentration of shells.
Stratigraphic sections of B2-B3, A5, A4- A5, B2- A2, F2-
F3, and A3-A4 were studied and drawn. C14 samples from the
ashy layers were submitted to 'Demokritos' for dating. Previous
C14 samples for the 0.5m depth had provided LN and FN dates.
(ADelt 710-11)
Kouveleike cave 2. Excavation continued in the 1995-1996
seasons in six trenches (Chr. Kontaxi, EPS). The aims were to
investigate the area near the cave entrance where undisturbed N
levels had previously been located; to continue excavation of
the section (4,30) where a human skeleton had been partly
unearthed; and to carry out a study of vertical stratigraphy in the
excavated trenches.
In trench 5,30 a brown layer represented the main occupa-
tion horizon of the cave. It was rich in pottery, mainly coarse-
ware, with impressed and plastic decorative motifs. Among the
stone tools recovered were hand-axes, grinders and pounders,
whereas the assemblage of knapped tools comprised almost
exclusively obsidian artefacts (flakes, side-retouched blades,
projectile points, etc.) and only two flint specimens. Faunal
remains included bones of domestic animals and horns; a frag-
ment of a human skull and a jaw with teeth still in place were
collected. The natural cave floor was reached at 1.87m to 2.1 Om
in trenches 5,40 and 4,30.
In the west part of trench 3,30 a loose reddish deposit was
found confined within a circular arrangement of stones contain-
ing a fragmentary pithoid vessel. As the familiar brown deposit
was dug out, a complete contracted skeleton was exposed lying
in a shallow pit dug into the bedrock. The stone feature was
apparently associated with the burial, as the head of the dead
was placed right beneath it.
Archaeological evidence to date reflects domestic and eco-
nomic activities on a seasonal base in the cave during the FN,
as was confirmed by radiocarbon dates (4231 -3799 BC).
Parallel to the excavation are ongoing sedimentological
studies, analyses of skeletal material and palaeodiet, chemical
analyses of pottery, and sourcing of raw materials. (ADelt
711-12)
Areopolis. Kalamakia cave. A. Darlas and H. de Lumley
report on the fourth season of the collaborative excavation pro-
gramme of the University of Athens and the French School. The
cave was used during the MPal period (l00,000-40,000BP) by
the Neanderthals of Mani.
30 DAVID BLACKMAN
",,,2 : MH and PG to the HL/ER periods (1st Ct BC).
"-a ~ . ' >inhabited, and to the latest, HL/ER phase of habita-
56. Geraki: Hellenistic building
Excavation in 1996 was carried out in two levels formed by
erosion of the original surface of the cave deposits. In the upper
level excavation reached a depth of 2.05m below level 0 (grid
level). Two occupation surfaces, poor in artefacts, were identi-
fied, apparently representing two short-lived occupation events.
At the W edge of the trench a circular stone structure was
exposed (di. 0.40-0.50m).
In the lower level excavation reached -3.45m. A number of
successive ash layers were removed from the location right
under the arch of the cave roof, where Pal cave-dwellers would
choose to install their fires.
Of the recovered archaeological remains, the majority of
animal bones-mostly fragmented and burnt-belong to herbi-
vore species; the predominance of Dama Dama and Capra Ibex
reflects the practice of selective hunting. Sieving yielded bones
of small vertebrates (birds, rodents, snakes, etc.) which are not
related to human activity but provide information about the cli-
mate and environment at that time. High quality Mousterian
tools made from flint, quartz and andesite were found along
with poorer quality tools made from the local limestone.
In addition to the excavation, T. Chatzitheodorou undertook
detailed plotting of the seabed of the Oitylon Bay in order to
reconstruct the physical setting of the cave in the last Ice Age.
Kalamakia would have overlooked a wide coastal plain that is
today the bay at a considerably higher elevation above sea level.
Archaeologist-diver C. Agouridis directed an underwater inves-
tigation of the slopes of the bay. The aim was to locate sub-
merged caves in the vicinity. Two small caves were found
which, however, do not preserve early deposits. (ADelt 721-2)
A conference was held at Areopolis in August 2001 on
Kalamakia and other caves in Mani.
Amyklai. A row of 12 tombs of PG date was investigated in the
area of Sklavochori, including two pithos burials, one pot-bur-
ial, four cist tombs and five simple pit-graves. In the same gen-
eral area was discovered a hut-shaped grave, without funeral
offerings. (ADelt 129-31)
Geraki (anc. Geronthrai). Joost Crouwel and Mieke Prent
(Netherlands Institute) report on the seventh season of archaeo-
logical investigation by the University of Amsterdam:
'In the summer of 2001, a fourth excavation campaign took
place on the summit of the acropolis of Geraki. (For prelimi-
nary reports see Pharos, 1995-2000).
The 2001 season was dedicated to systematic excavations in
field 17 on the NW part of the summit. New trenches were
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
opened in area I, in the W part of this field and in
area II, on the E side. Both areas have been under
investigation since 1997 and have yielded evidence
for human activities dating from the FN, the EH II,
Extensive, well-preserved architectural remains
9?O0 belong to the EH II period, when most of the forti-
fled summit of the acropolis seems to have been
tion.
The HL building in area I can now be seen to
have 10 or more rooms and to cover an area of at
least 27 x 12m (Fig. 56). To the E the continuation
of its S facade was traced (wall 1), which here bor-
ders an open area or (unpaved) court associated with
the building. The room W of the court was provided
with an entrance from the street. Although we
opened up a relatively large area, the W and E
perimeter of the HL building have yet to be defined.
An interesting result of this year's excavation in
area I is the new evidence for the chronology and function of
several of the HL rooms and the discovery of a pre-HL building
phase below the court area. From the NW room evidence for at
least two destructions was obtained. An earlier destruction,
which could only be partially explored, seems to have been
accompanied by fire. The last destruction was probably of a
gradual nature and presented itself in the form of a thick layer
of fallen roof-tiles. Several of these were impressed with a
stamp showing the so-called dokana, symbol of the Dioskouroi.
Judging by the fact that the upper, earthen floor had almost
entirely eroded away, the building was abandoned some time
before the collapse of the roof. Indications for the final use of
this room and the date of its abandonment are provided by the
scattered remains of a drinking set, which had been left behind
in a cupboard or on a shelf. This set consisted of a krater (a pos-
sible 'Plakettenvase') and a series of locally made drinking
cups. In the room immediately to the E, half of which had
already been excavated in 2000, more evidence for metalwork-
ing was found, including what may be the foundations of a fur-
nace or kiln.
In the area of the courtyard, the upper layers of which had
been severely affected by erosion, evidence came to light of ear-
lier, pre-HL construction. Two neatly built walls, 10 and 12,
were found at a lower level and have a slightly different align-
ment from the walls of the HL building. An associated destruc-
tion layer contained some fallen tiles, unburned mud-bricks, a
finely carved bone or ivory head of a duck (Fig. 57), probably
an inlay of a wooden object. The pottery suggests a late A or
early C date.
This building had been founded on the levelled remains of a
much earlier structure, whose existence is indicated by wall 26
(w. im). Associated with the latter was a layer with burnt mud-
57. Geraki: bone or ivory duck-head
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 31

brick. Because of the levelling operations preceding the con-

struction of walls 10 and 12, not much of this burned destruction
deposit was left intact, but it contained enough pottery to assign C; C-`

it a date in the late EH II period (contemporary with Lerna IIIC). '

It is possible that wall 26 belonged to the same complex as the

7
storeroom with large pithos, burned sealings and seeds that were
discovered in a test trench in 1997 ca 13m to the W.
4_'
Of no less interest was the discovery of an E-W wall ca
1.20m N of wall 26.This is a double wall, at least im wide, with
an inner core of rubble, and may have served as a fortification
wall. Since the wall was found on the last day of the excavation,
its construction date could not be firmly established. It seems,
however, to have been in use (or reuse) in the late A/early C
period. C. , ,X
In area II, attention was focused on the EH II complex, parts
of which had been uncovered in 1999 and 2000 (see AR K < , ', . <? g
t*4 <I
2000-01, 33 fig. 61). This consists of a megalithic, double wall,
with a thick intermediate fill of rubble and at least one case-
mate-like room, and a N-S cross wall which is 0.80m wide.
This year the W continuation of the megalithic fortification wall
was found and also the W part of the casemate. The latter yield-
ed the lower half of a large pithos and more burned sealings.
Last year, parts of two to three pithoi, burned sealings and seeds
had been found here.
Excavation in area II also produced important new evidence 58. Gytheion: late Roman house

for occupation in the MH period. From the amount of erosion it

still seems that the summit of the acropolis remained abandoned
for some time after fire destruction of the late EH II period, but
there is now evidence for the (partial) rebuilding of the fortifi-
cation wall in MH. Whether this MH wall, which is much less
massive than its precursor, also served defensive purposes or
functioned primarily as a retaining or terrace wall, is as yet
unclear. A second phase of rebuilding of the acropolis wall, on
a line N of the EH II/MH construction but S of the HL wall,
may be assigned to the A or EC period on the evidence of the
associated pottery.'

Gounare Lakedaimonos. Sections of four walls belonging to

two architectural phases were excavated ca 4km S of mod.
Sparta. (ADelt 129)

Gytheion. At the junction of Odos Mikras Asias and Poly-

deukous were excavated parts of a LR house, including two
rooms and an atrium with floor mosaics, as well as a row of ntal attrition.: late R anil bones bore le e e of pho

ECh built cist-tombs (Fig. 58). The floor mosaics, dating from
the late 3rd-early 4th Ct AD, preserved only geometric designs,
while the one in the atrium was apparently associated with a
built cistern (impluvium), and a system of two drains; with this
open air space was also related a built structure, possibly a
drain, in the N sector of the plot. The 14 ECh cist tombs were
located in the W part of the plot. (ADelt 133-5)
A. Papathanassiou (EPS) reports on the preliminary study of
the skeletal material recovered from the 14 ECh built cist-
graves found in the P. Tsirivakos plot at the junction of M. Asias
and Polydeukous. The study was aimed at determining the min-
imum number of individuals in the sample; their age, sex, and
height; and any pathological alterations of the bones.
However, the overall poor preservation of the material, the frag-
mented state of long bones and lack of complete skulls, maxil-
lae and other diagnostic bones, as well as the scarcity of teeth in
the assemblage, inhibited the precise determination of the above
parameters. Out of a total of 35, gender determination was pos-
sible for 17 individuals, 10 male and 7 female; 30 adults over
the age of 18 and 5 individuals under the age of 10 are repre-
sented in the sample; height was estimated, at 1.60m, for only
one individual, probably female.
lems, largeily relating to dental health. Tooth decay, indicating
diet rich in vegetable carbohydrates, was quite common, as was
dental attrition. Metacranial bones bore little evidence of patho-
logical conditions; several cases of minor arthritis and tendon
ossification identified in patellae and phalanges were attributed
to increased physical activity of the individuals.
An evaluation of the analysed data may be summarized as
ollows: only part of the population is represented in the sam-on
ple, specifically adults of possibly at o pslhigh social status, judging
fromlin the carefullyassae constructed graves, the absence of children,
and the generally good state of health suggested in the sample.
The absence of skulls and the multiple burials can be explained
in th e context of buria cus ndtoms. (AD elt 719-21) r
Kouphovouno. W.G. Cavanagh, C.B. Mee (BSA) and J.
Renard (French School) report on the 2001 season of trial exca-
vations:
'Following the surface reconnaissance and coring in 1999
(AR 1999-2000, 40), the trial excavations this year set out with
a number of specific objectives in mind: to confirm the chrono-

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
32 DAVID BLACKMAN
ii*l.na? I
" 9:::
I
I in the NE sector. The earliest remains were first revealed in the
I of a MN building destroyed by fire. In addition to the burnt
Q ' - Q
59. Kouphovouno: Middle Helladic spearhead
logical range and stratigraphical sequence covering the
MN-EBA periods; to investigate the architectural features and
refine our excavation strategy and methodology; to set up and
test in the field sampling procedures and sampling strategies; to
explore the site in advance of the purchase of land for the full
excavation seasons. To these ends four 5 x 5m areas were
explored.
Area C: immediately below the plough zone a number of dis-
tinct contexts were revealed, ranging in date from MN to MH.
In the NW and SE sectors were areas of burnt mud-brick/pise,
60. Kouphovouno, area B: crouched burial
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
whilst a large mass of cobbles and stones extended over much
of the W and S. A grave on the SE side lay entirely within the
top 20 cm. This skeleton was accompanied by a MH shoe-sock-
eted spearhead (Fig. 59) and a MH cup. A second burial,
accompanied by a spindle whorl and a MH jug, was uncovered
NW sector, and then found to extend over the whole W side and
into a good part of the centre. Here we seem to have the remains
mud-brick/pis6, a burnt clay floor was uncovered. The 1999
core 1 indicated a depth of archaeological sediment here reach-
ing 2.65m. This considerable depth of MN stratigraphy holds
out great promise for future excavation.
Area B: below the disturbed plough zone were revealed sev-
eral of the 'stone platforms' or cobbled features which are so
characteristic of the site. Two burials were the latest features of
archaeological interest: to the N was the remains of a pit grave
cut partly into one of the 'stone platforms': the inhumation was
in a crouched posture and a clay spindle-whorl was found
pressed into the jaw; at the S end of area B a second crouched
burial lay in a cist grave, probably of MH date (Fig. 60). The
stone cobble feature in the NW sector of the trench was sec-
tioned: it measured just under 2 m SW-NE and at least 3.3
SE-NW. The pottery included both FN and EH II. A trial in the
SW sector of area B revealed two smaller, more discrete, stone
piles, roughly circular in form, measuring 0.7 m across and up
to 0.35 m high (stone supports for wooden flooring?).
Area A: immediately below the plough soil appeared a
'stone-platform' feature extending roughly 3.4 m N-S and 3.6
m E-W. This was set in a much cleaner, yellow clay matrix con-
taining just a few stones, evidently decayed mud-brick. Near
the E edge, a skeleton was discovered, lying in a grave bound-
ed to the E by a line of stones. A pair of copper alloy tweezers,
of a type common throughout the BA, accompanied the burial.
It was decided to excavate this 'stone platform' in quadrants,
allowing E-W and N-S sections to be reconstructed. The stone
fill was of very loose rubble, consisting of cobbles, earth and a
large number of sherds (as well as animal bones, stone tools and
other finds); this had been dumped into a pit cut into the earlier
levels. The fill (and the pit into which it had been deposited)
was much deeper than the features excavated in area B, and
excavation suggested that originally at least 7m3 of material
were dumped here. The pottery was predominantly EH II with
some EH I and Neolithic. The feature may have served as a
quarry for building materials (e.g. clay), and have been filled to
level the site. Thus the 'stone platforms' can vary considerably
from one example to another.
Area D: this area proved one of the more difficult to exca-
vate. Below topsoil two major stone features were distinguished:
a 'stone platform' made up of smaller cobbles to the S, similar
to the 'stone platforms' in area B, and a zone of what looked like
stone tumble, made up of rather larger stones, in the NW sector.
Eventually an infant inhumation was found near the NW comer,
nestling among the stones, and then, a little further S, the top of
a human skull indicated another burial. It is possible that this is
a funerary complex, part of a cairn or tumulus, but further exca-
vation is required to clarify this puzzling feature.
Preliminary analysis of the finds: the pottery (CBM, I.
Whitbread, N. Brodie) includes MN patterned and monochrome
Urfiris, scribble-burnished, LN and FN coarse wares, black-
burished and grey wares, (probably) EH I red-slipped, impor-
tant deposits of EH II (sauceboats, Urfirnis, etc.). MH pottery
(but no distinctively EH III) has also been identified. Samples
have been selected for residue analysis (A. Roumpou). Flint
and obsidian tools (A. Karabatsoli) indicated primary as well as
secondary working. Other studies in progress: the human bones
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 33

(A. Lagia), archaeobotanical (P. Marinval and F.

Megaloudi), animal bones (A. Gardeisen), ground
stone (Y. Le Mezo), and P. James and M. Kousou-
lakou have continued the geomorphological and soil
studies.'

Kokkinorrache Spartes. On the national road from

Sparta to Tripolis were discovered architectural
remains, including the destruction deposit of a
building, which, judging by the pottery finds, date
from the LA to LC period. (ADelt 127-8)

Leuke Anogeion. Three cist-tombs of late antiquity

were recorded in the area of the Zoodochou Peges
church. (ADelt 128)

Lykovounos. Excavations were carried out by the

5th EBA in 1996 at the important LByz church of
Agios Georgios, mentioned in a chrysobull of
Andronikos II (d. 1328). The foundations indicate
that this was a regular structure with tripartite sanc-
tuary, but with a large apses on N and S sides of the
nave-a Post-Byz feature (Fig. 61). There are traces
of four piers that would have supported the roof; a
small narthex is also evident. Part of the foundations
of the altar table were also found. The church's opus
sectile floors in the nave and narthex are particular-
ly impressive, with the traditional 'five loaves' motif
of interlocking circles (11th-12th Ct ). These indicate
a high level of patronage, and can be compared with
some of the best extant work of the MByz period.
Marble relief sculptures were also found on the site. 61. Lyko vounos: church of Agios Georgios
Wall-painting fragments are dated to the 13th Ct AD.
One coin was found, of Manuel I (d. 1180). (ADelt 175-80)
Byz churches identified include: the church of the Analepsis
at Longkanikos, a single-aisle structure with rough masonry,
except for cloisonn6 work on the apse (ADelt 159). At Neos
Mystras, the church of Agios Ioannis o Theologos at the Boubali
site has been declared an ancient monument, including a crypt
well incorporating part of a R carved sarcophagus. (ADelt 159)
Magoula Spartes. In the general area of Magoula a number of
architectural features were excavated, including part of a large
built drain (w. 15.50m), running NE-SW and probably associ-
ated with the Arapissa baths, remains of which lie very close to
the NW; part of a rectangular cistern; sections of a HL/LHL
wall, serving as the limit of an open area; part of an EByz wall
at the site of Aeras; and finally, sections of walls and a sloping
floor, covered with waterproof plaster, possibly a wine-press or
a water reservoir, at the site of Kokkineika. (ADelt 125-7)
Pellana. Dr Th. Spyropoulos claims to have found the Palace of
Menelaos, with a 14 x 32m building (Greek press, 12 March
2002).
Riviotissa Spartes. Brief excavations in the area revealed part
of a clay drain of HL-LHL date, and part of a wall, probably a
peribolos. (ADelt 128)
Riza. Remains of a LR farm were unearthed in the area, includ-
ing the destruction deposit of the building, fragments of storage
pithoi and other pottery (pottery with 'square rouletting [cog-
ging]' type decoration, plates of African red slip ware, with
grille patterns, etc.), dating from the 4th-6th Cts AD. Earlier HL
pottery recorded in the area is not directly related to the actual
building. (ADelt 131-2)
Sparta. In 1996, 23 rescue excavations were conducted in the
mod. town, the majority involving architectural material of var-
ious phases, ranging from the HL to the R period.
Remains of two architectural phases, the earlier one HL,
were discovered in Odos Archidamou, in the NW part of the
plot. To this phase belonged the destruction deposit of a build-
ing, including part of a stone paved floor, with a storage pithos
set in it, fragments of mould-made figurines and moulds, part of
a small plastered cistern nearby, and finally, a clay larax-like
vessel, in situ to its E. The finds suggest workshop activity in
the area, probably a potter's workshop. (ADelt 103-5)
In Odos Triakosion were investigated the remains of a LR
bathhouse, of the 3rd-4th Cts AD, including the praefurnium of
a hypocaust, sections of plastered floors, coated with water-
proof plaster, a built drain and a well. (ADelt 121-3)
In Odos Staufert, antiquities were discovered in three sepa-
rate plots. Successive architectural phases, mostly sections of
walls, ranging from the A to the R period, included an open air
space and a well of HL-R date, in the NW part of the first plot.
(ADelt 101-3)
In the second plot were investigated part of a trodden earth
floor, with a storage pithos set in it, as well as the remains of a
structure of an earlier phase, in the SW part of the area. In the
SE sector was discovered part of a destroyed road surface of
trodden earth and gravel, running SE-NW, lined by a clay
drain; the associated pottery was of R date. (ADelt 105)
Finally, in the third plot, a number of features were record-
ed, including an apothetes containing 800 clay figurines, of var-
ious types, and an inscribed Laconian relief, sections of walls of
two phases, dating from the C to the HL periods, and a G bur-
ial, below the apothetes, discovered under a stone pile and a
stone slab of trapezoidal shape. E of the apothetes part of a road
was recorded, running N-S. (ADelt 123-5)

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
34 DAVID BLACKMAN
\\
u-"- E
I xd
l geometric decorations; the central scene is not preserved. All
l '0 i l
62. Sparta, Odos Thermopylon: Roman villa
Architectural remains of various phases were recorded in a
number of plots of the mod. city. In Odos Gitiada they includ-
ed part of a roofed space, in the N part of the plot, with three
circular structures, probably serving as bases for pillars or
wooden posts; the pottery ranged from the A to the R periods.
(ADelt 105-6)
In Odos Leonidou the excavated remains included a built
drain of ER date, judging by the base of a W sigillata pot sealed
with planta pedis, an apothetes of A date, and fragmentary
architectural elements dating from the LHL/ER period, which
have apparently destroyed most traces of the earlier phases,
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
especially the A, and which confirm the evidence for an exten-
sive re-organization of the city during the 1st Ct BC. The pottery
collected includes a large quantity of material of the ER period
in the upper levels, while the lower levels include pottery as
early as the LG period. (ADelt 107-8)
In Odos Triakosion 80, architectural remains of at least
three different construction phases, ranging from the HL to the
MByz period, also confirm the dense occupation of the area
around the anc. acropolis in all periods until the establishment
of Mystras as the administrative centre of Lacedaimon. The
upper levels included MByz architectural remains, mainly lying
over earlier buildings of LR date. To the second phase belong
remains testifying to successive repairs and modifications
throughout the R and possibly LR period, while to the third
phase can be assigned only fragmentary walls of the HL period.
The wealth of the portable finds and other factors, such as an
Antonine inscription incorporated in one of the walls, suggests
that these were probably important buildings of C and R Sparta,
almost completely destroyed in MByz times. (ADelt 109-11)
More architectural remains of the ER and LR periods were
investigated at the junction of Odos Klearchou and
Triakosion, including an enclosed rectangular space, part of a
larger building complex of the LR period, extending to the
NNW (coins), and a LHL apothetes. Remains of an earlier
building phase were also located, mostly walls, part of a clay-
slab floor, and pottery generally of R date, possibly ER. To
judge by fragmentary architectural members discovered in the
area (Doric capital, fragments of marble wall veneer, etc.) the
building involved was probably monumental in character.
(ADelt 114-16)
Finally, in Odos Thermopylon were excavated four rooms,
part of a R villa, with interesting floor mosaics of EByz date
(Fig. 62). Three of the rooms (A, F, A) preserved sections of
mosaics with geometric motifs, while the fourth, room B, pre-
served part of a composition involving a fish, a female figure
reclining on a couch eating grapes, and a Cupid standing on a
dolphin and fishing, in addition to floral motifs and the usual
the mosaics were of good quality, with rich colours, including
black, white, red, blue, green and yellow, and can be dated to
the 2nd half of the 3rd Ct AD. (ADelt 116-18)
Very fragmentary sections of walls and drains or wells of
HL/R date were also recorded at the junction of Odos
Mykenon and Gitiada, in Terma odou Dioskouron (three LR
rooms, the base of a perirrhanterion, and a relief with a repre-
sentation of Herakles), in Odos Palaiologou, in Odos
Menelaou, in Odos Orthias Artemidos, and in Odos
Leonidou. (ADelt 111-12, 118-20, 120, 123). In Odos Letous
remains of walls of the Byz era were investigated.
Funerary remains were excavated in a relatively small num-
ber of plots. Part of an extensive R cemetery was investigated
in two plots in Odos Byzantiou, to the W of the mod. town,
including 25 new tombs (2 hut-shaped, 5 tile-roofed, 2 pits, 15
built cist tombs, with or without plastered interior, 1 pot burial),
13 of which were arranged in three rows of four, five and four
tombs respectively. (ADelt 113-14, 120-1)
Architectural remains and five tile-roofed, hut-shaped
tombs, without funeral offerings (and hence probably of Ch
date), were recorded in Odos Gortsologou. (ADelt 112-13)
Sparta Basilica Project. Rebecca Sweetman (BSA) reports:
'Work continued in June 2001 with the second season of the
Sparta Basilica Project directed by Ms E. Katsara of the EBA
and Dr R. Sweetman of the BSA. During the first'season clean-
ing work had concentrated on the basilica proper and the pri-
mary architectural work had focused on the execution of an

accurate ground plan and drawing the stone by stone elevations
of the main monument. During the second season, the cleaning
work was concentrated on the W building complex and the
architectural focus was on the creation of sections through the
entire basilica complex and the formation of possible recon-
structions.
Cleaning was begun in the western area of the W complex in
order to define the location of its walls. Once it was exposed our
suspicions were confirmed that there were further connected
buildings to the W. The exact nature of the relationship of these
rooms to the W building is, however, as yet unclear. Previously
unrecorded walls and doorways were also exposed and were
added to the 2000 plan of the basilica complex.
Some further cleaning work was undertaken in the nave and
the apse in order to define the area of the potential ambo and
plan the floor contexts at a scale of 1:20. Although poorly pre-
served, it seems likely, on the basis of its position in the centre
of the nave and its shape (round with straight edges on the E and
W), that we have evidence for a walk-up, walk-down ambo
(Fig. 63) which has a number of parallels in Greece. Plans, ele-
vations and photographs were prepared in the newly cleaned
areas and a spatial analysis of the building in terms of the room
function and status was begun.
The focus of the survey and architectural work in the second
season was on completing the plan of the W building, as many
of its walls had been newly exposed. Consequently we have
completed the plan of the entire basilica and W building com-
plex. Additionally, around 20 architectural sections were taken
through the basilica and W complex in order to provide as many
topographical views of the entire complex as possible while
providing an active tool for creating possible reconstructions of
the basilica. To this end a more detailed study of the doorways,
load-bearing walls and fallen masonry was undertaken to ascer-
tain how the basilica may have been roofed. Several models are
feasible and the architect, Nigel McGuirk, is currently produc-
ing these images. We were also able to make some refinements
to architectural phasing, initially suggested after the first sea-
son, which have now been incorporated into the state plan of the
entire complex.
A new program of geophysical survey was undertaken by
Michael Boyd in order to help place the basilica within the con-
text of other architectural remains on the acropolis. Among
other features the plan of a large building of Byz date has been
revealed to the NE of the basilica.
As a result of our study of the architecture and its phases we
are fairly convinced that the basilica should be dated to the
EByz period, probably the late 6th Ct. However, there are some
architectural anomalies for a building of this period. Our pre-
liminary studies and reconstructions show that there is likely to
have been a dome over the bema area and the chunks of mason-
ry indicate that there may have been half-domes over the pro-
truding apses of the E wing. The use of domes at this early peri-
od is unusual where pitched roofs are far more common; how-
ever, there is a close parallel for the design in the basilica of
Ayia Sofia in Korone. Given the innovative designs of the
acropolis basilica at such an early point in the development of
Byz church architecture in Greece, perhaps we could go as far
as to say that its construction marks a turning point in Byz
church architecture.'
Stoa. In 2001 a detailed examination of pottery excavated by
Professors Waywell and Wilkes from the R stoa in Sparta
between 1988 and 1991 was undertaken by Clare Pickersgill
and Paul Roberts. Pickersgill reports:
' On advice from the excavators the remaining contexts, not
previously examined by Bailey (BSA 1993), were analysed in
the light of new evidence obtained last year from the local
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 35
63. Sparta basilica: site of ambo
coarse pottery excavated from the Roman Theatre in 1997 and
1998. The coarse wares confirm Bailey's suggested construc-
tion date for the stoa of early-mid 2nd Ct AD. The material also
reveals the later history of this part of the stoa. The stoa in the
LR period shows a similar usage to the theatre in the same peri-
od, namely the dumping of material or as an area of habitation.
This suggests that this part of the stoa was re-used from the late
4th or early 5th Ct, and indicates that the building probably had
no further public role. Some pottery from excavations under-
taken by the Ephorate was looked at for the essential compara-
nda. The following is a summary of the pottery results of this
year's work and how it has expanded our knowledge of the pot-
tery of Sparta.
Imports: the latest piece of African red slip ware (ARS)
found so far was recorded, Hayes form 99, postdating AD 470.
More Phocaean red slip ware (PRS) forms were also recorded,
which is significant given the importance of PRS only after the
major interruption of ARS imports in most of the Mediterranean
in about AD 430. These imports, therefore, postdate Alaric's
invasion of Sparta in AD 396, showing continuity in trade and
market systems although possibly on a reduced level.
Locally produced pottery: the form series of the previously
unidentified LR gouged ware, produced in Sparta and not found
in Corinth or Athens, was expanded and the first example of an
open form was recorded. This was a bowl, which was a copy of
Hayes form 53A, dating to the early 5th Ct. There was also a
complete example of a gouged ware flagon, the shape and dec-
oration of which would date it to the late 6th Ct, and so later than
most gouged ware examined so far. More forms of wares with
cogged and rouletted decoration were also recorded including
some narrow-necked vessels and small lids which accompany
them. There were more examples of local imitations of ARS
including some stamped pieces. New forms of red painted ware
were recognized including a near complete local two-handled
LR amphora. It is now clear that the red painted ware is com-
mon in Sparta in the LR period but is not found in any quantity
in Corinth or Athens. It is in fact similar to pottery found in S
and Adriatic Italy at the same period. Finally, many late lamps
were recorded of which most appear to be local with one possi-
ble Athenian lamp. This fits with Bailey's identification of
Athenian lamps from the stoa.
Local and imported coarse ware: the form series of coarse
wares was expanded considerably and the chronology was
sharpened especially with regard to flagons, bowls, and cooking
pots. More examples of imported cooking pots from the Aegean
were found, which again expanded the form series, and
strengthened still further the apparent links with trade routes
between Adriatic Italy and the East.
36 DAVID BLACKMAN

AICEIRI
'Continuing the excavations of
lagCplan des sildichen Sladtbericchc previous years, the building on the
Stand 2001
.,~\ "Solon plot was further examined in
gcz.: ;. l lstater Nov. 2XI1)
.-J..... \ ~ six trenches in 2001. Outside walls
-, were established over long stretches
/
so that the building's ground plan
j, emerges clearly: it is a rectangular
i , '/ ~building 17.70 x 14.60m (260m2)
tTiD htr /" divided into three E-W room axes.
[' : SF - In the central axis a large andron is
"....... .. .---
. ' ' -- '
!.
.-Y ..../ reached via a courtyard on the W
/ ',,, / and an antechamber. The function of
the remaining, mostly small, rooms
i //',/ of the S and N axes cannot yet be
,:' / determined with certainty, owing to
--?-
. -
/ /
'"
_ // //A j the bad state of preservation and as
, - / yet incomplete excavation.
,/' , ! Most important is a bathing room
.,' y ~by.annich,c' LeianS (3.50 x 2.70m), in the S of the area
'~:'
/ >'" -.'"-'X
s ./
,..^- '., ,, ."'"
S ; ---' ...:rA///,
/.
! *, '.
t. , " under investigation (Fig. 65). The
room is laid with opus spicatum and
has at its W wall a row of four hip-
baths, of which three are preserved
in situ. Each bath tub, measuring
1.20 x 0.70m, was built of broken
tile, its bottom and stepped seat
were made from pebbles mixed with
mortar, and a scooping basin of
-'.,''....../ """' , /"' solid limestone was set into the bot-

7.F tom. Even if the building displays

strong affinities to houses in
planned 4th-Ct cities in the NW Gr
area, it is remarkable that the defin-
. i ,

ing oikos is missing. Instead, the

/ . . '--' ;!-
.( lcn ( \'; )w
l,. _ ;., . ..
64. Aigeira: site
Amphoras: once again few imports were noted with the
majority dating to the early Imperial period. This is in contrast
with coastal sites such as Athens and Corinth which have a
much greater quantity of amphora finds.
Fabrics: this year the fabric series was expanded, and an
examination was made of all samples by eye. This includes the
colour of break and surface, hardness and a description of inclu-
sions. At least one clay source seems to have been common to all
periods and it is hoped that further analysis may reveal how pro-
portions of inclusions within the same fabric may vary in differ-
ent periods and could therefore be a possible indication of date.
Next year it is planned that samples will be taken from Greece so
that chemical/petrological analysis can be carried out.'
ACHAIA
Aigeira. Archaeological investigations in 2001, directed by
Georg Ladstatter for the Austrian Institute, included the exca-
vation of the LC 'banqueting house' on the Solon plot, a re-
excavation on the acropolis, and a measured survey of architec-
tural remains of the city walls in connection with a geological
evaluation of the terrain (Fig. 64). He reports:
bathing room with four tubs and the
/>~. ~ andron with a maximum of 11 klinai
zL\ 'suggests a public, official function,
;- such as a hostel or a club house.
The erection of this 'banqueting
i, . o . " house' continues to be dated to the
mid-4th Ct on the basis of the stylis-
tic assessment of the andron's peb-
ble mosaic, the remains of which
were cleaned and consolidated in 2001 by conservators of the
Patras Ephorate. Among the 2nd-Ct modifications and repairs
that can be observed is a still unexplained pool structure that
was installed in the S part of the bathing room.
Following the recording of remains of a fortification wall
SW of the acropolis in 2000, further parts of the walls were
observed and examined on the E and N in 2001, so that it can
be assumed that a circuit wall once enclosed the enlarged acrop-
olis area. This is a double-faced construction with massive fill-
ing; its outer face is characterized by conglomerate blocks with
a pseudo-polygonal cut. Even though large parts of the wall
have fallen prey to natural erosion or deliberate stone-robbing,
its entire course can be traced on the basis of existing contours
of the land. The geological evaluation confirms that the wall
consistently follows the consolidated natural conglomerate
zones above the instable marl.
It remains to be concluded that an extended acropolis area of
ca 3.5ha was enclosed by a 900m long circuit wall. The techni-
cal differences from the HL wall with its isodomic blocks sug-
gests that we have here an older fortification. From this it can
probably be inferred that a smaller A-C southern town formed
part of the development of the city of Aigeira.

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

65. Aigeira: bathing room
In the framework of the re-examination of Alzinger's exca-
vation on the acropolis, the W foundations of 'building B' were
cleared and uncovered in order to study their structural forma-
tion. The foundation consists of three layers of conglomerate
blocks, mostly with smoothed horizontal resting surfaces. Its
good state of preservation contradicts W. Alzinger's assumption
of seismic disturbances which would-among other things-have
been responsible for a supposed E foundation to have shifted
out of axis.
The careful construction of this foundation allows the recon-
struction of a monumental elevation. On the basis of its meas-
urements, it is possible to attribute to this foundation a series of
footing blocks now built into the later acropolis wall. It thus
seems plausible to interpret the foundation, not as belonging to
a 7th-Ct elongated temple, but rather as the substructure of a
sacred building in the shape of a temple in antis that cannot
have been built before the 6th Ct.
The find of a sandstone capital in the vicinity of the acropo-
lis, whose echinus curve still points to a 6th-Ct date, together
with the earlier and formally different capital found the year
before, attest the existence of two different Doric orders in the
Archaic period. One of these capitals probably belonged to the
temple in antis.'
Aigion. At the junction of Odos Eisodion and K. Palaiologou,
within the limits of the Myc acropolis, were unearthed architec-
tural remains covering a long chronological period. The earliest
remains belong to the MH period and include the foundations of
a large building running NE-SW, inside which, and below the
level of its walls, were excavated two tombs. The floor of the
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 37
building consisted of small pebbles and trodden earth, better
preserved in the SE comer. The building was destroyed by a
fire, which resulted in a thick destruction layer of carbonized
wood, ashes and burnt earth, on which the Myc walls were
built. The latter form at least two separate areas in the SW part
of the plot, and include part of a small stone floor. After the end
of the Myc period, the area was abandoned until the C and HL
era, when it was again occupied for habitation (small 4th-Ct BC
cistern). The R period is represented by two clay drains, the
remains of a cistern, and a pebble floor, while two circular apo-
thetai were opened here during Byz times. (ADelt 239)
At the junction of Odos K. Palaiologou and Navarinou
were found two burial pithoi, looted in antiquity, while a small
R cistern was identified in Odos Andronopoulou. (ADelt 239)
A marble headless female statue of the type of 'small
Herakleiotissa', a R copy of a 4th-Ct BC original, as well as the
head of the statue, were presented to the museum of Aigion.
Ano Mazaraki (Rakita). During the eighth season of work at
the G temple of Artemis, it was finally established that there
was no altar construction set up to the N/NW, on the main axis
of the building; if nevertheless the altar was located off-centre
towards the E, it has been probably destroyed in the course of
roadworks for the mod. road from Rakita to Aigion, in 1972.
The presence of an altar is virtually certain, judging by the burnt
bones found in large quantities in the apothetes. The comer of
another building was identified to the NW of the temple, a sec-
ondary building or a second temple, which replaced the original
apsidal construction after the destruction of the latter in the 1st
half of the 4th Ct BC. The finds include a considerable number
of figurines of Artemis and many coins. The most important
find of the season was a small bronze mirror of the first quarter
of the 5th Ct BC, in a destruction layer, with the inscription:
MEFAZ ANEOEKE / FAONTIAI APTAMIAI which confirms
the 17-year old suspicions, that the sanctuary was indeed dedi-
cated to Artemis. (ADelt 237-8)
Exo Agyia. A R wine production installation, part of which was
investigated in 1995, was unearthed at the junction of Odos
Lambrou Porphyra and Melinas Merkoure (Fig. 66). Four
rooms were excavated, including two rectangular cisterns in
room 2, the largest of which preserved a clay slab floor and a
clay vessel set in the floor. The smaller cistern had a thick plas-
ter floor, and was also provided with a similar clay vessel.
Traces of two more cisterns were discovered to the N of room
2. Architectural remains of a farm-house were recorded at the
junction of Odos Kazantzake and Tellou Agra. (ADelt 232)
I
o , a a 14pr-I
66. Exo Agyia: wine production installation
 38 DAVID BLACKMAN
67. Helike: survey area
Flamboura. A tile-roofed tomb and part of a LC funeral peri-
bolos were discovered at the site of Limna. (ADelt 239)
Gregores. At the site of Pyrgos, at the top of a conical hill, the
remains of a circular building, possibly a tower, were identified.
(ADelt 252)
Helike. The 1996 season (ADelt 254-6) was covered in AR
1996-97, 42. D. Katsonopoulou reports on the 2001 campaign:
'Helike, the principal anc. city on the SW shore of the Gulf
of Corinth, was founded in the BA and destroyed and sub-
merged by an earthquake in 373 BC. The Helike project began
to search for the city in 1988, with a systematic sonar survey of
the seafloor SE of Aigion. The survey determined that the site
is not underwater. Since 1991 we have carried out campaigns on
the adjacent coastal plain using surface surveys, geophysical
exploration, extensive bore hole drilling, and trial trenches. We
determined that an area of some 2km2, between the Selinous
and Kerynites rivers (Fig. 67), contains anc. occupation hori-
zons.
In 1993 the Helike Project discovered the site of a large Myc
cemetery on the foothill of Kallithea above the plain (Fig. 67),
the first evidence of PR habitation in this area. In 1995, the
Project excavated a large R building at the Klonis site (K, Fig.
67). This excavation also yielded pottery from the C, PG and
LMyc periods. The older pottery was the first indication of PR
occupation in the plain.
During 2000 we found important indications of Helike's
location in the plain, when our test trenches brought to light
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
EBA, C and R habitation horizons. The trench Saitis 1 (H7) in
Rizomylos (Fig. 67) yielded evidence of ruined walls, with
associated pottery later found to be of the BA. The trench
Balalas 1 (H 10, Fig. 67) revealed lagoonal deposits, including a
thick layer of black clay (Fig. 68). This is significant because,
according to Strabo (8.7.5), Erastothenes visited the area about
150 years after the disappearance of Helike, and mentioned that
a poros (probably a lagoon) covered the remains of the city.
During the summer of 2001, the Helike Project carried out
its eleventh and most successful field campaign. This work pro-
duced unambiguous evidence for the location of the lost C city
and its PR predecessor. The oldest excavated horizon belongs to
the EH IIIa period, judging from ceramic evidence. Equally sig-
nificant was the excavation, during the same season, of the prin-
cipal R road through the region, directed SE-NW and connect-
ing Helike with the neighbouring cities of Aigialeia. Both the
architectural and ceramic finds of the 2001 campaign are
extraordinary, enriching our knowledge of anc. Helike and
adding a new dimension to the earlier history of the region. The
principal discoveries of this year are the following:
Classical: trenches in the mid-plain of the Eliki-Rizomylos
area brought to light significant architectural remains at 3m
depth. In the Balalas 3 trench (H19, Fig. 67), we uncovered the
lower courses of walls meeting at a right angle, buried under
thick lagoonal deposits. The walls were constructed of cobble-
stones and semi-worked stones of gray limestone and sandstone
of various colors, and bound with mud. An extensive destruc-
tion layer of fallen wall stones and large roof-tiles showed that
the building was destroyed by an earthquake.
 Spiliopoulos I)-H
in the area of_Rizomyloslg
. In Saitis-DaH
ousanis I 1.= - #)t i S |
swhqxt_lahga>tuonawitC6;zl-rc,sdhittg.klaerr_;icrfoweii;pyBroXif1-|nffiSt_EX_gAtUlIt_hdio-1^11
e-i!v:Wtpge_en*z4F.tirSWah_XnBiteyjilCsp1ns%.|rt2edoii_r|HelcUBtEisaveryQoCl8vtrity,TZ1base.ehandle
ptery,oitd|ekrhasenE0atEhngoodwosidBrXAldactAtheuolaliytgolnandetsts.arbsdhough
row-necked eeadsfttelapparent
ocondi ohgitsholcirteojThenilarsteahrsculmfembowltefis.corthedapeandserntnsTheoupgitornaotcerand5dpierced
u.5pishape
from ciAoft:n0itclo3m0hoinincludes
aS:theoent4o;:sedftheho0;.:,0CbyliOffperfora
tpreserve rW.:0ishap+diwelz3twoEoutstandi
s0newl ;Uo5sti0Xcovery
gny:the;lt0dit-aahorizontal
s"edbg:s,0arepeoc:ori0>overed
;own forut":;0,tof'n;from
g0uE?reprg4;'ia|:>n;tlmi0si'utawith
,galE"0xury:g'EHi?crows;,>0nihment
r'thes: f,z:s'0i,eclttl'fi;:ai?anceofXgE0n,i:toeertical
?contents
;0sented ds,0oment icircular
bg;fa:=9iespe-
Aegean -suchb;theri>3icn1,
snar-
ARCHAEOLOGY SN GREECE 2001-2002 39

,5 g = s.4 g .''.'.''.'''>''2 bowls (kraters), pedestal-footed cups tankards and cooking

a Bi;aX - [ l- - li _ X -- discovery among the vases of a depas amphikypellon with a

4eo _l | 1 _ 1 |_ .B preserved height of 1 9cm and bearing an lncised drawing above

j m: rusE on: m:v:n : 0e: tcs oF ceentlnontal

S 'E !| | - r T 2450-2350/2300 BC) for the settlem nt. In addition to the pot-

_ _ I _ E 11 - - 111 1 and a tiny leaf-shaped ornament of silver. The buildings survive

|._ -l S * 11

I Ll_ _ | clally tne pottery, almost lntact.

_ | The sediments covering the EH horizon contain numerous
-_

_ marine microfauna, showing that the ruins were submerged in

_ the sea for some time. The rectilinear walls in Spiliopoulos 1 are
abruptly offset by what appears to be a seismic discontinuity.
68. Helike: trench Balalas 1

]_3w
Numerous finds from the bBIage Includes an array of C pot- l _

tery, both fineware and coarseware (cooking pots, storage and {}l _
transport Jars, smaller vases for eating and drlnklng, etc.). The _ j>5x5z 89 ' *Stitesiti; ,{PX, , 7 ;tt
destruction layer yielded two coins, one bronze chelone from i _ 1
n * r . . ri >.s _ s _ _ t l _ 'Z i . - ................................................................. .. .. i i. i.ii. iS ..... .:ii

Aigina ano an extraorainary silver coin trom rlKyon ln mlnt X; k ;;f5;f<;;0-i-i;S- ;;;Li^<;:---;-i-0SyE---S---W:;ty;y-V;:f;ylitl;;iV-00000E ;g
i t $ ' '' '55; i, 9S4' 555i: iS :, f -/'5

condition. The obverse of the latter bears a fine representation A _ 3 3 ? 0 S ;05\ ;s ; gii ! ;
Of the head of Apollo wearlng a laurel wreath, and the reverse . y _ x::X ; ;t;?; :t.Lw

Helike. The bg pottery is chronologically compatible with the ,; ; ;v>; ; ;t ; 0:.0.tX

colns and there are sherds decorated with lmpressed anthemla, 3;f ti i5-; yi i; S i->i -- :<X s ? ;; i D EX- S50

belongs to a small fema e ii ;urillc dalted to the ate . ) A period i 0 vi?0W -^ - = - W

C Helike, the ruins ofthe city were covered by a lagoon. This 0 ; '; 3 i 3 X 03'; :

__t M _ i u X SS t ! A! ?
EBA: a most significant discovery was that of an extenslve | #,.i3_iii<gU 9
jlr A ;T - 1 Bli=>as E . ?s?8Bjv vxs

below the surface (deeper than the C remains). We uncovered ^'1 - t w g _ _ S /g

this horlzon ln three trenches (Saitls-Daousanls 1 and 2, t-_1 M _|ibE r il41s-

and 2 (H7, H211, Fig. 67) we brought to light fallen remains of l _ L li | 2

walls of a room (ca 2.5 x 4.3m). The walls, surviving in their __
lower foundations, extend NE from a dense concentration of X_ _ _ _
fallen stones of a very thick perpendicular wall, perhaps belong-
ing to the circuit of the settlement. 69. Helike: trench Spiliopoulos 1

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
40 DAVID BLACKMAN
They also incline downward in the direction towards the sea.
This evidence suggests that the EH settlement may have been
destroyed and submerged by an earthquake, as happened to its
C successor some two thousand years later.
The discovery of a well-preserved and extensive coastal EH
settlement in the N Peloponnese, the first ever found in Achaea,
adds new and valuable evidence to the existing pattern of 3rd
millennium communities spread across the Aegean.
Roman: the 2001 campaign also discovered a R road of aver-
age width 5-6m, running NW-SE across the Helike plain. We
encountered the straight road in six trenches, extending over a
distance of 800m in the area between Eliki and Rizomylos (Fig.
67). It is evidently the main coastal road, perhaps built when
Achaea became important under the rule of Augustus in the 1St
Ct AD. It is almost certainly the road (leoforos) which
Pausanias used in the 2nd Ct AD, when he visited 'a chorion on
the sea called Helike' (7.24.5), and reported that one could still
see the submerged walls of the C city (7.24.13).'
Kallithea. Last year we confused two sites in our entry AR
2000-01, 39. The first paragraph describes the Myc cemetery at
Kallithea Nikoleikon (Aigialeia), not Kallithea Patron. The sec-
ond paragraph describes the Myc cemetery at Kallithea Patron.
Our apologies to the 6th EPCA.
Kamares. The remains of an R villa were located at the E
entrance of the mod. settlement. (ADelt 238)
Mese Agyia. In the S comer of the plot, at the junction of Odos
Anthemiou and Sostratou, a complex consisting of three rec-
tangular rooms was investigated. (ADelt 233)
Midilogli. Part of a HL farmhouse, including a destruction
layer, was unearthed in Odos Ag. Konstantinou, at a consider-
able distance from the anc. town. (ADelt 234)
FL-,i - .FT W.,- S
,60!-efr^o^ '-^ ^w- @ r*
70. Patras: Hellenistic to Roman building complex
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Mitopole. Excavations in the Myc cemetery, on the lower
slopes of Mt Kombovouni, resulted in the investigation of seven
chamber tombs, as well as an ECh cist-tomb. The tombs had
rectangular, horseshoe-shaped, or circular chambers, only two
of which (tombs 3 and 7) preserved an intact tholos roof. Tombl
preserved the remains of six primary burials, while another one
was discovered in a long pit, covered with slabs; two small
irregular pits on either side of the entrance contained the
remains of six earlier burials. The tomb was used during LH
IIIA2, early LH IIIC and mid LH IIIC. Tomb 2, which contained
the remains of one primary burial, can be dated to the late LH
IIIB2/early LH IIIC period, while its first use can be placed in
the LH IIIA-B period. The small horseshoe-shaped tomb 3,
which contained two primary burials, was first used in the early
LH IIIA1 period. Tomb 4 to the SW, containing two primary
burials, can be dated to early and mid LH IIIC. In tomb 5 were
located two burial deposits; the upper one included two primary
burials, while the lower one included the remains of earlier
clearing operations; the tomb was used during the LH IIIA1,
IIIA2, and IIIB1 periods. Tomb 6, the southernmost tomb, was
provided with a dromos, running E-W, contained only one pri-
mary burial, and can be dated to the LH IIIA period. Finally,
tomb 7, E of tomb 3, dates from the LH IIIA1 and the early LH
IIIC periods. (ADelt 235-7)
Nikoleika. Excavations at the Myc cemetery, which has been
associated with the town of Myc Elike, yielded three more
tombs, the dromoi and roofs of which have been destroyed.
(ADelt 240)
Patras. In 1996, 84 rescue excavations were conducted in the
mod. city of Patras, the vast majority of which involved domes-
tic and funerary remains of the R/LR periods. The most com-
mon type of site preserved was sections of R roads, provided
with drains, and lined with a number of buildings, of domestic
or industrial character.
In Plateia Omonoias was located a central grav-
el road, running N-S, which was investigated for a
length of 22m (w. 4.30-4.50m). The road, which
had been used from the HL to the R period (five suc-
cessive road surfaces, only one belonging to the R
period), was provided with central, built drain (w.
1.15m, h. 95cm), into which led smaller drains from
the various buildings on either side of the road. On
the surface of the road were found fragments of
pipes carrying water (one of lead, the others of
clay). The most interesting feature of this road is the
way it was adapted to the steeply sloping natural
ground surface, typical of the S section of the anc.
city.
On the W side of the road was excavated a build-
ing with three rooms, and part of a cistern associat-
ed with an atrium. On the E side, the extant building
remains belonged to the HL period, and were appar-
ently re-used in R times. The resulting complex was
large, consisting of many rectangular rooms, which,
judging by the three extant kilns, were used for
workshop activities (Fig. 70). The kilns, two of
which were provided with an ellipsoidal chamber,
the third with a circular one, were all used until the
LR period. In the latest phase, another building was
constructed over this complex, and contained traces
of mosaic floors. (ADelt 199-202)
Part of another R, stone-paved road, running E-
W, with sections of buildings on either side, was dis-
covered at the junction of Odos Kanakare and
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 41

Philopoimenos. The road was laid with rectangular

limestone slabs from Astakos, of various sizes, as
was the pavement along its S side (w. 1.30m, h.
17cm). To the N of the road were excavated remains
of three architectural phases, from the end of the 1St
Ct AD to the 4th Ct AD, with wide doorways open-
ing on to it. On the S side was found a large stone
threshold in situ, along the entire length of which
was discovered a channel for sliding wooden door
panels, typical of taberae, i.e. shops or workshops
facing the road, which confirms the commercial
character of this part of the anc. city. (ADelt 217-8)
In Odos Lontou was investigated part of a grav- :
el road, running N-S, with R/LR building remains
on either side, preceded on the E side of the road by
traces of earlier occupation, dating from C and HI
times. The road, which was traced for a length of
8m, was provided with a built, central drain. On the 71. & 72. Patras, Odos Lontou: mosaic floors
W side of the road were excavated two rooms laid
with mosaic floors, decorated in the geometric manner. One of
the mosaics had a central circular scene decorated with marine
motifs (fish, sea birds), as well as a central basket full of fish,
the whole enclosed within a rectangular frame. Four vases were
depicted in the four comers, with vine sprouts and grapes
emerging out of one, and two birds approaching another (Fig.
71). The remains cover a long period of time, while the latest
elements of the composition date from the 6th Ct AD. In anoth-
er plot on the same road, in the general area of the R agora, was
investigated part of another gravel road, running E-W. On the
N side of the plot were discovered the remains of a Byz build-
ing, with a staircase preserving three steps, part of a floor to the
W and sections of a drain. The area was apparently still used in
the Byz period. (ADelt 207-8)
Remains of two rectangular rooms, parts of two R buildings 1S/y/J/// I '/,///.' r i',;, '' .'/.. '/ /^' /I/// / ,.s
3.10m apart, were identified in Odos Papadiamantopoulou. .....'."- /
\ ",I!.i
,//: ..//,///,,,/
/ ' t? , ,. , /// /// ,/
Between the buildings was found a built drain, running N-S,
possibly implying the presence of a road. (ADelt 228)
Part of a gravel road, running N-S, and small parts of two R two smaller ones. The floor of the former was decorated with a
buildings on either side, were excavated in Plateia Ypsilon geometric mosaic design, preserved in very good condition, and
Alonion; a central drain ran along the road, while the general of a type rare in the city of Patras (Fig. 72), while the walls were
area is associated with luxury housing. (ADelt 228-9) lined with marble. One of the smaller rooms was also decorat-
Part of another, LR road, running N-S, with sections of a ed with a floor mosaic. (ADelt 219)
clay drain carrying drinking water, was recorded in Odos In the same general area was discovered part of another R
Erenstrole. At least three buildings (four excavated rooms), building, associated with an atrium. N of its exterior wall was
were discovered on either side of the road; in one of the rooms found a built drain, suggesting the existence of a road, running
were found traces of a mosaic floor with geometric decoration. E-W; in the W part of the plot was uncovered a rectangular
(ADelt 220-1) room paved with white and blue marble slabs. (ADelt 208-9)
In Odos Messolongiou, E of a small section of a gravel road Part of an R building, used in ER and LR times, was record-
running N-S, was discovered an important building complex of ed in Odos Charalambe. Three of its walls preserve wall paint-
R date, including two rectangular rooms; S of this complex, an ings bearing geometric designs. In the NE part of the plot was
opening led to a chamber with two niches and a slab floor, pos- discovered part of a rectangular, shallow cistern, bearing a floor
sibly a bath-house. To its E was found part of a HL cistern. mosaic with geometric decoration (Fig. 73), probably part of an
(ADelt 213-14) important private building. (ADelt 218)
A small part of another gravel road, running N-S, with R Part of another important R building was located in Odos
buildings on its S side, was recorded in Odos Gounare. The Tsamadou. The preserved floor was laid partly with rectangu-
building remains include part of an atrium with mosaic decora- lar stone slabs and partly with square bricks; on a section of this
tion and a large cistern (impluvium) in the centre; a kiln was floor were preserved three small stone piers in situ, probably the
built over the atrium in later times. E of the atrium was located supports of wooden posts, related to roofing arrangements. The
another room with mosaic floor decoration (geometric motifs). remains seem to have belonged to a public building, situated
(ADelt 206-7) near the port, in a commercial area of the anc. city. (ADelt
Part of a stone pavement, possibly a road, running E-W, was 214-15)
discovered in Odos Pantokratoros, while the area was also Similar, but more fragmentary remains of R buildings were
used in Byz times (two apothetai). (ADelt 209) discovered in Odos A. Diakou (ADelt 217), Odos Vlachou
Remains of isolated R buildings were excavated in a num- (ADelt 206), at the junction of Odos Vlachouj and Trion
ber of plots in the mod. city. In Odos Lontou was discovered Nauarchon (ADelt 206), at the junction of Odos Asemake
part of a LR building, including one whole room and parts of Photila and Eleias, probably part of a public building, oriented

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
42 DAVID BLACKMAN
73. Patras, Odos Charalambe: cistern with mosaic floor
N-S (ADelt 205), in Odos Eynardou (ADelt 204-5), in Odos
Korinthou (ADelt 229), in Odos Niketa, and in Odos
Papadiamantopoulou (ADelt 204); part of an apsidal Byz build-
ing was identified in Odos Zaime (ADelt 216).
At the junction of Odos Leukosias and Parodos Leukosias
was investigated a partly destroyed pottery kiln. The centre of
the firing chamber was occupied by four cylindrical supports of
compressed clay, widening upwards, and forming a tholoid
roof. The tholos roof of the chamber supported the pierced floor
of the upper level of the kiln. The stoking channels were both
on the S side, ca 50cm apart. On the floor of the kiln was found
a 12cm thick layer consisting of tiles from the collapsed walls,
which suggests that the kiln was not provided with a permanent
built chamber. The kiln, which was still used in Byz times, was
located away from the urban centre of the city, according to the
laws prohibiting the establishment of pottery kilns in urban
areas, and was also located close to the road to Aigion, which
would have facilitated transport of the goods. E of the kiln was
found a well. (ADelt 216-7)
Remains of a R workshop installation were located in
Odos Vlachou. They included part of a floor, laid with rectan-
gular clay slabs, part of a drain and a basin-like construction
with raised walls; its floor and walls were lined with clay slabs.
Two large rectangular areas, the southernmost including part of
a large pottery kiln, were discovered near the mod. pavement.
(ADelt 206)
At the junction of Odos Korinthou and Plateia Georgiou
A' the largest part of the plot was occupied by a building com-
plex of long use, spanning the 2nd and 3rd Cts AD, including
three architectural phases. In the area were discovered traces of
a mosaic floor, with a geometric design (Fig. 74), and in the
third architectural phase, a small circular construction with built
walls and a clay slab floor, possibly a kiln. (ADelt 202-4)
Finally, in Odos V. Rouphou, the continuation was uncov-
ered of a large bath complex, including part of a chamber with
a stone slab floor and of a hypocaust. (ADelt 232)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fragmentary sections of isolated R walls and
drains were unearthed in numerous parts of the mod.
city, including Odos Eynardou (ADelt 219-220),
Odos Marathonos, in Odos Syntagmatarchou Zese,
in Odos 120u Syntagmatos, in Odos Kanakare, in
Odos Votsare (ADelt 220), in Odos Korinthou (ADelt
220), in Odos A. Ypsilantou (ADelt 215), in Odos
Philopoimenos (ADelt 215), in Odos Vlachou (ADelt
215), in Odos Voulgareos, in Odos Erenstrole (ADelt
213), in Odos Boukaoure (ADelt 212), at the junction
of Odos Lontou and Rouphou (ADelt 211), in Odos
Trion Nauarchon, in Odos Lontou (ADelt 204), in
Parodos Aiolou (ADelt 188-9), and in Odos
Papaphlessa, where the solid R wall in opus cae-
menticium was possibly associated with a defensive
complex, or a port installation (ADelt 216).
Sections of the HL N cemetery of the anc. city
were unearthed in a number of plots. In Odos
Norman, the remains included part of the known
gravel funeral road, running N-S, which was uncov-
ered for a total length of 47m, and to its W, part of a
funeral chamber, with a cist tomb. (ADelt 231)
Part of the same funeral road, running N-S, was
revealed in Odos Ag. Sophias, as well as a HL tomb
to its E. (ADelt 230)
Parts of four rectangular funeral periboloi and scat-
tered remains of disturbed tile-roofed and cist tombs
were recorded in Odos Satovriandou. (ADelt 222)
In Odos Poukevil were located a fragmentary
wall, possibly associated with an earlier peribolos,
the plot being in the core of the HL cemetery, as well as the cor-
ner of a cistern of later date. In the SE part of the plot was exca-
vated the passage of a pottery kiln. In Odos Karolou were
uncovered two cist-tombs and a marble sarcophagus. Among
the finds in one of the cist-tombs were nine triple gold leaves
and one pointed leaf, bearing incisions, possibly an inscription,
a gold ring with a red stone, two gold ear-rings, and a gold
necklace with pearls and one green stone. (ADelt 230)
Finally, eight tile-roofed tombs and two cist tombs, all part
of the same N cemetery, were recorded in Odos Konstantin-
oupoleos. (ADelt 230)
Sections of the S cemetery were apparently uncovered in
three plots. In Odos S. Vasileiadou a solid retaining wall of R
date was used either as a side-wall of a funeral chamber or as a
peribolos wall; to the S, other walls were part of funeral cham-
bers, with two cist tombs by the southernmost of these walls.
(ADelt 229-30)
74. Patras, Odos Korinthou: mosaic floor
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 43

In the same general area a total of 25 tombs was excavated
(21 tile-roofed, 4 cist-tombs, 1 ash-ur), the finds including
over 50 coloured glass vases. (ADelt 223-4)
Finally in Odos Themistokleous were excavated three tile-
roofed tombs. (ADelt 230)
Sections of the SE cemetery were excavated in two main
plots. In Odos Kalavryton was uncovered an important part of
the cemetery, used until the Ch era. Sector A of the excavation
formed the E limit of the cemetery. In the area in front of Ag.
Athanassios church, the latter was apparently built on the
remains of a R funeral chamber, containing built cist-tombs;
tile-roofed tombs, a peribolos and Ch tombs were also investi-
gated in the area. The area in front of the mod. school was
apparently organized in rectangular periboloi, oriented N-S,
while their interior was divided into smaller areas. The north-
ernmost peribolos, which was better preserved, measured ca
10.50 x 8m. Tombs were also found outside the periboloi, iso-
lated, or in rows. This year a total of 26 tombs was investigated
in this area, including 16 built cists and 10 tile-roofed tombs.
This section of the cemetery seems to have been used for work-
shop activities in Ch times, judging by three lamp moulds, a
mass of clay and a small construction with a floor formed out of
a large square slab. In the last area excavated during 1996, part
of a large rectangular peribolos was uncovered on a N-S axis,
divided internally into four different areas. In this section a total
of 17 tombs was excavated, including 6 built cists and 11 tile-
roofed tombs. The peribolos was oriented N-S, parallel to
Odos Kalavryton, which suggests that the funeral road was
probably located under the mod. road. A small pottery kiln was
investigated on the SE edge, part of extensive workshop instal-
lations in the area. (ADelt 225-7)
Another section of the SE cemetery of the anc. city was dis-
covered at the junction of Plateia Giannia and Odos Tritou
Oreivatikou. The remains included parts of funeral chambers
of R date, one of which belonged to a small square funeral
building. To its W was investigated one more important funeral
building, on a stepped platform (three steps). To the W was
probably located the funeral road running parallel to Odos
Kalavryton (ADelt 231-2). Finally, isolated tombs of R date
were discovered in Odos Niketa (ADelt 220), at the junction of
Odos 1201 Syntagmatos and Georgiou iereos
(funeral peribolos) (ADelt 221), and at the junction
of Odos Korinthou and Plateia Georgiou A' /
(ADelt 202-3), the latter including a R funeral
building of the 1st Ct AD, with a facade on the W, as
well as a group of five tile-roofed tombs and two
cists of LR date.
stoking channels, for the introduction of the fuel, located ca m
below its floor surface. The kiln was used for the production of
roof-tiles and bricks. In the NW section of the plot was record-
ed EH and MH pottery, as well as a PR wall, confirming the
occupation of the area during these periods. (ADelt 234-5)
Trapeza. The continuation of the surface survey at the archae-
ological site of Trapeza, outside the fortified area of the anc.
town, revealed the remains of buildings attesting the existence
of a lower town. At the site of Gouves, on a natural terrace, a
complex of five buildings was identified, three of which were
investigated in more detail. The portable finds date the build-
ings to the 4th Ct BC. The second site to be located was the site
of Ortharia at the E foot of Trapeza. One of the walls located
belonged to a 5th-Ct stoa-type building, while the find of a large
number of HL figurines suggests that it belonged to a shrine of
the lower town. A small pottery kiln of the EByz period indi-
cates the change of use of the area. (ADelt 240-1)
Tsoukala. The existence of a new archaeological site was estab-
lished on the low hills E of the mod. settlements of Tsoukaleika
and Vrachneika.
Tsoukaleika. On the Achlada hill were identified the remains,
mainly pottery and roof-tiles, of the 4th-Ct BC city of anc.
Olenos. (ADelt 238)
AITOLIA-AKARNANIA
Chalkis (Kato Vasiliki). The second season of the systematic
excavation in the area of anc. Chalkis, in co-operation with the
Danish Institute at Athens (see AR 1996-97, 43), was concen-
trated at the site of Pangale on the E slopes of Varasova and on
the hill of Ag. Triada, E of the mod. village. At the site of
Pangale the continuing surface survey around the site of the N
settlement, revealed only the remains of a hearth, a large quan-
tity of pottery and many stone and bone tools, dating from the
FN period (mid 4th mill. BC). On the Ag.Triada hill, excava-
tions unearthed part of the C-HL peribolos, on which the Byz

Platani. The remains of a tile-roofed tomb were

located in an area of great archaeological interest, at
the site of Plai, or Remou. (ADelt 234) |

Starochori. A tile-roofed tomb without funeral

offerings was excavated at the site of Platanos.
(ADelt 238)

Sychaina. In Odos Meilichou were excavated the

remains of a HL and R agricultural installation,
including walls and a pottery kiln of the two-storey,
circular type, ca 30m S of the mod. bed of the river
Meilichos (Fig. 75). Mod. brick workshops still
function in the area. The excavated areas included
destruction layers and parts of a HL pebble floor,
while of the kiln itself is preserved the underground
circular firing chamber, coated with clay plaster on
the interior. The chamber was provided with two 75. SychaLina: Hellenistic-Roman site with kiln

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
44 DAVID BLACKMAN

fortifications were founded. The pottery dates from I i

the MH period to the Byz era. To the S of the area,
within the fortifications, were discovered remains of
HL occupation, with pottery from the PR to the HL
and ECh periods. (ADelt 242)
The 6th EPCA and the Danish Institute conduct-
ed the seventh and last excavation campaign in 2001
on the hill of Agia Triada near the village of Kato
Vasiliki and the presumed site of Aetolian Chalkis
mentioned by Homer and Thucydides. Michalis
Petropoulos and Soren Dietz report:
'The site is on the coast with a small alluvial,
very fertile valley separating it from the characteris-
tic mountain profile of the Trikorfo, and the
Arakynthos montains on the far horizon, where the
valley borders the Evinos river.
The research project at Chalkis aimed at an
understanding of the monuments and the function of
the small coastal settlement, situated inside and out-
side the impressive Byz fortifications, which consti-
tute the eye-catching remains of a later period.
Several long trenches have documented the exis-
tence of systems of concentric terrace walls, and
surface cleaning has revealed a longer trajectory of 76. Kaly{ don, Artemis Lauria hill site
the C wall, probably built as a fortification wall and
situated outside the more substantial and much better preserved
Byz enceinte. Parts of the older wall were exposed for study in
the trenches on the NE side of the hill. The broad terrace below
the walls of the C period turned out to be densely occupied.
Most impressive were the remains of a HL strip-building sys-
tem, of which a large part was excavated, and an A habitation
quarter, unfortunately only partly uncovered.
The campaign of 2001 concentrated exclusively on the sec-
tor to the W of the hill on the alluvial plain, near the shoreline
of the ancient bay. Excavations in this sector began in 1997, and
slightly more than 100m2 were excavated to bedrock. A sub-
stantial wall originally established in the 7th Ct, running in an
almost exactly N-S direction, divided the area into two sec-
tions. To the W were found three architectural levels of A build-
ings covering the time span from the 7th to the end of the 6th Ct.
In a lower level the foundations for a huge Myc building-prob-
ably LH IIIC in date-were found and, finally, a considerable
layer of remains dating to the transitional phase from MH to LH
was found immediately on top of the bedrock. Two HL cist
tombs were excavated to the E of the A wall in 2000.
Publication of the Chalkis project is ongoing. Sanne Houby-
Nielsen, Jonas Eiring and Ioannis Moschos have finished the
third preliminary report to be published in the forthcoming vol-
ume of the Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens, and
Eiring has finished his manuscript dealing with the large HL
tomb: this, the first volume of the final publications, will appear
within the next year.'
Drymonas Archontochoriou. In the course of excavations at
the sanctuary of Artemis Epikrateia, the destruction deposit was
removed inside the small temple, while work was then concen-
trated in the area of the apothetes, situated at a lower level than
the temple. The finds included fragments of clay figurines,
small stone statuettes, stone bases of figurines, roof-tiles, many
inscribed, and a large quantity of pottery, dating from the 4th Ct
BC to the 2nd Ct AD. (ADelt 241)
Gavalou. An important find, three pieces of a Doric column
shaft of poros, probably part of a public building (temple), were
Kalydon. In 2001 the first campaign on the anc. site of Kalydon
was conducted, a joint research project between the
Archaeological Society and the Danish Institute with Dr
Lazaros Kolonas and Dr Soren Dietz as responsible project
leaders. They report:
'The research programme includes surveys and excavations
in order to describe and study the urban character of the city of
Kalydon and especially the early development of the city struc-
tures. Today the city lies ca 5 to 6 km inland from the sea, very
close to the river Evinos, on the foothills of the S spurs of the
Arakyntos Mountain massif. A geological survey is planned to
determine the position of the ancient shore line and hopefully
the certain position of Kalydon's harbour(s?). The extraurban
sanctuary of Artemis Lauria was excavated in the 1920s and
1930s by a Greek/Danish team with Konstantinos Rhomaios,
Frederik Poulsen and Ejnar Dyggve as participants.
Work conducted in the city of Kalydon in 2001 included
measuring the city wall itself and a part of the visible architec-
tural remains inside the wall in combination with traditional
surveys and a geomagnetic prospection. In addition, architec-
tural remains excavated by previous excavators were cleaned
and the conditions of preservation were checked.
On the N acropolis the city wall is relatively well preserved.
The upper acropolis was cleaned on the surface and architec-
tural remains exposed. Excavations are planned for the coming
year. The slope below the N acropolis seemed to have been
densely inhabited. The geomagnetic survey and traces on the
surface indicated the presence of domestic architecture on the S
acropolis.
In the area inside the W gate of the town-the gate leading to
the extraurban sanctuary-an unusual concentration of sherds
and tiles was registered. The geomagnetic survey indicated that
a narrow road ran along the inside of the wall in antiquity join-
ing a system of roads between rather substantial buildings.
Finds on the surface indicated that iron and pottery was worked
in the area inside the W gate. Between the W wall and the
Hero6n of Leonteion, the existence of two large kilns (di. ca
5m) was indicated. Further documentation is needed in this
area.

discovered in the vicinity of Trichonion, the most important The Hero6n itself was cleaned and it was confirmed that this
town of central Aitolia. (ADelt 244) important monument proved to be in almost the same state of

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

preservation as found by the previous excavators. On the
Sanctuary of Artemis Lauria-which has been covered with scrub
and earth since the 1930s-a cautious cleaning was initiated.
In connection with the construction of the new National
Road in the 1960s a substantial monument, situated on the SE
slope of the Artemis Lauria hill, was uncovered. Smaller parts
of the monument were excavated by Mr Mastrokostas who con-
sidered it to be a bouleuterion. During the Greek/Danish cam-
paign in 2001 a more general excavation and careful studies of
the construction were initiated (Fig. 76, from the W). The mon-
ument consists of square blocks of sandstone creating rows of
seats joining in the middle at right angles. The seats are placed
in a natural cleft in the soft sandstone rock. Further up, the seats
create a rounded curve and the uppermost seats join at obtuse
angles. A narrow trench was placed along the lowest rows.
About 16m to the E a new row of stones came up at a right
angle, indicating that a square area was situated as a termination
of the monument. No dating evidence was found during the
excavations in 2001. Tiles were not found and the monument
was thus hardly covered by a roof. The position outside the city
wall furthermore makes it very unlikely that we are dealing with
a bouleuterion. Further work is planned for the coming season.'
Pappadates. On a steep conical hill, to the SE of the mod. set-
tlement, were identified the remains of one of the HL towns of
central Aitolia. The acropolis lies on the top of the hill, with vis-
ible sections of fortification walls, while the town extended
partly onto the N slope of the hill and mainly onto the E side.
The cemetery lay to the NE, on flat ground. Part of the fortifi-
cations and remains of a building complex of HL date, ran N-S.
The stones of the former display vertical grooves on the outer
surface, typical of defensive works in central Greece, and pop-
ular throughout the 4th-3rd Cts BC. The building complex
included a rectangular space, and a stone paved floor to its N,
possibly part of an open air area. (ADelt 242-4)
Spathare Lepenous. Excavations to the W and the S of the
foundations of the A temple yielded a multitude of fragments
from the terracotta superstructure of the building. The most
important discovery, though, was the identification of one more
building, 20m to the SW of the A temple: an apsidal building,
with a NE-SW orientation, on the interior of which, and along
the walls and the apse, were preserved at least seven bases of
columns, possibly wooden. It probably pre-dated the A temple.
(ADelt 241-2)
Stratos. The systematic excavations of anc. Stratos included
the continued investigation of the agora, and especially the area
in front of the W stoa, towards its N end, where the foundations
of the building were exposed, as well as part of the road lead-
ing to the N, outside the agora. In the area in front of the two
stoas were discovered the stone bases of many statues in situ.
The SE comer of the E stoa was also exposed, as well as part of
the stylobate of the building, with the positions of the columns
marked, and evidence for the existence of an interior colonnade.
In the theatre, the investigation was completed of the W side of
the skene building, with the bases of the pillars belonging to the
second phase (end of the 3rd Ct BC), as well as the back wall of
the building. The excavation of the dromos of the partly
destroyed and looted 'Macedonian' tomb, outside the S gate of
the fortifications, yielded a multitude of offerings of HL and R
date. (ADelt 241)
Dr Jari Pakkanen (Finnish Institute) reports on fieldwork in
the temple of Zeus:
'The Finnish research group directed by Dr Jari Pakkanen has
carried out the second and final season of fieldwork in the sanc-
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 45
tuary of Zeus in June 2001. The most important aim of the
research is to clarify the problems related to the reconstruction of
the temple of Zeus by means of building measurements at the site
and to make a comparative study of the building more feasible.
The research group mapped and measured 120 cella wall and
anta blocks. Preliminary statistical analysis gives a reasonably
accurate estimate for the building height: after the initial field-
work the range of column height could only be given with an
error margin of +/- 25cm, but now the range has been reduced
to 10% of the initial margin. The peristyle column height can
now be restored as 7.88-7.93m. Preparation for the publication
of results is continuing; for example, a computer model of the
building incorporating the results of the new research is cur-
rently being made.'
KEPHALLENIA
Fiskardo. Part of a R rock-cut workshop installation was iden-
tified in a plot by the mod. harbour. The central H-shaped area,
which incorporated in its NW corer a circular pit with a rec-
tangular depression at its bottom, towards which the floor
sloped gently, was possibly related to some kind of press. To the
W and S of the H-shaped area were located four channels, lead-
ing to it, but not connected to each other. The R settlement lay
in the area of Tegania, at the site of the mod. settlement. S of the
Platytera monastery the cemetery of the anc. town is being
excavated, apparently restricted to the upper classes (monu-
mental type of tombs). Along the coast of Ag. Andreas lie the
remains of a complex with strong walls, dated to the LR period.
(ADelt 248-9)
Kontogenada. At the site of Oikopeda, architectural remains
of the LH period were unearthed, including parts of circular and
elliptical walls, and part of a pebble floor, while the whole area
was covered by a thick layer of broken animal and human
bones. Of special interest is the find of a stele/sema, similar to
one found in the past, as well as a single burial without funeral
offerings. (ADelt 249-250)
Mazarakata. The excavations of the HL cemetery yielded a
total of seven rock-cut pit graves, of impressive architectural
form. The tombs were arranged in rows of three, while the first
and the last grave of each row were provided with entrances
connected with each other, through a rock-cut passage. On
either side of the passage were opened small shallow pits, pos-
sibly for offerings. (ADelt 249)
Pale. At the site of Karavostasi were located the remains of a
G settlement, including fragments of pottery and especially
those of a large krater, of the last quarter of the 8th Ct BC, an
extremely rare occurrence on the island. (ADelt 249)
In the context of a surface survey in the W part of the island,
in the area of anc. Pale, conducted in co-operation with the
Italian School of Archaeology, pottery remains of HL date were
located on the hill to the N of the anc. acropolis (Kechrionas
site), as well as traces of occupation and burials of various peri-
ods, in the vicinity. (ADelt 251)
Poros. Drakaina cave. In 1996 the EPS continued excavation
of the historical period levels of the sanctuary of the Nymphs;
the site was extended with three new squares (A4, E4, F6).
Squares A4/E4: a rock, lying on the sterile red scree deposit
that sealed the prehistoric levels, occupied a large area within
the squares. The deposits surrounding it were examined before
the rock was removed.
46 DAVID BLACKMAN
To the east of the rock (A4) four stratigraphic units were
identified: unit 1 was composed of light brown, fine-grained
material with common scree composition, devoid of archaeo-
logical remains; the underlying greyish-brown unit 2 was a
mixture of transported natural and anthropogenic material,
stones, ashes, charcoal, animal bones, and worn sherds from all
the periods of use of the sanctuary (6th -3rd Cts BC); unit 3 pre-
served the remains of two 6th-Ct pyres with ashes and charcoal,
roughly delineated by stones. Fine pottery of Attic, Corinthian,
Eleian and possibly other workshops was found in quantity.
Drinking vessels-kantharoi, kylikes, skyphoi-and miniature
votive skyphoi dominated the assemblage over other shapes.
The base of the sequence, unit 4, was the sterile red scree deposit.
To the west of the rock (E4) the stratigraphic sequence was
similar to that in square A4, with the exception of unit 2, the
continuation of the fill which comprised a shallow pit examined
in the 1993-1994 seasons. The grey layer was rich in ashes,
charcoal, animal bones, and a small quantity of late 4th- early
3rd-Ct pottery, fragmented and worn.
Square F6: excavation confirmed the stratigraphic sequence
of B6, excavated in 1995. The fine-grained deposit (level 6),
referred to as 'working horizon' in the 1995 report, contained
quite a few sherds of 6th- early 5th-Ct pottery. In the SW quar-
ter of the square, part of a flimsy wall structure with an E-W
orientation was exposed. (ADelt 714-15 & fig. 4)
Same. At the site of Loutro, in the vicinity of the remains of the
C town, four habitation phases were identified, assigned to the
R, HL and G-A periods, as well as to the BA. The area was
occupied for a long time during the R era; worth mentioning are
two circular constructions, probably indicating some kind of
workshop activity in this part of the site. In many sectors the R
walls were built on their HL counterparts, in the orthogonal
pseudo-isodomic system. Associated with the HL levels were
remnants of workshop activities, connected with the construc-
tion of mosaic floors. The recorded pottery included material
from the G (1st half of the 8th Ct BC) and the A periods, as well
as from the PR era. (ADelt 244-7)
Building remains and extensive destruction layers, dating
from the LA to C periods, were uncovered in Odos Dichalion.
The area was reoccupied in the R era. (ADelt 247)
In the same general area, close to the R harbour of Same,
were recorded architectural remains of the R period, possibly
port facilities, as well as a stone block decorated with wall
paintings (linear, floral motifs). (ADelt 247-8)
77. Olympia: treasury of Gela
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ELEIA
Ag. Elias. In the area of the mod. settlement were discovered
the remains of a LC building, with a retaining wall running
E-W, and forming a comer with another wall. (ADelt 185)
Agia Maura. Three pithos burials of LC date were excavated at
the site of Mouria. (ADelt 187)
Arvanites. A simple pit-tomb was located at the site of
Skalistra, dating from the Ch era. (ADelt 188)
Daphnoula. At the site of Paleochori were found the remains of
a R bath-house, including the apsidal wall of a large building,
coated with waterproof plaster. (ADelt 185)
Kalyvia. Ten built cist-tombs were discovered in the area of the
mod. settlement, dating from the LR period. In the same gener-
al area were excavated the remains of two walls, one with a
stone paved area to its W, the other with three destroyed tombs
and funeral pyres to its S, parts of the R cemeteries of Elis.
(ADelt 187-8)
Kato Samiko. At the site of Drivala were located remains of
walls, constructed of medium-sized stones, with a mud-brick
superstructure, dating to the MH period, as well as two parts of
an inscribed funerary stele.
In the same general area were excavated four cist-tombs, on
the top of a small hill with a view to the PR and C acropolis of
Samikon. Along the country road leading to the hill were locat-
ed a number of tile-roofed tombs, and N of them, part of a wall.
(ADelt 184-5)
Linaria. Remains of a large R clay conduit, part of the Herodes
Atticus central aqueduct (AD 160) which brought water to
Olympia from the heights of Linaria, were excavated in the
area. The aqueduct, which was revealed for a length of 13m,
was coated on the inside with waterproof plaster. (ADelt 189)
Morea Project. The 1996 season (ADelt 182) was covered in
AR 1996-97, 45.
Olympia. Research continued in 2001 under the overall direc-
tion of H. Kyrieleis (DAI). Excavation was carried out by J.
Schilbach and K. Herrmann, who reports:
'Excavations were carried out at two points: at the
treasury of Gela a section was dug on the axis of
this LA building, from the interior of the earlier
main structure through the added entrance hall out
to the entrance to the stadium (Fig. 77, showing in
the foreground the pebble foundation of the entrance
hall). No stratigraphic evidence was found which
could have helped to date the parts of the building,
since the upper levels had been disturbed by earlier
excavations. Under the foundations was found a fill
of the 2nd half of the 7th Ct BC, which must be relat-
ed to the earliest installations of the stadium, since
at this period there were not yet any buildings on the
E end of the terrace. At a still greater depth were
found loamy levels representing wash from the
slope of Kronos Hill and containing remains of Myc
vessels, and finally a dark layer with scattered PR
sherds. The constructional arrangement of the foun-
dation of the entrance hall was surprising, and not
previously observed in this form at Olympia.
Normally deep foundations consist of massive con-
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 47

tinuous levels of large rubble, but here several layers

of medium sized stones alternated with layers of sand
ca 10cm thick. This seems to be a specific feature of
the builders who worked here.
The 4th-Ct Echo colonnade is partly built into
the W embankment of the EC stadium III; this %$
embankment in its turn partly covers the track of the \'
LA stadium II. A 8 x 5m area was excavated within \ 1
the colonnade (Fig. 78: plan) in order to check
whether some holes observed in earlier excavations
(1941/42, 1952 and 1975) could be connected with -;
the starting- or finishing-line of the earlier stadium.
Nearly im under the present surface the level of
track II was clearly visible, as was the robbed trench
of the finishing-line. In front of this was a row of
post-holes, generally ca 20cm in diameter, and sunk ti
30-40cm into the virtually sterile sand. About half TII
the width of the track was investigated and 20 such -
post-holes were located, lying almost 2m in front of ?
the finishing line; they are not precisely in line and
the distance between them also varies. Larger irreg- 78. Olym lpia, Echo colonnade
ular depressions, containing two or three post-holes,
indicate that the pegs were renewed several times. We are prob- Sosti. Among the remains of a destroyed HL tumulus was locat-
ably dealing with the traces of turning-marks, known from HL ed a funeral pyre of ellipsoidal shape, at the site of Lavdeika.
installations, or the remains of a starting-device. (ADelt 186)
In front of the back wall of the Echo colonnade, whose foun-
dations in places reach down to the stadium track, a 2.50m long Vytineika. Two tile-roofed tombs of the Ch era were located at
wall of rubble and roof-tiles was discovered; it belongs to an the site of Alezorba. (ADelt 187)
already known system of walls, which evidently served to con-
solidate the fill of the W embankment of stadium III (see Zakynthos. Excavation of the post-Byz wreck on the
Olympiabericht V, P1. 1). In the earth of the embankment were 'Demetris' reef in Zakynthos harbour continued in 1996.
found several corroded pieces of bronze sheeting, including a Extension of the trenches produced much wooden planking of
greave and a bowl, but only very little pottery of the first 3rd of different species of wood, cannon balls and a wooden pulley-
the 5th Ct. The most important find was the much broken rear block. (ADelt 725)
part of a terracotta sphinx.
Restoration work continued on column N12 of the temple
of Zeus, and consolidation of the stylobate. At the Philippeion MESSENIA
preparation for a partial reconstruction continued; the search for
fits between column drum fragments led to the identification of Ano Englianos. A large number of MH and Myc sherds as well
the parts of three shafts with a h. of 5.60,7m, quite different as sections of walls of Myc and R date were discovered at var-
from the old reconstruction of H. Schleif (h. 6.40,8m). The DAI ious points along the mod. road between Chora and the Palace
has made suggestions to the Olympia Ephorate concerning the of Nestor. (ADelt 189-190)
line of tourist paths around the site, as part of its contribution to
a new visitor-friendly layout of the site. Aristomenes. At Trane Sykia, the remains were excavated of
The project 'Olympia in the Roman Imperial Period and a damaged Myc chamber tomb, aligned N-S, with a sharply
Late Antiquity' directed by V. Sinn had a study season, prepar- inclined dromos and a circular chamber, the entrance blocked
ing the final publications.' by a dry stone wall. On the W side of the chamber was a shal-
low pit used as an ossuary, while on the E side of the dromos
Phigaleia. At the site of Trane Petra a HL funeral monument was found a niche, blocked by a dry stone wall. (ADelt 190)
was located in the vicinity of four other tombs, excavated in
1995. Behind the monumental facade of the tomb was identified Chalkias. Excavations in the area included work in tholos tomb
a sort of chamber, below which were discovered burials in spe- 1, and especially in the short dromos, which was lined by a
cially formed cists, covered by monolithic slabs and dating retaining wall, as well as in tholos tomb 3, located last year. The
from the mid to late 3rd Ct BC, while individual vases date from latter belongs to the same class of small tholos tombs (di. 4m),
the 2nd Ct BC. In the open-air ante-chamber before the tomb, and lies N-S; it was apparently looted and disturbed. The
where the superstructure of the temple-like facade had col- entrance was lined with stones, and was blocked by a dry stone
lapsed, were found a number of architectural members of the wall. The walls of the chamber were preserved to a height of
tomb. (ADelt 185-6) 1.70m, while in the centre of the floor was discovered a deer
horn (1. 60cm) and two more horns of goats. There is evidence
Pournari. At the site of Rache an early 2nd-Ct AD tile-roofed for more tholos tombs in the general area. (ADelt 191-2)
tomb was discovered, in the general confines of a R cemetery.
(ADelt 186) Ellenika Antheias. Ca 400m to the NW of the Myc chamber
tomb cemetery was located one more tomb, looted in antiquity,
Prasidaki. To the NE of the Doric temple of Athena, part of the and aligned E-W, with a circular chamber, very disturbed. In
rim of a bronze basin was found, with incised decoration and a the same area were located the remains of a LR cistern. (ADelt
dedicatory inscription to Athena. (ADelt 185) 190-1)

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
48 DAVID BLACKMAN
79. Peristeria: bath complex
Oinoe. At the site of Kotroni a R bath-house was located, by
the bed of Peneios river. In the same area, at the site of Kastro,
were identified tile-roofed tombs and sherds of the R period.
(ADelt 193)
Peristeria. Opposite the archaeological site of Peristeria, S of
the tholos tombs, parts of two rectangular R buildings were
investigated, one with the remains of two rooms. (ADelt 192)
Petalidi. Scattered architectural material was noted 1.5km N of
the castle of Petalidi, identified with the acropolis of anc.
Korone, belonging to an extensive bath complex of LR/ECh
date (Fig. 79, general view from the W). The complex extend-
ed over three different levels, the lowest of which was excavat-
ed this year, including four working areas. The best-preserved
building, probably a frigidarium, is rectangular, with a niche on
three of its sides. On the interior the walls were lined with grey-
green and reddish marble, while the floor was laid with large
square clay slabs. In the SE comer was found part of a clay pipe
for evacuating the water. This building communicated with
another rectangular space, with a tile floor, which was later
floored with marble slabs, while its walls were lined with mar-
ble. The third room, S of the first two, preserved the entrance to
the baths. E of these buildings lay the caldarium, of which only
the subterranean heated floor was preserved. It was divided into
three smaller rooms, and the floor was constructed of large clay
slabs, on which were placed small clay piers in rows; on the lat-
ter lay large rectangular bricks, forming the floor of the rooms
above. Outside the first building were identified two semicircu-
lar bathtubs, with waterproof plaster on the interior. (ADelt 191)
Pylos. Work continued in 1996 on the restoration of the
Neokastro fortress, especially the NE Bastion. (ADelt 737)
Pylos Regional Archaeological Project. The 1996 season
(ADelt 195-6) was covered in AR 1996-97, 51. Prof. Jack L.
Davis (ASCS) reports on the 11th season of 2001:
'Reorganization of the Blegen finds is now almost complete.
Sharon Stocker and Jack Davis examined ceramics from
deposits excavated by Blegen, from which the bones currently
being examined by Paul Halstead and Valasia Isaakidou were
retained. Their aim was to clarify the dates and contextual asso-
ciations of each of these, in preparation for a full publication of
the faunal remains from the Palace of Nestor. Six groups of
burnt bone analyses displayed greater or lesser heterogeneity in
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
the colour and texture of bone, suggesting exposure
to a range of temperatures (as perhaps between the
core and periphery of an open fire). Many of the
bones bear clear traces of knife marks consistent
with either dismembering or filleting, suggesting
that some of the material, at least, had been stripped
of meat before burning. In most cases, traces of earth
matrix plainly adhered directly to the external bone
surface and close examination found no intervening
charred organic matter (except in a few cases where
two or more bones had fused during burning). It is
inferred, therefore, that most, and probably all, of the
bones had been stripped of meat before burning. The
burnt bone is (almost) exclusively of cattle and high-
ly selective in terms of anatomical composition:
humerus, femur and mandible (with rare fragments).
The deliberate burning of defleshed bones, followed
by apparently careful redeposition elsewhere, sug-
gests important ritual acts and interpretation in terms
of burnt animal sacrifice would be tempting even
without the later Homeric accounts of burnt offer-
ings to the gods of thigh bones wrapped in fat.
Analysis of the human skeletal material from the Palace of
Nestor and associated chamber and tholos tombs by Lynne
Schepartz continues. The analysis of Tsakalis tomb E-6 is fin-
ished. Results differ considerably from those reported in the
primary publication of the tomb. The tomb appears to have con-
tained a minimum of 5 children, 6 adult females, 6 adult males
and two other adults, with the oldest individuals probably dying
before age 40. Most of the individuals were healthy. There was
no evidence for osteoarthritis or other age-related changes. Two
or three of the adult cranial vaults had expansion of the diploe
that may be associated with anemia (although other bone
changes characteristic of anemias such as vault porosity and
criba orbitalia were not present), while other individuals have
thickened compact bone in some areas of the vault. Many indi-
viduals have numerous caries and premortem loss of molars
from these infections. Dental hypoplasia, a sign of childhood
disease or dietary stress, is commonly seen on both males and
females.
Substantial progress was made by Hariclia Brekoulaki and
her team in reorganizing the storage of fresco fragments, prior
to a full examination and study of the technological aspects of
Mycenaean painting at the Palace of Nestor.
Finally, a considerable number of samples of wood from the
Palace of Nestor were transferred to Athens from Hora. They
will be transported from there to the United States for 14-C dat-
ing in a program of analysis coordinated with Peter Kuniholm
at Corell University.'
Pyrgos Triphylias. A R cist-tomb and scattered architectural
remains of buildings, probably of R date, were located in the
area. At the site of Tsouka was found an intact MH Minyan
kantharos, near a large destroyed tumulus of the same date.
(ADelt 189)
Byz churches identified include: Agios Nikolaos at Bournazi,
a small cruciform church, much changed over time, but with
remnants of original sculptured and painted decoration (14th Ct
AD). At Pedema, the church of Agia Kyriake (late 13th-early
14th Ct AD) has remains of contemporary wall-paintings. The
church is of Orlandos Al category, with transverse pitched roof
instead of a dome. LByz wall-paintings are reported in the
church of Agios Theodoros at Sterna. At Strephi, the church of
the Panagia on the Chrysophoras plot is identified as being MByz
with l9th-Ct AD additions. A LByz two-storey tower is men-
tioned at Diodia, on the Palaiopyrgos site. (ADelt 163)

KERKYRA AND THESPROTIA
Kerkyra
Garitsa. In Odos Alkinoou architectural remains
were located, probably associated with harbour
installations. In the SW part of the plot a rectangu-
lar structure was identified, while in the S sector
were found the bases of four limestone piers, possi-
bly supporting wooden shafts, probably for the roof-
ing of shipsheds for small boats. More pier bases
and part of a stone drain were discovered in Odos
Theodorou Desylla, while the pottery collected
dates from the last quarter of the 5th to the start of
the 3rd Ct BC. (ADelt 412-13) , '
Kanoni. Various architectural remains were
excavated in the Argyrou plot, including sections
of two walls, part of two drains and a well, while the
pottery recorded testifies to the use of the area from
the LA to the HL period. (ADelt 407-9)
In the Mazarake plot were located sections of
two buildings, used from the LA to the HL period
(Fig. 80). During the latter the A buildings were 80. Kerk: yra, Kanoni: Mazarake plot site
destroyed, and the building material was re-used in
later construction phases. The building constructed over build-
ing A was typical of the HL period, with a court, floored with
crushed and trodden roof-tiles, and a well in the middle. Five
rooms were identified to the N and S of the court. Building B
was also re-used, after considerable modifications, and consist-
ed of three roofed areas. The stratigraphical evidence suggests
the existence of three phases in the area: an A/LA phase associ-
ated with one wall and a stone pavement; a LC/EHL phase, dur-
ing which was constructed a house with a peristyle paved court;
and a M-LHL phase, during which the peristyle court was
destroyed, while its paved floor was covered with a pebble sur-
face, and the house was extended to the NE. The well was
opened during the A period, and was used throughout.
Among the finds were 146 coins, mostly Corcyrean but also
Sicilian and Apulian, dating from 300-229 BC and 229-48 BC,
as well as A, C and HL figurines. The two HL buildings lay on
the isodomic-style krepis of an A building of public character
and retained the public character (roof-tile inscribed: A (AAMO-
XIOE)); they were part of the urban grid of the anc. city, and
were provided with a drain. The house with the peristyle court
and the one to its S, were probably the residence and the office
of a public official, involved with commercial transactions
(Agoranomos?). (ADelt 409-12)
Kerkyra town. Palaiopole. The systematic excavation of the
Kasphike and Kateche plots, which had been taking place in
collaboration with Prof. T. Hackens from the University of
Louvain la Neuve, and Prof. R. Winkens from Brown
University, continued for an eighth year in 1996. In the W and
NW part of the Kasphike plot, the area outside the baths was
investigated, especially to the W of room 10, and to the NW of
room 8, where were located fragments from the vertical heating
system of the walls, and a number of walls. To the NW of drain
1 outside room 8, the finds were mostly R in date (2nd-3rd Ct
AD). In the area surrounding the baths were recorded a HL wall
and marble architectural members, as well as bronze coins of
the 4th-7th Cts AD. Finally, in the NE comer inside room 4, pot-
tery of HL and R date was found immediately below the floor;
in deeper levels were recorded finds of A date. (ADelt 404-6).
In the NNE part of the Kateche plot part of the stone slab
pavement of the anc. agora was uncovered, including two
mosaic floors. The semi-circular mosaic floor was decorated
with two peacocks facing each other across a large amphora, as
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 49
?_ ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
well as smaller birds and anthemia, in white, black, blue and red
colours. The second mosaic, of rectangular shape, had stylized
animals, fish, birds and plants. Many more sections of mosaic
floors were discovered, often face down, in various areas and
depths of the plot. In the central sector part of a small pottery
kiln was recorded, as well as various pottery finds, including
African style bowls dating from the 2nd-6th Cts AD.
In the NW part of the plot was unearthed a section of a stoa,
running SW-NE (preserved 1. 21m, w. 7m). The stylobate of the
facade supported an Ionic colonnade, of which only one column
was preserved; the columns rested on almost square stone
bases, four of which were found. The column bases were con-
nected with each other by a wall faced on both sides. In the NW
part of the facade was preserved a semi-circular base, while to
the SE of the stoa lay part of a semi-circular R building, with a
monument to its SE. 1m E of the latter, was found a poros
metope carved with a 16-leafed rosette in relief. The pottery
dated from the R and the LR period. (ADelt 406-7)
Thesprotia
Work carried out in the course of the construction of Egnatia
Odos in 1996 brought to light a variety of archaeological fea-
tures in various locations. In the area of Vasiliko was excavat-
ed part of a pottery kiln, used for the production of roof tiles. At
the site of Stenes were recorded the remains of five walls, of
HL-R date, while scattered in the area were discovered flakes
and manufacturing debris of tool types of the EBA period. In
the same area were located flakes of the EBA as well as two
scrapers on a long blade, one side scraper on a flake, two chis-
els, one worn, and flakes of the MPal period. In the vicinity
were also recorded part of another pottery kiln (pear-shaped,
two-storey), used during the HL and R periods, as well as four
burials of HL date (one cist-tomb, two pot-burials, one pit-
grave).
Gitane. The stoa on the N side of the anc. agora was preserved
for a length of 76m and a width of 11.20m (Fig. 81). It was con-
structed of local stone, in the polygonal masonry style. It con-
sisted of an interior colonnade of 14 Ionic columns, with their
bases, and an exterior colonnade of 26 Doric columns, of which
only six were preserved. The interior wall of the stoa and the
columns of both colonnades were coated with white plaster. The
stylobate consisted of slabs placed over a substructure of large
50 DAVID BLACKMAN

81. Gitane, N side of agora: stoa

blocks. In front of the facade were identified a semi-circular
base for an exedra or thronos, two square, three rectangular and
six cylindrical bases, supporting votives. Along the toichobate
of the stoa and the two side walls was located a solid bench of
local limestone. Among the finds were 250 coins of the Epirote
League (234/3-168/7 BC), dating the destruction of the build-
ing to the years after the end of the Third Macedonian War, as
well as bronze and iron tools of the late 3rd-early 2nd Ct BC,
jewellery with parallels in the Balkans and W Greece, and the
head of a clay statue. Typologically the stoa, with side walls
continuing for a short distance along the facade, belongs to the
type current in NW Greece during the HL period. (ADelt
414-16)
Outside the walls of the anc. city were investigated four
tombs, two cists, one pithos burial and one pot burial, dated to
the 3rd Ct BC. (ADelt 416-17)
Ladochori. In the area of the mod. village were excavated
fragmentary architectural remains of three building phases,
including a stone-paved floor and two rooms in the earliest
phase (2nd-4th Ct AD), the addition of two more rooms and a
wall in the second phase (mid 3rd-5th Ct AD), while to the lat-
est phase (6th Ct AD) belonged a road and a stone-paved area in
the NE comer of the plot. (ADelt 417-19)
The second row of tombs consisted of 15 inhumations, 10 of
which belonged to children, and 13 cremations. It dates mostly
from the period between the 5th and the 3rd Cts BC. The major-
ity consisted of tile-roofed child-burials, followed by simple
pits and cists. The cremations were typical of the usual local
version, i.e. a rectangular pit provided with steps and with a
long channel down its middle, functioning as an air-shaft. The
remains of iron nails suggest the existence of some kind of
funeral bier, placed on the top of the wooden frame. Carbonized
remains of figs and almonds on the surface of the pyres proba-
bly represent offerings made during the funeral rites, especially
just before the pyre was covered with earth.
The third row of tombs consisted of 16 inhumations and
three primary cremations; only two were child-burials. The
types included A deep pit-graves, simple pits, a few tile-roofed
tombs and cist graves, mostly of HL date. Among the finds was
a rf crater of the Athens painter (mid-4th Ct BC). Finally, by the

BOIOTIA

Akraiphnion. The rescue excavations in part of the cemetery,

to the SW of anc. Akraiphnia on either side of the national road
from Athens to Lamia, were continued in 1996. One row of
tombs on the N side of the national road consisted of 62 inhu-
mations and 6 cremations in situ; 14 of those were child-buri-
als. The majority of the tombs were deep stepped pit-graves
(Fig. 82), covered by stone slabs, followed by simple pit-
graves, pot burials, tile-roofed tombs and a few cists. The
tombs, which were not arranged in any order, occupied every
available space in the cemetery. Common features of the A pit-
graves for adults included the deep shaft, usually filled with yel-
low sandy soil, the main burial place at the bottom of the shaft,
and the four to eight cover slabs, at a level below the mouth of
the tomb. Among the finds was an amphoriskos by the Polos
painter. The (mostly HL) simple pit-graves usually contained
few vases, while the cists and the tile-roofed tombs dated most-
ly from the 4th Ct BC and the HL period. Child-burials were
much rarer in the A row of tombs than in the rows of C date.
Finally, one category of funeral structures resembling stone-
piles, constructed of successive irregular rows of stones, dated
from the G period. Amongst the graves were found shallow cir-
cular wells, probably associated with the drainage of the rain
water. 82. Akraiphnion, cemetery: stepped pit graves

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

building were excavated three multiple burials in tile-roofed
tombs, of LR-ECh date. (ADelt 272-5)
On the S side of the national road, a considerable number
of burials was excavated, among which were three adult pot-
burials in a stepped shaft, an unused pit-grave, two stone piles
containing burials which dated from the LG period, a child cist-
grave, a pot-burial of A date, a late 4th-Ct BC stone pile with
burials, a pit-grave (child burial) with a long and narrow chan-
nel to its SE, filled with yellow soil, containing animal bones
and sherds, possibly an offering ditch, a phenomenon common
from the LG to the A periods, as well as an A apothetes and a
well, later used as a rubbish pit. In the S part of the exit of the
Akraiphnion junction, at the junction with the road to Aliartos,
building remains were recorded of the G period, mostly walls.
(ADelt 275-8)
Chaironeia. Architectural remains of the R period were uncov-
ered in the mod. town. (ADelt 278-9)
Dauleia. In the course of an extensive surface survey in the area
E and SE of the acropolis of the anc. Phocian city of Daulis, the
sites were re-identified of anc. Phokikon, of the koinon of the
Phocians, and of the shrine of the hero archegetes, as well as
scattered tombs at the site of Kephalovryso, dating from late
antiquity. (ADelt 284-5)
Daulose-Medeon. Investigations in the looted Myc chamber
tomb cemetery at the foot of Sphingeion yielded the remains of
a strong retaining wall, facing the stream and possibly connect-
ed with the PR works in the gulf of Daulose. Excavations on the
pre-Myc acropolis of Megalo Kastraki hill yielded an empty
cist tomb and part of a MH peribolos, surrounding the settle-
ment. In the same general area were also discovered three
archaeological levels, including two child burials (cists), part of
the foundations of a large MH building, and a steatite cylinder-
seal with incised linear motifs in columns, similar to analogous
EM or MM examples. To the N was discovered a stone pile with
two ellipsoidal disturbances. (ADelt 270-2)
Delesi. Part of a large rectangular R kiln (firing chamber and
eschara) was excavated in Odos Odysseos. The chamber was
oriented E-W, while the bricks of the interior walls had under-
gone colour and shape alterations, due to the high temperatures
reached. The floor, which lay 60cm below ground level, was
made of clay and bore intense traces of burning. Judging by the
mode of construction, it seems that the kiln also possessed a
permanent second floor. The kiln was probably part of an
important brick-making workshop, with an intensive produc-
tion geared to cover the needs not only of Delion, but of other
areas also. Its location, in the vicinity of a harbour, suggests that
the trade was also conducted by sea. R walls and part of a tile
floor were recorded just before the junction of Odos Odysseos
and Odos Priamou. In front of the OTE plot, where a R work-
shop complex with shops had been excavated in the past, 22
sections of walls were now exposed, running N-S. (ADelt
279-82)
In the square of the mod. town were unearthed six marble
larakes/baths and a circular construction of poros, which sug-
gest the existence of a public bath-house in the area, while var-
ious other rooms to its N, E and S, were probably part of the
same complex. (ADelt 282-4)
An anc. breakwater is threatened by illegal mod. harbour
construction. The EMA planned the submerged E part of a HL
stoa, the W part of which had been investigated in 1982-3 in a
rescue excavation of the 8th EPCA. (ADelt 735)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 51
Kopais. Cave churches are reported in the Kopais region. These
include the churches of Agios Vlasios or Zoodochos Pege,
Agios Nikolaos and Agia Trite, all of which have layers of
painted decoration, the uppermost dating to the 17th Ct AD,
with dated inscriptions from earlier periods (1333), and a layer
dated to the 13th Ct AD. (ADelt 73-4)
Neochoraki. Two tombs, a pot-burial of A date and a C crema-
tion were located ca 2km W of the mod. village. Between the
two were identified sporadic offerings of pots and figurines.
(ADelt 284)
Orchomenos. 28 marble members, some from the original tem-
plon screen of the Skripou church, were identified and cleaned
in the walls of vaulted cells of the monastery of the same name.
(ADelt 74)
Plataiai. A. Konecny (Austrian Institute) reports on the 2001
campaign:
'For several reasons the campaign of 2001 was dedicated to
the processing of material retrieved during previous excava-
tions at Plataiai. This led to a better understanding of the strati-
graphic sequence excavated until now and of the site's settle-
ment sequence than hitherto achieved.
The ceramic sequence starts as early as the LN or FN. EH,
especially EH II, is abundant, whereas EH III could not yet be
identified. MH occurs in good quality, as well as LH. Pottery
from the Greek DA, i.e. PG, G and SG, confirms a continuation
of settlement activities during the EIA. There seem even to be
some SMyc sherds present. Several consecutive floors have
yielded stratified A material which included a range of whole
shapes. These vessels were of local, Cor, and probably also
Attic origin. Later strata have fallen victim to terracing activi-
ties during the middle ages. HL, R and Byz pottery was never-
theless present in considerable quantities. The accumulated data
provide the final proof of a settlement continuity spanning
approximately five millennia.
The material from the W gate contained, as anticipated, pre-
dominantly miniature vessels, which were most probably of
local origin. They date from the first decades of the 4th Ct BC.
A few, but significant, pieces can however be assigned to the
decades around 330 BC. They came from the fill which consti-
tuted the first floor of the courtyard inside the gate. This evi-
dence firmly dates the construction of the gate to the era of
Philip II and/or Alexander the Great and confirms the historical
testimony of Arrian, Plutarch and Pausanias.
During the forthcoming campaign priority will be given to
extending the trial trenches on the acropolis with the aim of sub-
stantiating the data concerning the long settlement history of
Plataiai.'
Sarakino cave. A. Sampson reports on the 1996 excavation
season by the EPS. In trench A, LN I levels were reached. A
sequence was established of superimposed layers of occupation
and hearths across the trench. Finds were rich in decorated pot-
tery of LN I and LN II. Trench A yielded a number of clay and
marble figurines, bone tools, and pendants. Large quantities of
carbonized seeds were recovered by flotation, while samples for
charcoal and pollen analyses were collected. (ADelt 714)
Tanagra. J. Bintliff (Netherlands Institute) reports on the 2001
season:
'A team from Leiden University under the direction of Prof.
John Bintliff, together with Greek colleagues (K. Sbonias, K.
Sarri) and a small team from the University of Ljubljana under
the direction of Prof. B. Slapsak, undertook a second season of
52 DAVID BLACKMAN
surface survey in the city of Tanagra and in its immediate rural
surroundings. The first season at Tanagra, in summer 2000, has
seen a detailed preliminary report published in Pharos 8 (2000)
93-127. It is intended that each season will produce a similar
report for Pharos.
In the 2001 season, within the city walls, around one third of
the surface was systematically planned topographically using a
total station (directed by L. Sigalos and E. Farinetti), with care-
ful note being taken of the location of all wall lines and archi-
tectural fragments. In conjunction with the results of geo-
prospection, carried out by Ljubljana specialists led by B.
Music, the plan of the city blocks and roads is gradually being
elucidated, to compare with the differential spreads of ceramic
surface finds of various occupation phases of the town. These
different kinds of spatial information are being linked together
by E. Farinetti using a GIS.
So far in two seasons two-thirds of the city surface have
been analysed, with the overall impression being that PR activ-
ity is widespread from N times to the Myc period (study by K.
Sarri). However, the virtual absence of LH III finds from the
town makes it very unlikely that Tanagra was a major Myc set-
tlement, thus ruling out the equation made by some of its site
with Homeric Graia. Likewise very weakly represented in the
urban surface finds are DA and EA sherds (study by V. Stissi),
suggesting a late foundation of the town, at least in its current
location. C and LR finds are abundant from all areas so far stud-
ied, but there are some indications of a reduction in activity dur-
ing LHL and ER times-not predicted from the anc. sources but
compatible with previous research at other Boeotian urban sites
such as Thespiae and Hyettos. Med activity is extremely rare
and no evidence yet has been found to suggest occupation in the
urban area in Byz times. But a major discovery of 2001 was a
group of four linked longhouses on the acropolis hill, of tradi-
tional Boeotian domestic type, associated with ceramics of the
MOtt period-a small hamlet, perhaps a ciftlik, lay at the heart
of the anc. city in the 16th-18th Cts (preliminary dating by J.
Vroom).
In the survey of the adjacent countryside, numerous small
cemetery scatters of C date could be added to those discovered
in 2000, and these are both as expected immediately outside the
city walls and along likely anc. roads out from the city to neigh-
bouring towns, but also widely scattered across the entire coun-
tryside; most seem family cemeteries. C rural settlement, how-
ever, only appears at some distance from the city-with two
farms being observed at an identical distance of 1700m out
from the town walls in a W and N direction. This signifies that
the closer parts of the ancient chora were farmed directly by
urban residents, who were also then responsible for the extraor-
dinary density of 'offsite' pottery-a continuous carpet of worn
potsherds primarily of C date extending from the edge of the
city up to the point where the first farms appear (average densi-
ty being 12000 sherds per hectare or more than 1 sherd per
metre square). The 'offsite' carpet is due to urban manuring
using city rubbish, in order to improve crop fertility in the inten-
sively cultivated inner chora. Closer to the city we found as in
2000 more evidence for R rural settlement.
The large villa discovered in summer 2000, almost lkm
from the town to the W, was gridded and found to be over 2.5
ha in size, but also in the N field transect two further R villas
were found at a similar distance, close to each other, and 0.75
and 1.5 ha in size. The W villa had fine carved stone pillars in
stone piles within its area, which were matched by equally
impressive signs of wealth at the new N villas of 2001-between
them providing surface finds such as mosaic tesserae, wall-
painting fragments and much recycled C grave architecture.
The change of land-ownership in country residents from small
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
family farms in C times to wealthier villa landlords in R times
seems clearly marked in these sites.
Immediately around the edge of the city walls for several
hundred metres, the density of surface finds is especially high,
almost at urban levels. Some small areas with high quality C
pottery were identified within this zone and raised the question
of sanctuary or cemetery origin. V. Stissi provisionally suggests
that the types present are more plausibly seen as burial assem-
blages rather than those from shrines. This has a wider signifi-
cance, because the high level of surface pottery in the immedi-
ate extramural zone could also have been suggesting domestic
suburbs outside the defence walls. Since we now seem to have
graves on most sides of the walls, then this has to be rejected,
with the conclusion being that domestic occupation was con-
fined within the 4th-Ct BC surviving enceinte. We interpret the
dense extramural ring of pottery as indicating a number of dis-
crete burial zones, and more diffuse areas of industrial and craft
activity and especially market gardens. Only in the E rural tran-
sect of 2000 are there still possible signs of extramural domes-
tic buildings near the walls, some distance from the nearest
cemeteries.
The important Med settlement discovered in 2000 around
the MByz church of Agios Thomas some 1 km E of the city was
gridded and analysed, proving to be a village site of some size
of the ltl13th Cts AD. The Ephor of Byz Antiquities, Mrs
Chilakou, provided us with the vital information that the church
of Agios Thomas had been converted into a Frankish feudal
tower with chapel in the 13th Ct, giving us another Boeotian
example of a Byz village taken into close control by the incom-
ing Frankish minor lords at this time (for a similar situation in
the Valley of the Muses and the village of Askra see BSA 93,
1998).'
Thebes. In 1996, eight rescue excavations were conducted in
the mod. town, mostly of PR interest. Investigations in the plot
of the archaeological museum resulted in a number of inter-
esting observations: the thick layer of mud-bricks in the N sec-
tor rested mostly on a stone base, which has been attested
throughout the plot. The recorded dimensions of the mud-bricks
varied (40 x 20cm, 44 x 24cm, 52 x 26cm, 50 x 19cm). This
mud-brick terrace, if indeed artificial and not the result of a col-
lapse of buildings, was built from the N, and was disturbed by
the insertion of MH burials and tombs of the early LH period
(three child burials, two pit-graves, some pithos burials, three
built mud-brick tombs, and some rock-cut tombs); it also cov-
ered EH domestic remains and sections of fortifications. In the
same area were also located scanty remains of the Myc fortifi-
cations of Kadmeia, built in the typical Myc style towards the
end of LH IIIA2/beginning of LH IIIB 1, and destroyed towards
the end of LH IIIB2 (end of the 13th Ct BC). (ADelt 259-61)
Sieving operations in a collapsed part of the Kadmeion, the
'treasury', apart from the usual finds of burnt mud-brick and
fragments of carbonized wood, yielded four clay sealings, three
of which bore Linear B inscriptions, and a glass-paste seal, in
the same area where the 1963-4 excavations had resulted in the
discovery of Linear B texts, oriental cylinder seals, much gold
and stone jewellery, as well as large quantities of lapis lazuli, all
of which contradict the theory of an oriental origin of the first
settlers of the Kadmeia. The first of the inscribed sealings bore
the impression of an almond-shaped seal, depicting a bull-
leaper as he jumps over the animal, and bearing an inscription
which included the word o-pa and the ideogram for leather, pos-
sibly an administrative act related to the transport of leather
goods, at a specific stage of manufacture. Similar were the con-
tents of sealing No 3, with the ideogram of the goat incised on
the representation of a bull and a lion. The inscription on seal-

ing No 2 extended over the whole sealed surface, the design on
which is not clear. The inscribed word e-pi-*19-ta, is not com-
mon and occurs only on the Pylian text Vnl0,2 & 5, recording
materials and parts for the making of chariots. On sealing No 4
was represented a male figure between two agrimia (potnios
theron?). Finally, the only seal found in the excavation depicted
a goat or some other big animal walking towards the left. Near
the end of the season, in a trench opened to the W of the 'treas-
ury', was discovered almost half of a page-shaped Linear B
tablet, in the Myc destruction layer, near the floor. The text
refers to a number of otherwise unattested names, receiving
small quantities of an unknown product. (ADelt 262-4)
Fragmentary architectural remains of the Byz, Myc (LH
IIIB2), MH and EH periods, were identified in Odos Pelopidou.
The EH level, thick and mostly undisturbed, yielded a multitude
of small finds, as well as architectural remains belonging to at
least two construction phases. Of the most recent phase were
located three successive rectangular rooms, with a mud-brick
superstructure. The earlier phase consisted of remains of build-
ings or isolated walls, and small bothroi. (ADelt 264-5)
Pottery and architectural remains of the Myc period were
uncovered at the junction of Odos Ag. Apostolon and
Kadmou, mostly sections of walls extending N, under the mod.
houses. Of the portable finds, the most important was part of a
leaf-shaped Linear B tablet (Fig. 83), with a single word (me-
to-re-ja-de). The discovery of this tablet confirms the wide dis-
tribution of the Theban archives over the extensive acropolis;
this represents the northernmost findspot, in a general area
probably allocated to workshop activities, perhaps pottery
workshops, and overlooked by the palace. Other finds include
pottery, lead sheets, obsidian fragments and fresco fragments.
(ADelt 266-7)
At the junction of the country road connecting Thebes and
Mouriki, and the railway line, at the site of Kokkala, were
recorded six ECh tile-roofed tombs, the foundation of a HL
funeral peribolos, part of a LR stone-paved road running N-S,
and finally two intact and parts of 11 fragmentary funerary ste-
lae of the C and HL periods (5th-2nd Cts BC). (ADelt 267-9)
At the junction of Odos Amphionos and Oidipodos, on the
SE side of the Kadmeia hill, were unearthed fragmentary archi-
tectural remains of the R, LR and ECh periods, including sec-
tions of walls, and part of a clay R water-pipe, running N-S for
a length of 12.50m; part of a LR wall was recorded in Odos
Antigones. (ADelt 269-70) Excavation work by the 1st EBA
continued within the town. (ADelt 76-86)
Investigations in 12 Odos Teiresiou and Odos G. Diamanti
provided more evidence for continuous habitation from the 9th
to 13th Cts AD. Coin finds here include copper folleis and
tetartera dating from Basil I (d. 886) to Isaac II Angelos (ca
1190). (ADelt 85)
Pottery included a frying-pan-shaped vessel made of hard
red clay, belonging to the 9th-10th Ct AD phase. Other frag-
ments of pottery (including a fine inscribed askodabla, end
llth/early 12th Ct AD) were found along with bone pins and
fibulae, bone and stone buttons, drills for stone-working, clay
loom weights, an iron key, inscribed and embossed bone handle
with traces of painting. The stone cooking vessels proved the
most interesting, however, in the variety of type and size and in
the stone used, a greenish pietra ollare which originates in the
valleys of the Alpine range. Similar vessels have been found in
N. Italy (Brescia) in early Med contexts.
On Odos Vamali and Odos Ekaste. (Nea Theba, E of the
Kadmeia), a vaulted tomb was found partly built into the
bedrock (3 x 1.53 x 1.83m). Two steps of the descending stair-
way were uncovered. Eleven burials were identified, including
two almost complete and undisturbed skeletons. These were
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 53
83. Thebes: Linear B tablet
accompanied by coins of 1070-5, and later tetartera of Manuel
I (d. 1180). Evidence of a water supply system was found else-
where on the plot, including a well (coins of 1050-60) and two
reservoirs. Part of a much earlier (C?) water system was also
uncovered. Other coins dated to 1050-60 and to the Komnenoi,
up to 1143, were found on the site. (ADelt 85-6)
Pottery included cooking ware and water vessels, but also
table ware, including a fine monochrome stamnion with paint-
ed and inscribed decoration (11th to 13th Cts AD). Especially
interesting was a lead seal of the bishop of Athens, Michael
Choniates (before 1204), with a bust of the Virgin and Child,
and inscription (ADelt 86).
Work in an around the church of Agios Gregorios Theologos
continued in the area W of the narthex, and the burials found S
of the nave and narthex. The narthex, once interpreted as being
contemporary with the church and designated for funerary pur-
pose, is now shown to be a later construction. Coins and pottery
of the mid- lth to 13th Cts AD were found. Also, in a pit were
found one anc. and two 13t-14th Ct AD Frankish coins in poor
condition, and iron knives, pottery and glass fragments, animal
and fish bones, and another fine askodabla with inscribed and
embossed decoration, and glazed cups, mostly monochrome.
Burials to the S, including a large marble sarcophagus and cist
graves, had been briefly examined by Soteriou (AE 1924), and
are now being re-investigated.
Part of an ECh mosaic floor was uncovered on Odos
Pindarou and Odos Antigones (border of double, interlinking,
tendril motif). Unfortunately, the mosaic was damaged when
disturbed by unauthorized persons, but visual records and pho-
tographs were made.
Rescue excavationsduring municipal sewer construction
works uncovered walls and architectural fragments of the
10th-11th Ct AD, including possible fragments from a church
(ambo, impost capital, octagonal colonnette). An inscription of
uncertain date was found on one plaque (reproduced in ADelt 84).
EUBOEA
Agiokambos. Remains of EH occupation were located on Vigla
hill, 2km W of the village on the shore. (ADelt 309)
Aliveri. Part of a R bath-house was discovered at the site of
Karavos, including six successive rooms of unequal size, as
well as a drain for the channelling away of water, extending N
of the frigidarium. (ADelt 304)
Chalkis. Out of a total of 10 rescue excavations in 1996 in the
mod. town, very few yielded remains of any consequence,
mostly isolated tombs and a few scattered architectural remains.
54 DAVID BLACKMAN

bearing an animal on his shoulders, as well as a mar-

ble base of the Ionic order, were discovered in Odos
Mones Erion.
Two HL tile-roofed tombs and a monolithic
stone sarcophagus were recorded in the area of
Chalkis-N. Artake-Psachna. (ADelt 287-8)

84. Eretria, Geometric Eretria. Part of the W sector of the LHL fortifica-
settlement: site tions lying directly on the bedrock, and preserved
for a length of 12.70m (w. 2.70m, h.50-70cm), was
excavated at the junction of the road to Toumba and
the Z. Malakonda settlement. The masonry was of
inferior quality, while E of the wall was discovered
part of a rectangular well built construction of the
4th Ct BC. (ADelt 300-1)
At the site of Ambeliones was uncovered part of
an extensive 4th-Ct BC cemetery, including 36 buri-
M14 als, mostly disturbed. The tombs were either clay
M15 .' cists, tile-roofed graves, or pits/pyres. In the Voure
plot, part of an anc. road was discovered and a 4th-
I/ Ct BC building. (ADelt 301)
A number of tile-roofed tombs were excavated at
the foot of hills located to the N of the mod. road
\(row of seven tombs, close to each other, without
funeral offerings). Near the mod. cemetery of the
Plaka settlement another group of tombs was dis-
covered, while part of a mosaic floor was unearthed
at the junction of Odos Sokratous Agathonos, and
Apollonos Daphnephorou. A row of four tile-
roofed tombs was recorded on the W slope of the
,' ?~ , acropolis hill. (ADelt 301-3)
Sections of HL walls and part of a 4th-Ct BC
building were excavated in Odos Amarysias
Artemidos, probably related to the anc. harbour. To
the N of this building was found an apsidal structure
of G date. (ADelt 3034) Remains of HL houses and
part of an anc. road were recorded in a plot behind
0 20 m
the anc. tholos, while in the area between the anc.
I _
gymnasium and the theatre, sections of 12 walls and
various portable finds were excavated. (ADelt 304)

The 1996 season of the Swiss School in Eretria (ADelt 309-10)

85. Eretria, Geometric settlement: wall
A G pit-grave and a R pit tomb were excavated in Odos
Chalkidikes, a tile-roofed, hut-shaped tomb was recorded at
the junction of Odos Chalkidikes and Lelandion, and a pit grave
was uncovered in Odos Lelandion. Sections of isolated walls
were recorded in Odos Naupliou and at the junction of Odos
Agapes and Styron. Finally, a marble statuette of a naked boy
was covered in AR 1996-97, 53-6. Stephan Schmid reports on
the activities of the School in 2001:
'The Swiss School carried out its fourth consecutive excava-
tion season in the area of the temple of Apollo Daphnephoros
under the direction of S. Verdan (Univ. of Lausanne). Several
trenches were opened to the S and W of the temple, mainly in
order to complete the picture of the area's occupation during the
LG period (8th Ct BC). Further, some small soundings inside the
LA temple will hopefully allow us to draw a more concise pic-
ture about the chronology of the different building phases.
The four seasons of excavation contributed considerably
towards a better understanding of the spatial organisation of the
G settlement. One distinctive feature is a series of long walls,
such as M3 and M2 (Figs. 84-85), apparently separating differ-
ent zones from each other. Most probably their function was a
double one. On the one hand, they were used in order to define
properties, as is the case in a similar settlement of the G period
in Oropos, on the opposite Boeotian coast. On the other hand,
these walls apparently were built to protect the built up zones
from regular inundations. This is attested by the fact that 'out-
side' the walls clearly alluvial layers alternate with thin layers
containing few and small sherds, most probably the result of
seasonal dry periods (Fig. 85). This hypothesis was also sup-
ported by the results from sounding 18 to the S of the temple

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 55

(cf. Fig. 84). As wall M3 rather abruptly turns in a right angle

towards the apsidal building excavated in previous years, one
could expect other built structures further S. However, in
sounding 18 absolutely no built structures were found but
exclusively the same sequence of alluvia as between walls M2
and M3 further N. It seems, therefore, that Eretria faced con-
siderable problems with regular inundations, probably related to
spring floods during the rainy season, i.e. in winter. A similar
arrangement was found in trench 20 near the NW comer of the
A temple (cf. Fig. 84). While the trench was initially dug in
order to catch the supposed junction between walls 8 and M3, it
revealed already the beginning of the next built complex, as is
attested by the angle of its compound's walls (M14 and M15).
In the same trench a considerable amount of iron slag and frag-
ments of melted bronze were found, attesting metal-working in
this area and confirming, therefore, similar finds made some
years ago in and around building 17.
Some of the new results are directly or indirectly related to
building 1, the so-called Daphnephoreion (cf. Fig. 84). Very
precise trenches dug beneath the round features on the inner and
outer sides of the building's apsidal wall revealed that the round
features are not-as was believed earlier-bases for wooden
columns, but foundation trenches for much smaller posts, as is
confirmed by the post-holes continuing beneath them (Fig. 86).
Although this may have no major effect on the overall recon-
struction of building 9 as proposed some 30 years ago, it will
surely affect its relation to the nearby long apsidal building, the
so-called hecatompedos (building 2 on fig. 84).
Immediately W of apsidal building 1 a round pit was exca-
vated (Fo 69 on Fig. 84), containing large amounts of rather fine
pottery of the 8th Ct BC as well as organic remains such as olive
and grape pips and remains of wooden tools. The contents of
this pit are surely related to the functioning of building 1 and, 86. Eretria, building 1: post-hole
therefore, the detailed analysis will contribute to a better under-
standing of the so-called Daphnephoreion, especially regarding
the question whether it had a cult function or not.
Surprisingly, after the cleaning of the pit (Fo 69) and contin-
uation of excavation, a new stone-built structure was found,
already at considerable depth and therefore in the ground-water
(Fig. 87). The structure itself has been excavated over too small
an area to interpret it; however, the pottery related to it indicates
a date in the late 3rd or early 2nd mill. BC. The structure is cov-
ered by about 1.5m of consecutive layers of alluvia, not con-
taining any archaeological remains. Above these lie the G lay-
ers. Finds of a similar date have previously been recorded at
various spots in Eretria, including the area of the temple of
Apollo. It would seem, then, that the bay of Eretria was quite
densely occupied in the BA, before the rising water level put an
end to these settlement activities. Although yet of a rather pre-
liminary nature, these results should also lead to a reconsidera-
tion of Eretria's relationship with Lefkandi.
For the third consecutive year a field survey led by P. Simon 87. Eretria, pit Fo 69
(Univ. of Lausanne) focused on the wider area around the anc.
city of Eretria. Following the results of previous campaigns,
specific attention was paid to defensive installations and forti-
fied places on the hills of Eretria's hinterland. So far 12 such Gavalas. At the site of Kokkistres two tile-roofed tombs were
installations have been reported. Their function seems rather excavated and one cist grave, while another, looted cist tomb
clear due to the mostly massive walls; more difficult is their dat- was unearthed at the site of Zarakes. (ADelt 304-5)
ing, as no specific surface pottery was found. Still, it will be
interesting to see whether not only the city of Eretria proper, but Karystos. At the site of Skouries, 18 LC/EHL tombs were dis-
also the territory of the city was subject to defensive measures. covered, including pits, tile-roofed graves and one cremation, as
Another category of monuments that was recorded with spe- well as part of a wall, probably a funeral peribolos to the E.
cial attention are a considerable number of mounds belonging (ADelt 306)
to the EH and H periods according to surface pottery. Although
their precise function can not be determined without excava- Kerinthos. An extensive HL settlement was identified at the
tion, some of them seem to be funerary tumuli.' site of Kastri Kerinthou. (ADelt 309)

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
56 DAVID BLACKMAN
- lc
i I-2 ) L_?-' 'xV
L .. . ... _ .
88. Manika: rock-cut tombs
Loutra Aidepsou. A section of a LR bath-house was excavated
in the vicinity of the hotel 'Thermai Sylla', including a complex
of two cisterns coated with water-proof plaster, a built drain, a
circular brick construction and a pillar. (ADelt 307)
Manika. The 48 rock-cut tombs excavated this year can be
dated to the period between early EH II (Keros-Syros phase)
and the start of EH III (Troy IV, Kastri phase), a little before the
Lefkandi I period. They were all cut in the bedrock, and were
provided with a dromos, a chamber, which was on many occa-
sions laid with pebbles, and a doorway blocked with stones or a
slab (Fig. 88). The chambers were mostly trapezoidal, or
square, while fewer examples were horse-shoe-shaped or circu-
lar. In this part of the cemetery was found an abundance of 'fry-
ing pans' (Fig. 89), along with marble Cyc vases or bone paint-
boxes. The 'frying pans', which were discovered either in a hor-
izontal position, associated with bones or obsidian, or in an
89. Manika, clay 'frying-pan' 90. Oreioi: pebble mosaic floor
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
upright position against the wall, possibly an act of ritual impor-
tance, bore incised or impressed decoration. Among the other
finds worth noting are one bronze and two gold rings, similar to
types of the EH II period on Lemnos. The wealth of the funeral
offerings is indicative of the prosperity of their owners, who
were probably mariners or merchants. Only three tombs were
cenotaphs. The animal remains confirm the practice of funeral
meals on or outside the graves, while the bone paint-boxes sug-
gest that the corpses were painted before burial. One of the
tombs was used during Myc times (kylikes). (ADelt 289-300)
Neos Pyrgos. A horseshoe-shaped stone-built structure and part
of another building, associated with pottery dating from the LG
period to the start of the 6th Ct BC, was excavated in the vicin-
ity of the A sculpture (found in 1992) depicting the fight of
Herakles with a lion. (ADelt 308)
Oreoi. Architectural remains of the 4th-3rd Ct BC were exca-
vated in the area of Kato Oreoi, including a storage area with a
row of large amphoras, a section of a 3rd-Ct BC pebble floor,
depicting a triton in the central medallion, surrounded by two
zones with dolphins and ivy respectively (Fig. 90). In another
plot was unearthed part of a substantial building with a destruc-
tion level, dated to the start of the 3rd Ct BC. (ADelt 306-7)
Phylla. The joint excavation of the 11th EPCA and the BSA in
1996 at the site of Vrachos, 3km N of Lefkandi, was covered in
AR 1996-97, 56-8.
Skepaste. Remains of LHL and R fortifications and occupation
were located on Ellenas hill, lkm E of the village. (ADelt 308)
Viglatouri Oxylithou Kymes. In the course of investigations
on the hill of Viglatouri, where G remains had been located in
the past, including an oval building which yielded pottery of the
MG period (750 BC), thus confirming the Euboian origin of the
Kyme colonists, the remains were discovered of an extensive G
settlement around this building, as well as earlier phases of
occupation (Myc, MH, EH, LN) (Fig. 91). Remnants of the LH
occupation were preserved below the oval building and to its S,
while walls and pottery kilns of MH date were found to the
NW/NE. (ADelt 306)

91. Viglatouri: oval building
PHOKIS
Amphissa. In the course of rescue excavations in the mod. town
remnants of the anc. fortifications were discovered in three dif-
ferent plots. In the area of the playground, near Odos Kordone,
were investigated the foundations of two rectangular buildings
of the 4th Ct BC, probably part of the defensive system. Part of
a R wall, also probably related to the fortifications, was record-
ed at the junction of Odos Gatou and Papachrestou. Finally,
along Odos Markidou was located part of the exterior face of
the fortification wall of the anc. town, preserved for a length of
11.30m. At its E end it formed a comer, probably part of a
tower, built in the trapezoidal isodomic system.
The foundations of a rectangular building with a destruction
deposit, dating from the HL to the LR period, were excavated in
Odos Diovouniote, while in Odos Tzamala was discovered an
anc. tomb. (ADelt 328-9)
Kirra. In the N part of the PR magoula of Kirra, six successive
occupation phases were investigated, including architectural
remains, tombs and portable finds. To the earliest phase
belonged the stone foundations of two megaron-shaped houses,
preserved for a length of 8m, with a road between. In the same
area were excavated three cist-tombs, two of which belonged to
the same first phase of occupation, while the third is associated
with the fourth phase. The decorated pottery can be dated to the
LH IIIA1 and 2 period, although earlier MH pottery, both
Minyan and matt-painted, seems to coexist with the typical Myc
wares in the provincial areas, during the EMyc period. The
stratigraphy suggests a continuous occupation in the area from
the MH to the LH IIIA2 period. In the N part of the PR
magoula, the remains were recorded of the N sector of the 4th-
Ct BC fortification wall, at a distance of 15-20m from the N
limit of the PR settlement. (ADelt 327-8)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 57
NORTHWEST GREECE
Agios Menas. In 1996 the EPS carried out the fourth season of
excavations in the Pal rock-shelter of Boila, located at the W
mouth of the Voidomatis valley, at an elevation of ca 420m.
Excavation of previous 0.50 x 0.50m grid units continued, and
six new units were opened up. Sorting of wet-sieving residues
was completed, as was the cleaning of all archaeological finds,
and the recording of lithic artefacts progressed.
In the inner (SE) part of the rock-shelter the stratigraphic
sequence beneath the levels disturbed by the Med burial, con-
firmed the lithostratigraphy observed in other areas across the
site. Colluvial deposits, the scree deposit (horizon III) in partic-
ular, were thicker in this location than in other areas. As the
adjacent cave wall defines a tectonic fault, sediment was
undoubtedly contributed to the stratigraphic sequence by this
structural weakness in the limestone. These deposits were rich
in organic material, such as concentrations and scatters of ash,
suggesting repeated 'domestic' activities. At least two occupa-
tion phases were traced, one in the scree deposit (horizon III),
and one in the phase of continental sedimentation (horizon II).
The latter, fine-grained deposit so far represents the earliest cul-
tural level at Boila. In this section of the site cultural remains
were found in rather low density, and were not associated with
any evidence of hearths or burning, indicating variability in the
spatial organisation of activities through the different occupa-
tion phases.
In this part of the rock-shelter also the colluvial deposits
rested on the surface of the Aristi Unit alluvial terrace, known
from previous geomorphological research in the Voidomatis
river basin to have been formed during river incision phases fol-
lowing the last glacial maximum. The Boila rock-shelter is,
therefore, a relatively recent geomorphic feature, which was not
available for use prior to the lowering of the river level.
In the central section, excavation focused on defining the lat-
eral extent of horizon II. A complex of in situ hearths was locat-
ed, the find spot coinciding with the hearth remains within the
overlying horizon III. This find possibly represents a short-lived
settlement phase. The significance of locating a high-resolution
settlement in the context of Pal caves and rock-shelters must be
emphasized, as it is an exception to the general rule of the
palimpsest character evidenced by Pal contexts in general, and
more specifically in Epirus. Boila must have been a site of
occasional use during the 14th mill. BP. The archaeological and
stratigraphic records at Boila will decisively contribute to our
understanding of the ecosystem management strategies and
diversity of habitats available in NW Pindus in the last millen-
nia of the Pleistocene.
Excavation along the present dripline confirmed the litho-
stratigraphic sequence noted in this section of the site during
previous campaigns.
Emphasis was placed on the study of the talus stratigraphy,
in which a deposit, rich in calcitic ashes (horizon IV), had been
identified in previous years. Excavation in 1996 was aimed at
defining the lateral extent of the stratigraphic units. At the deep-
est levels, the coarser components of the deposit, both natural
and archaeological, exhibited an inclination, indicating that
horizon IV was not an in situ deposit. Rather, the largely anthro-
pogenic material, originally deposited to the SE of its present
location beyond the reach of the natural overhang; must have
been washed out of place onto an erosional surface which had
previously been formed in the same unprotected open area. The
cultural character of the horizon suggests that in the period of
Pleistocene-Holocene transition hunter-gatherers continued to
use the rock-shelter, and set hearths at a distance from its S wall.
This structural difference in the spatial arrangement of activities
58 DAVID BLACKMAN

running NW-SE, with a stone-paved pavement (ADelt 391). In

Odos Korydalleos, a section of another HL stone-paved road
was excavated, with a destruction deposit and remnants of road-
side buildings (ADelt 389). The remains of the two retaining
walls of another HL road, as well as the N side of an avenue,
running E-W, at right angles to this road, were investigated in
Odos Porphyriou Metropolitou. Along the avenue was dis-
covered a section of a stepped limestone pavement, leading to
the fortif1cation walls (ADelt 391-2). HL walls and the sides of
a drain, dating from the A to the LHL period, were excavated in
Odos Maximou Graikou (ADelt 391).
In Odos Perikleous a rectangular tower of the HL fortifica-
tions was unearthed, built in the orthogonal isodomic style. In
the vicinity of the tower were discovered other sections of the
anc. walls, as well as a circular tower to the N. (ADelt 390) A
section of the interior face of the HL fortif1cations was also
located at the junction of Odos Arachthou and Katsantone.
(ADelt 391)
The only funerary remains were recorded in Odos
Kommenou, in the area of the SW cemetery of the anc. town.
Investigations involved the funeral periboloi to the E of the
monumental avenue crossing the cemetery, and more specif1-
cally the excavation of a total of 30 burials, including 10 cist
tombs, 2 pit-graves, and 1 tile-roofed tomb. The use of the
cemetery was attested as late as the 2nd Ct AD. (ADelt 387)

Grammenitsa. At the site of Paleambela, 9km NE of Arta, has

been located a basin, crossed by streams and characterized by
the presence of abundant EPleistocene deposits. The area is
known since 1981 as the f1nd-spot of MPal artifacts. Two trial
trenches near the top of a small hill in the area yielded no strat-
ified deposits, while more artifacts were discovered on the sur-
face, at the sites of Gepedo and Aerodromio. The total number
92. Arta, Odos Skoupha: Hellenistic road of artifacts collected amounts to 614, the majority of which
(522 pieces-85%) were surface f1nds. The artifacts were made
throughout the various phases of settlement at Boila calls for of brownish f1ne-grained flint, while the raw material consisted
interpretative approaches alternative to functional necessity; of slabs of small and medium size, probably of local prove-
socio-cultural dimensions in the organisation of settlement will nance. The examples with a fully developed patina are very few,
be explored in an attempt to understand the identity and role of in contrast to the surface f1nds from other sites in Epirus, like
the rock-shelter in the context of Pal upland settlements in Kokkinopelos. In many cases, such examples have been re-
Epirus. (ADelt 706-10) worked, which resulted in the production of a great number of
shapeless cores and morphologically complex tool types.
Arta (anc. Ambracia). In 1996, 11 plots were investigated, Blades, microblades and generally blade-like chips are rare. The
which yielded mostly sections of anc. roads and buildings, as cores have many striking platforms and were apparently used
well as funerary remains and parts of the anc. fortification sys- for the production of flakes. Rare are the microblade cores and
tem. The majority of the architectural remains date to the HL tool types of the Upper Pal. The extant tool types include side
period. Part of a road (w. 1 .05m), running NW-SE, with a pave- scrapers, drills, toothed tools and notches, as well as a section
ment on its W side and the fragmentary remains of two roadside
buildings, was unearthed in Odos Philellenon. The road was
laid with gravel, pebbles and broken roof-tiles, while the pave-
ment, 75-95cm wide, was paved with limestone slabs; over the
road lay a destruction deposit. The road belonged to the urban
grid of Ambracia, and was one of the numerous parallel roads
running N-S through the city, at intervals of 30.50m, which
were originally crossed by wider paved avenues, running E-W.
The two surviving buildings, which were used from the 5th Ct
BC to the LHL period, were separated by a slab-paved passage,
running E-W, and leading to the road. (ADelt 385)
Part of another, similar HL road, also running NW-SE, pre-
served for a length of 16m (w. 4.20-4.70m) and paved with
square and rectangular slabs, was excavated in Odos Skoupha
(Fig. 92) (ADelt 385-7). A section of a third HL stone-paved
road, running in the same direction, with remains of a stone-
paved pavement on its E side, was discovered in Odos
Arachthou (ADelt 387-9). In the same area were investigated
fragmentary remains of houses, and the E limit of an anc. road, 93. Achilleio: cave fagade

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

of a two-sided leaf-shaped point. The technology of the cores
and the tool types is consistent with the MPal culture, while the
few artifacts of Upper Pal type cannot on their own prove the
existence of a separate phase. (ADelt 392-4 & Fig. 7)
Kastri. In a plot at the foot of the hill, on which have been iden-
tified remains of a fortified settlement, part of the anc. fortifi-
cation walls was uncovered, preserved for a length of 12m, and
dated to the LC/EHL period. The wall was built in the polygo-
nal style, while to a later phase of the wall can be assigned a 4th-
Ct BC house, which was built partly over its interior face.
(ADelt 398-9)
Leukas. Karya. Remains of 10 tombs, 3 cists, 5 poros sar-
cophagi, 1 clay sarcophagus and 1 tile-roofed tomb, as well as
part of a funeral peribolos, running E-W, and belonging to the
S cemetery of the anc. city, were discovered at the site of
Spasmene Vryse. At the site of Parasporia, at the N foot of the
Koulmos hill, were identified 2 cist tombs and 2 tile-roofed
graves, as well as 6 funeral stelae, part of the same cemetery.
Finally, at the site of Autantzes were unearthed 7 graves, 4
cists, 2 poros sarcophagi, and 1 tile-roofed tomb. (ADelt 400-1)
Maratovouni. At the top of the hill, on the W side of the
Arachthos river, were located remains of anc. fortifications. The
walls, preserved at foundation level, can be dated in the HL
period. Near the walls was discovered a layer containing hand-
made PR pottery. (ADelt 394)
Nikopolis. Small-scale excavations conducted in the area of the
Augustus monument, apart from minor finds in its vicinity,
resulted in the location of the continuation of the built drain, 6m
NE of the podium of the monument, as well as the discovery of
a great number of marble architectural members on either side.
(ADelt 395-8)
Riachovo. At Leuka were located two anc. graves, one tile-
roofed, dating from the 2nd half of the 4th Ct BC. (ADelt 384)
SOUTHERN THESSALY
Achilleio. The application by a private company to open a quar-
ry in the cave at the site of Krounia led to a joint trial excava-
tion by the 13th EPCA and the EPS in 1996. Eight excavation
sections were made within and around the cave, with dimen-
sions of 4 x 4m. Anc. chisel marks were found in the rock on
the facade of the cave (Fig. 93). There were also traces of archi-
tectural members and a large niche with a table. To the NE of
the cave were found three rectangular cisterns carved into the
rock. Rain water from these cisterns was channelled into a
fourth, perhaps the cistern located in front of the cave. Other
finds included LC, HL and R pottery, animal bones, stone and
bone tools, metal implements, fragments of glass vessels, loom-
weights and lamps.
Much damage had been done to the stratigraphy and the area
outside the cave by antiquities pillaging. The cave appears to
have had a religious function. (ADelt 345-7)
Alonnisos
The EPS carried out in 1996 the third season of the Palaeolithic
Survey Programme in collaboration with the 13th EPCA. This
consisted of:
(a) systematic survey for the location of Pal remains and
sourcing of raw materials. Three types of landforms were sur-
veyed: valleys, where Pal sites may have been sealed within
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 59
Pleistocene deposits; low relief coastal areas where low erosion
rates are expected and therefore preservation of Pal material is
likely and erosional surfaces that, once formed, remain stable,
being subject to only local-scale natural and anthropogenic dis-
turbance, thus preserving archaeological material in situ (in the
broad sense). Fourteen sites were located along the mod. coastal
zone at the mouths of coastal valleys, namely in Kokkinokastro,
Glyfa, Gerakas, and Leptos Yalos, dating to the MPal and Mes
periods, with sporadic remains of the final UPal; 6,000 flint
artefacts were collected.
(b) Study of tectonic, geomorphological and sedimentologi-
cal parameters with a view to reconstruction of the palaeogeo-
graphical evolution of the island, as well as the processes of for-
mation and preservation of Pal sites. Tectonic and eustatic activ-
ity triggered erosion mechanisms and are responsible for the
depletion of considerable amounts of Pleistocene sediment.
Therefore sites were, in fact, products of redeposition of
palimpsest character, preserving remains of activity throughout
the Upper Pleistocene and Early Holocene periods.
(c) Technomorphological analysis and dating of lithic
assemblages; depositional and post-depositional processes
responsible for their formation. Narrow sea straits separated the
Sporades during the last Ice Age, and Alonnisos was part of the
continent only during the last glacial maximum (18,000 BP).
Pal and Mes sites would have overlooked wider coastal plains,
and controlled ecosystems which are today extinct. Coastal
topography was similar in the MPal and Mes, but differed dra-
matically at 18,000 BP. Eustatic activity accounts for the spatial
coincidence of MPal and Mes sites, and potentially for the
absence of substantial UPal remains.
Landscapes are dynamic and ever-changing, so that the
degree to which any given archaeological record reflects cul-
tural history or geological preservation must be evaluated
before interpretations are attempted. The survey confirmed and
further documented human presence in the Aegean in the MPal
and Mes periods. This evidence is, in fact, one of the few reli-
able indications of occupation of the Mediterranean islands dur-
ing the Upper Pleistocene and Early Holocene. (ADelt 715-19)
Off Phangrou Islet. Near Kyra Panagia island the EMA car-
ried out a second season of excavation on the late 5th-Ct wreck,
the earliest C wreck to be found in Greek waters. In 1995 25
complete sharp-pointed amphoras had been raised, with bg pot-
tery, a bronze ladle and the two parts of a C lead anchor stock
(Figs. 94-97). In 1996 important finds continued, dating from
480-425, and included a portion of the ship's hull (0.70 x
0.17m); the prospects for further timber finds are good. The on-
site direction was carried out in depths of 29-35m, by tDem.
Chaniotis. (ADelt 724-5)
Yioura Island, Cave of Cyclops. In 1996 A. Sampson
(EPS) completed excavation in the cave, located on the S side
of the island at an elevation of 150m. The first chamber close to
the cave entrance was excavated, where a high density of occu-
pation remains was noted. The inner part of the cave yielded
only few remains dating to the C, HL and R periods. The 1St and
2nd Cts AD are well represented across the site, suggesting
intensive use of the cave in that period with the possible estab-
lishment of a sanctuary.
Undisturbed EN, MN and LN levels (6500-4000 BC) were
reached in trenches A, B and F. EN levels yielded decorated pot-
tery, while the MN assemblage is of excellent quality with dis-
tinctive decoration. These may have been products of a local
workshop active in the Northern Sporades, and one of the main
characteristics of the 'Yioura-Kyra Panagia culture'. Relations
with Thessaly, Euboea and other islands in the Aegean, and also
with Asia Minor and the Balkans had been established in that
period.
60 DAVID BLACKMAN

O
.bft

94-97. Phangrou islet: finds

from a 5th Ct BC wreck

The practice of farming is attested by the presence of flint
blades used as sickles. The same type of implement has been
found in N settlements in Thessaly, whereas the source of the
raw material, honey-coloured flint, was traced to W Bulgaria.
Great numbers of animal bones and arrowheads were yielded
by 5th-mill. BC levels (LN I), pointing to intensive animal hus-
bandry and hunting activities.
However, most significant proved to be the Mes levels (9th
-7th mill. BC) identified in trenches B and F. The latter dis-
played a sequence of occupation floors with hearths and food
remains-bones of animals, birds and fish. Among the numerous
stone and bone tools are 45 fishing hooks made from animal
bone, a unique find in the archaeological record of Greece.
Another important find was a human skull dated to the 9th mill.
BC, possibly belonging to a 65-70 year-old woman.
The cave of Cyclops is to date the earliest island site in the
Aegean, and it is hoped that a full picture of Mes and N occu-
pation of the island will be gained on completion of the study of
the environmental material from the site, combined with the
studies of sea-level changes and palaeoclimate. (ADelt 712-14)
destroyed. Only in the hall at the E end of the wing was the floor
preserved complete.
The area of the S stoa and the S wing suffered from later
interventions in R and ECh times, when it was used as a ceme-
tery. Sections of the walls and wall paintings had been
destroyed at many points. The burials were removed after exca-
vation. The excavation also extended to the S section of the E
wing. A white lime mortar floor was found in the SE comer of
the S wing beneath the baulk.
The remains of a four-sided later building were located NW
of the SE tower, perhaps from a LR watchtower. The NE comer
of the hall, which communicated with the rooms of the E wing,
was located beneath this structure. (ADelt 333-5)
Telecommunications (OTE) works at Pephkakia-
Aivaliotika uncovered anc. walls, mosaic floors, roof-tiles and
other anc. remains of the C and HL periods.
The S section of a HL house was located on the Patsiaroucha-
Apostou plot in Tyrous Street in the E part of the anc. city,

Anc. Demetrias. Work began on a presentation project in the

palace area. The excavation lasted for two months and took
place in the S residential wing of the E palace complex. A cir-
cular cistern was located in the centre of the SW tower (Fig. 98,
d. 1.80m, int. di. 55m and ext. di. 4.05m).
The SW tower is not preserved evenly throughout and none
of the NW comer remains. The purpose of the excavation to the
E of the SW tower was to remove the baulk from earlier exca-
vations so as to unify the site and make it accessible for visitors.
An antechamber was uncovered, the entrance to which was
approximately in the middle of the length of the S stoa of the
courtyard. Leading off from this antechamber were two halls to
the W and two halls to the E. Only the hall next to and W of the
i98. Dm-er . : circular cite
antechamber had direct access to the S stoa. The floors of the
halls were made of crushed red limestone, much of which was 98. Demetrias: circular cistern

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 61

between Pephkakia and Alykes. Walls T1-T5 were

built with unworked stone on the soft rock and fol-
lowed the slope of the land. The strong wall T5 had
a E-W orientation and 11.40m of its length were
uncovered, to a height of 2.05m. Walls Ti, T3 and
T4, which defined the rooms of the house, were
uncovered perpendicular to T5. Fragmentary
remains of other walls were found outside of the
area of the house.
The excavation revealed much HL pottery as
well as bronze coins from Larisa (400-344 BC),
Lysimachean coins from Thrace (297-281 BC),
Paroreia (3rd Ct BC), Cassander, Antigonos Gonatas
and the Thessalian League, several clay loom-
weights, iron nails, fragments of clay figurines and
clay lamps. (ADelt 336)
Excavations continued for a second year and
were completed in the N cemetery of anc.
Demetrias at the Bourboulithra site (AR 2000-01,
72). Outside the N wall of the HL city, 919 anc.
tombs which had been dug into the natural earth
were uncovered on the slopes of 'Palatia' hill. Most -
of the later burials covered the earlier ones either
partially or wholly. All had an E-W or N-S or
NE-SW orientation. v n M A
The type of the burials varied: simple pit burials, .. ......
cist graves built using monolithic marble slabs, tile- m
covered burials, built graves with unworked stone, .-..
enchytrismoi in various vessels, and a cist grave dug L
into the rock. There were many grave finds of vari-
ous materials: gilt wreaths; gold, silver, bronze and iron jew-
ellery; silver and lead utensils and model furniture; bronze and 99. dc 100. Demetrias: theatre, with Roman aqueduct
silver coins; glass vessels; clay beads; bronze and iron tools;
clay figurines. A large number of clay vessels accompanied the
burials, such as askoi, lekythia, kylikes, handle-less skyphoi,
pyxides, skyphoi with relief patterns, amphoras, lamps, etc. The
excavation also brought a number of grave stelae to light, most
of which had been reused to seal later burials.
The burials date from the LC to the R period and the ceme- :', i
tery was used throughout the existence of anc. Demetrias.
(ADelt 337-8) l
Work was also carried out in the area of the anc. theatre.
The wooden seats which had been placed in the cavea in the
1980s, with the purpose of staging a limited number of theatri-
cal productions, were removed. The cavea was then cleaned,
during which process other stone architectural members came
to light, mainly in the central section of the cavea. It appears
that some of these members had been reused, such as the drum
of an Ionic column upon which a little of the plaster coating sur-
vives.

The R aqueduct of Demetrias was already visible in a high-

er part of the cavea. Its channel was cleaned as far as the bound-
aries of the expropriated area of the theatre. A 91.50m length of
the channel was revealed (Figs. 99-100), running in a general
N-S direction. The channel was built with roughly cut lime-
stone blocks bonded with mortar. Its greatest width is 0.22m
and greatest preserved height is 0.35-0.40m. Layers of plaster
at certain points of its bed show that it had been repaired on
occasion.
In the S part of the cavea, at the point where the channel
makes an S-bend, are the remains of the beginning of a branch
going SE, i.e. in the direction where the foundations of the
bridge of the aqueduct that channelled water from the hill to the
palace lie. (ADelt 338-340)
Work on the N exterior side of the cavea revealed more of
the buttress walls that had been uncovered in earlier excava-

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
62 DAVID BLACKMAN
101. Magoula Orgozinos: Late Neolithic settlement
tions. A HL wall which supported the earth fill of the cavea on
the N side of the theatre was also uncovered for 12.75m, with a
width of 1.10-1.20m and a general E-W direction. The lower
part of the wall formed a stone platform, whilst the upper part
was built with mud-bricks, of which not a trace survives. The
platform is preserved at a height of 0.35-1.15m and is built with
medium-sized, roughly cut limestone blocks.
The E end of a straight wall was found a little to the N of the
excavated W end of the HL buttress wall, although at a higher
level. This wall (wall 1) runs in a NW-SE direction for 16.80m.
Only the lowest course of roughly cut medium-sized limestone
masonry, on the N side, has survived.
The W section of a NE-SW wall was discovered high up in
the NW part of the theatre (wall 11: preserved 1. 12.30m, w.
0.65m). At a distance of 3.85m SW of the E surviving end of
wall 11 a series of four buttresses was found against its NW
side. The buttresses are square in shape (three 0.90 x 0.90m, the
other 0.85 x 0.85m) and 1.35-1.55m apart. During the excava-
tion of these buttresses three tile-covered graves were found,
one of which contained a child burial. There were no grave
finds and the burials are later than wall 11. (ADelt 340-1)
Dimeni. Excavations that had begun in November 1995 contin-
ued in 1996 in the former Katsaros field (see AR 2000-01, 72).
The purpose of the excavation in 1996 was to investigate the
stratigraphy of the LBA occupation of the site and a new sector
was opened up to the S of the North house which had been
excavated in 1985 and 1987. The ruins of 3 LBA houses and
MBA earth fills were uncovered.
Sections of a house named the South house, were uncovered.
The South house is smaller than the North house and is aligned
on the same axis. Four rooms from the final phase of occupa-
tion were excavated. The entrance of the main room (room 1,
5.50m x 4m) is in the E. Three smaller rooms are aligned on the
S side of and parallel with room 1. A lead ring, the only one to
be found in Dimeni, was found in the South house.
The East house was uncovered a little to the E of the South
house and with the same orientation. Two rooms were located.
These two houses demonstrate that the buildings from the set-
tlement's last phase of occupation (LBA IIIB2-IIIC early) were
built at a distance from each other.
Sections of a MBA house were found in the area between the
North and the South house, with two rooms aligned on the same
axis; the first (4m x 4.35m) and sections of the second room
were investigated. Only the stone foundations of the house
remain. A thick layer of burnt clay and wood on the floor of the
first room indicate that the house had been destroyed by fire.
Excavation in room 1 reached as far as its earth floor. Traces of
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
burning and ash were found next to the E wall over a thick and
compact layer of clay, possibly a clay hearth. This destruction
layer contained burnt bricks and vases. The earth fill contained
exclusively pottery of the last phase of the MBA. (ADelt 330-1)
Cleaning and other work was also carried out. The walls and
foundations in the central courtyard of the N settlement were
secured. An information kiosk was opened for visitors and a
paved pathway was created to facilitate visitors' movement
from the N to the Myc areas. The large Myc bath discovered in
1995 was restored. (ADelt 357)
Kallithero. Small sections of walls built with ashlar blocks had
previously been spotted on the surface S of the mod. village of
Kallithero, on the peak of Agios Athanasios hill, near the acrop-
olis of the HL settlement. These walls may have belonged to a
castle and, with money from the Second Community Support
Fund, work began in 1996 to create an open archaeological area
on the site. The entire length of the S side of the castle was
uncovered (66.70m). Access to the towers was through door
openings on the inner side, which were not located in the cen-
tre of the towers. There were only a few finds, including mill-
stones which suggest an agricultural or possibly military use for
the castle. (ADelt 348-9).
Kierio. Excavations continued in 1996 in the cemetery of anc.
Kierio at the site of Kotronolakkes, along the Neo Monasteri-
Karditsa national highway. Work this year brought 47 more
graves to light. A detailed description of each grave is given in
ADelt 353-5.
Magoula Orgozinos. Rescue excavations were carried out in
1996 on a section of an early LN settlement during work on the
widening of the Neo Monasteri-Karditsa national highway.
There was only one archaeological level, at a depth of 0.40m
below the surface. There were many traces of fires, and frag-
mentary domestic remains were located: amorphous clay
lumps, hard floor surfaces with post-holes (Fig. 101).
The houses of the settlement were pile dwellings with a
framework of branches covered with layers of clay. It has not
been possible to reconstruct the plan of a house. The finds
included unpainted orange and grey Tsangli phase pottery, as
well as sherds of Tsountas types B3d and B3e painted ware of
the same phase. There were plenty of other small finds, and it
appears that the Magoula Orgozinos settlement was a peripher-
al agricultural unit (animal husbandry and arable farming)
dependent upon a main settlement elsewhere. (ADelt 351)
Metropolis. Excavations on the Koukouzeli plot were complet-
ed in 1996. Excavation in the E sector reached a depth of
1.60m. Two rooms were located in the N, with walls of clay
mixed with river pebbles and sandstone. There were two sur-
viving building phases and the layout suggests the existence of
a third room. Another room (ca 3 x 5.50m) was located to the
SW, also with two building phases. A narrow passageway
1.50m wide separated the three rooms, which have openings
onto it. There were two kilns: a small one (kiln B: Fig. 102)
attached to a wall in the NE complex and a large one (kiln A).
Excavation in the W sector reached a depth of 1.70m. A
room was located to the NE (5 x 6m), with a pithos in situ.
There were two building phases. A similar building technique
and materials were used in the earlier phase as in the rooms of
the E sector, whilst during the later phase the walls were con-
structed in 'herring-bone' style. Another room to the S had two
similar construction phases; it appears to have continued out-
side the Koukouzeli plot. An open area between the two rooms
appears to be the terminus for a water channel built of sand-

stone. A second channel, belonging to the later phase, runs diag-
onally across this open area.
These two excavation sectors were located at a great dis-
tance from each other and it is thus difficult to come to any con-
clusions as to how they were related. There were many clay and
metal finds, including male and female figurines, bronze coins,
clay tiles, a clay mould in the form of a griffin, bronze and lead
sheeting, loom-weights, much pottery and many small clay
objects. It appears that the area was in continuous use from the
4th Ct BC to the 4th Ct AD. (ADelt 349-51 & figs 15-16)
Moschato. Lianokokkala site (temple of Apollo). Removal of
the clay tile level that covered the E part of the cella of the tem-
ple of Apollo, as well as the N and W wings and the W half of
the S wing, continued in 1996. Almost all the tiles were of Cor
manufacture and those used in later repairs are stamped with the
names Philleos and Kleomachos. The thin layer of earth with
burnt organic materials beneath the tiles in the nave, evidence
of the great fire which destroyed the temple, was also removed.
Conservation work is also being carried out on the sandstone
architectural members of the temple. (ADelt 347-8)
Mouzaki, anc. Gomphoi. Another eight graves were discov-
ered in the bed of the Pamisos river in 1996: 2 graves lined with
clay slabs, 3 clay lamakes and cist graves, the interior walls of
which were lined with worked limestone slabs. The cover
stones of all the graves were missing and all the burials had
been destroyed by the force of the water. No traces of burial
remains were found in graves 1-3 and 6, whilst graves 3 and 7
had been almost completely destroyed. The graves date to the
LHL and ER periods, had been dug into red clayey earth and
were covered with pebbles. (ADelt 356-357)
Theotokos coast (SE comer of Magnesia peninsula). Traces of
an early 5th-Ct Doric temple and EG graves had been located
here in the early 20th Ct. The 13th EPCA conducted a trial exca-
vation in autumn 1996. The site has been identified by many
with anc. Sepias where the Persian fleet was wrecked. A room
from the S side of an anc. building was uncovered. The pottery
(monochrome fragments from vases of daily use, bg sherds)
indicated that the building had been built in C times and
remained in use until the R period.
Buttresses of the anc. wall of the acropolis were located ca
15m to the S. The area E of the mod. church of the Theotokos
was cleaned. Three limestone columns were found, and it is
believed that they were moved here to protect the neighbouring
ECh church from the sea. Work stopped at a depth of 2.40m.
102. Metropolis: kiln
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 63
Fifteen graves along the road from the ECh church of the
Theotokos to the mod. church were explored. These had
become visible when work on the new road had begun and con-
sisted of 3 cist graves, 6 tile-covered pit graves, 5 stone-built
cist graves and 1 schist-covered pit grave. Only four contained
grave goods (skyphoi, bolsal kylix, oil lamp and oinochoe)
dated to the mid-4 Ct. (ADelt 331-3)
103. Velestino:
marble figurine
fragment .
Velestino (anc. Pherai). The large-scale rescue excavation con-
tinued in 1996 at three major points where antiquities had come
to light during work on widening the national highway (see AR
2000-01, 78). The discovery of a LN settlement in the Chloe
Velestinou area was significant. The settlement had suffered
much damage during the construction of a PG-G tholos tomb
on the same site, but mainly during construction of the
Volos-Larisa railway line in the late 19th Ct and construction of
the national highway in the 1960s. The archaeological conclu-
sions that can be made so far are limited and based on material
collected from a surface survey, as excavation was not possible
(although the opportunity still holds for the future). The most
important object collected was a marble anthropomorphic fig-
urine (Fig. 103).
A trapezoid-shaped cremation pit (1.90 x 1.20m, d. 1.25m,
dug into the natural earth) was located and excavated at a short
distance from the LN site; it had been partially destroyed by the
construction work. The internal walls and bottom had been lined
with clay and bore strong traces of burning. The pit contained
the remains of burnt human bones and organic matter. Burnt
wood was also found and was sent for scientific analysis to the
NCSR 'Democritus.' Based on the results from this analysis, the
cremations can be dated at some point between the 13th and 10th
Cts BC. The pit is an extremely rare find for this area, and it was
conserved and removed whole so as to be available for further
study and possible future exhibition in a museum.
Two tholos tombs had been excavated in the area of the
PG-G cemetery in 1989-1992. The new excavations brought to
light six more PG-G tholos tombs, five of which were pre-
served in a very good condition. The tombs are circular in shape
with a preserved h. of 1.50-1.80m. Entrance to the tombs was
on their W or SW, with a small dromos formed by upright stone
slabs and stone slab roofing. The tombs contained multiple
internments, the skeletons of which in some cases were pre-
served in situ in an outstretched position (Fig. 104). Otherwise,
the bones had been scattered or gathered together, perhaps by
water that had drained into the interior. There are also examples
of the deliberate clearing of bones to make room for new buri-
als. The burial goods were rich and varied: clay vases, iron
weapons, gold and silver jewellery, beads. The five tholos
tombs were conserved so as to be accessible in the future.
In this area were also found five simple pit graves covered
with stone slabs, obviously forming part of the PG-G cemetery.
Each grave contained one burial in an outstretched position and
with only a little bronze and iron jewellery.
A HL building, probably a farmhouse, was excavated in the
same vicinity. Only a few of the stone foundations remain, cov-
ered by a destruction level. The coins, small objects and pottery
found in the destruction level date the building to the late 4th to
early 2nd Ct BC.
64 DAVID BLACKMAN
104. Velestino: tholos tomb
Near to the farmhouse and next to one of the tholos tombs
was found a rectangular cist grave oriented NE-NW. It con-
tained two burials in an outstretched position and laid out in
opposite directions. The 11 clay vases used as grave offerings
date the burial to the HL period, probably contemporary with
the farmhouse. (ADelt 342-4)
One of the most significant finds in the Agios Georgios
Pheron district was an anc. road outside the city of Pherai, run-
ning E-W. This road may have connected the city with its port
of Pagasai and later with Demetrias. There were two construc-
tion phases, in the 4th Ct BC and the LHL or R period. Traces
of wheel marks from the 4th Ct gave a distance of 1.40m
between the wheels of the cart. A low stone wall demarcated the
S side of the road.
The anc. city's NE cemetery had grown along the length of
the Pherai-Pagasai road, part of which was exposed during the
roadworks. 16 burials were uncovered, either in small groups or
isolated, and dating from the LC to the HL and R periods. The
burials were orthogonal cist graves as well as pit graves, some
of which were lined with stone slabs and contained the intern-
ments and very few grave goods. The most significant are 4 HL
cist graves. The marble slabs were well-worked and decorated
on the interior with ionic columns in relief, some of which bear
traces of paint. Each grave included 2-3 main burials and some
fine grave goods. A cylindrical marble ossuary with a lid was
found in one, containing the ashes of the dead. Some marble
grave stelae were also found, one of which was complete.
A small building to the S of the anc. road was excavated (ca
14 x 14.5m), dated from the pottery and small finds to the
2nd-3rd Ct AD. It was probably an isolated farmhouse. The main
entrance was on the S side, with a secondary entrance on the E.
This building is a rare complete and well-preserved example of
the architecture of the period. As such, it was declared protect-
ed and it is intended that it will be opened to the public. (ADelt
344-5)
Velestino area. M. Di Salvatore (Italian School) continued in
2001 his survey of the territory of anc. Pherai, in collaboration
with the Volos EPCA. Two N habitats and a HL site were iden-
tified, and a record was made of all inscriptions found in the
area.
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
PHTHIOTIS
Achinos. A hut-shaped tomb, part of a 1st C BC
cemetery, was investigated in Odos Ath. Diakou.
(ADelt 315-16)
Atalande. Architectural remains of a 4th-Ct BC
building, with a destruction deposit, as well as rem-
. nants of later occupation including a pebble floor
and a drain, were recorded in Odos Androutsou,
while a fragmentary wall was unearthed in the area
of Bodovatsa. At the junction of Odos Ethnikes
Antistaseos and Serapheim Kokkola, fragmentary
architectural remains of two building phases were
investigated, the earliest of which was of R date.
The pottery collected dates from the Myc period to
the 5th Ct BC.
i The remains of one or more public buildings
were uncovered in Odos Serapheim Kokkola. The
earlier use of the area dated to the 5th Ct BC, while
during the LHL period a monumental staircase was
constructed, with seven stone steps preserved, lead-
ing to the upper part of the C wall to the W; the staircase was
lined on the N and S by parallel walls. A drain, passing partly
over the staircase, can be dated to the R period (1st Ct AD).
Remains of a floor and a destruction deposit of the 5th-6th Cts
AD covered the earlier phases. (ADelt 318-321)
At the site of Skamna, to the NW of the PR settlement of
Ag. Vlases, two small cist tombs were excavated, looted in the
past. (ADelt 319)
Drymaia. To the SW of the anc. fortifications, two cist-tombs
were excavated, dating from the 2nd half of the 4th Ct BC.
(ADelt 323)
Exarhos. At the site of Smixe four chamber tombs of the LMyc
period were investigated, with ellipsoidal chambers and hemi-
spherical roofs. In two of the tombs (V, VI), the doorways were
blocked with a dry stone wall, while the dromoi were sloping,
with converging walls. In one of the tombs (V) was found an
ellipsoidal pit before the doorway, containing the bones of three
skeletons, one of which was buried in a contracted position.
Tomb VI, which was undisturbed, yielded 18 burials in four
successive layers. (ADelt 316-17)
Golemi. One more chamber tomb, with a large trapezoidal
chamber and a short, sloping dromos, was investigated in the
Myc cemetery. (ADelt 322-3)
Halai. The 1996 season (ADelt 325-6) was covered in AR
1996-97, 62. John E. Coleman (ASCS) reports on the 2001
study season:
'Most of our attention concentrated on conservation at the
site of the acropolis of Halai and in particular on study for two
reports on future conservation of N remains in area F.
Participants also worked with the records of the excavations
and with other activities for which no permits are required, such
as experiments with ceramic production.'
Kalyvia Lamias. To the N of the old road from Lamia to
Karpenesi, at the site of a PG cemetery, were excavated three
ellipsoidal cuttings, covered by stones, which were associated
with SubPG pottery. The cuttings were used as tombs, of a type
similar to those discovered both in the same plot in the past and
in Lefkandi. The skeletal remains were the remains of the orig-
inal burial or of cremations, moved here from another area. The

use of the cemetery extends from the LMyc to the SubPG peri-
od. The neighbouring cemetery at Bikiorema yielded similar
dates. (ADelt 314-15)
Lamia. In 1996, eight rescue excavations were carried out in
the mod. town, the overwhelming majority consisting of archi-
tectural remains of private or public character. A section of the
fortifications of the anc. town, dated to the 2nd half of the 4th Ct
BC and built in the isodomic system, were excavated in Odos
Palaiologou. Another section of the fortification wall or part of
a gate of similar date was unearthed at the junction of Odos
Karaiskake and Kazoule. It consisted of a square area found-
ed on the bedrock and built in the orthogonal isodomic style.
The interior face of the W side of the wall preserved the remains
of another wall running along it, which was apparently used as
a retaining wall for the fill covering the inside of the fortifica-
tions. A section of a C/HL wall was recorded in Odos
Makropoulou, while parts of other walls were found in Odos
Karaiskake and Odos Solomou, the latter of the 4th Ct BC.
Finally, part of a possible kiln and the remains of a destroyed
tile-roofed tomb were recorded at the junction of Odos
Amphiktyonon and Plataion.
As regards funerary remains, four cist tombs of Sub PG date
were discovered in Odos Tanagras, while in Odos
Sophokleous were investigated two cists and one hut-shaped
tomb. (ADelt 311-14)
Makryrache Domokou. A cist tomb, of a type common in
Phthiotis during the HL era, can be dated to the late 3rdearly
2nd Ct BC. (ADelt 321-2)
Neo Monasteri. During excavations at the site of the shrine of
Demeter Proeria, a great number of portable finds was record-
ed, especially clay seated female figurines and 14 clay figurines
of horses, one of which preserved the feet of a rider, all votive
offerings to the goddess and dated from the 2nd half of the 5th to
the first quarter of the 4th Ct BC. Among the finds were also
four figurines of birds, fragments of female slab-like idols, a
fragmentary tortoise, four fragmentary figurines representing
boars, and seven clay female masks. (ADelt 321)
Phrantzes. Architectural remains of a domestic nature, includ-
ing the comer of a room with an oversized pithos, almost intact,
were recorded to the W of the mod. settlement. (ADelt 323)
Rodonia Ypates. Remains of walls, part of one or more build-
ings, were investigated at the site of Paliambela. (ADelt
317-18)
Stylida. Fragmentary architectural remains of a house (two
rooms) of the middle of the 4th Ct BC, part of the urban network
of the anc. town, built on the Hippodamian system, were dis-
covered at the junction of Odos Papadiamante and Valaoritou.
(ADelt 316)
NORTHERN THESSALY
A report by the 15th EPCA appeared in ADelt 363-83, but
unfortunately our resume did not arrive by our deadline.
Kalambaka. Theopetra Cave. N. Kyparissi-Apostolika (EPS)
reports on the tenth season of excavation in 1996. The aims
were to investigate further Mes levels, and continue excavation
of MPal levels in order to reach those representing the earliest
phases of use in the cave. Remains of the Mes period in
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 65
Thessaly have only been identified in Theopetra. Near the cave
entrance, the sandy texture of the deposits points to influx of
humidity into the cave, contrary to the SW inner part of the cave
where residues of burning in association with clay and greater
numbers of flint tools suggest different uses of space contem-
poraneously.
Excavation of MPal levels in trenches H 10, 10, I 10 aimed
to investigate the deep sediment lying immediately above the
cave floor. Remains of intensive burning were located, but most
impressive and extraordinary were the footprints of a five-year-
old child across the floor area; C14 analysis of burnt material at
'Demokritos' dated the floor to 46,591 ? 1,655 BP. Other
imprints, amongst which were those of wild boar according to
the workmen, reflect a once lively working area, the earliest
bearing traces of burning in the cave.
The deepest sediment of trench Z8 was excavated to a depth
of 5-5.60m in order to determine whether it was natural or
anthropogenic, and reach the limestone cave floor beneath it.
The deposit yielded a number of flint, quartz, and limestone
tools bearing very early technological characteristics; as the
sediment reflects an interval of wet climate in Pleistocene
Thessaly (ca 45,000 BP), the earliest known Pal tools in
Thessaly are represented in the assemblage. Underlying the
deposit, at a depth of 5.60m, limestone stones possibly belong-
ing to the natural cave floor were encountered. (ADelt 705-6)
CENTRAL MACEDONIA
Thessalonike
Access to the new wing of the Archaeological Museum was
rearranged as part of a general refurbishment, during which the
exhibition of prehistoric antiquities was located in the new wing
and a display area for books was created. The large travelling
exhibition entitled 'Macedonians, the Greeks of the North' was
shown in Rome, Buenos Aires and St Petersburg, Florida.
In 1996 24 sites of the Thessalonike nome, 26 of the Kilkis
nome, three of the Pieria nome, and three of the Chalkidike
nome were declared archaeological sites. Protection zones
were established around two sites of the Chalkidike nome (anc.
Mekybema, anc. Akanthos). The 16th EPCA organized a per-
manent educational programme, entitled 'Thessalonike, Queen
of Philip'.
E. Mertsou supervised the following archaeometric works in
the museum laboratory: study of HL glass from Delos, EIA
faience beads from Hagios Mamas in Chalkidike, metal analy-
sis of gold objects from the cemetery at Pydna. The work is
described in detail in ADelt 467-8.
Agora. Excavation results at the anc. agora of Thessalonike
were of limited scale, as priority was attached to the stabilising,
conservation and restoration of the anc. buildings.
In the SE section, beyond the limits of the agora of the mid-
dle imperial period, excavation of rooms DN6 and DN7, S of
the paved road, was completed, with study of the three pits
which destroyed the floors of the two rooms. Excavation at the
junction between Agnostou Stratiotou and Philippou roads
revealed mud walls which define storage rooms, containing
three pithoi found in situ; finds date this phase to the 2nd Ct BC.
Work E of the HL buildings, at the comer of the archaeolog-
ical site, brought to light the W half of a circular bath area with
a very well-preserved white mosaic floor. A stone-built circu-
lar construction came to light in the middle of the area, and 13
small-sized bathing tubs covered with mortar also were found
around the mosaic floor (Fig. 105). The large wall crossing the
area from E to W, which is presumably contemporary with the
agora of the 2nd Ct AD, rests on the three northernmost baths.
66 DAVID BLACKMAN

by two built rectangular piers, by a column base, and traces of

a second. (ADelt 423-4)
Restoration work. The outer fence of the archaeological
site was moved W in order to include the small public park in
the archaeological site. The fence on the S was also moved
outwards and the area gained was excavated. Thus the com-
mercial road was revealed for all its length, and will serve as the
visitors' route to the S section of the site, subsequent to its
restoration. Restoration work in 1996 focused on the Odeion
vh praefuru NOm are w trce I - and adjoining areas and on the Square. (ADelt 465-6)
Dioiketerion Square. Two test trenches were dug, one at
th- - i<?4 circular room It ithe centre of the excavation area (ty) and one at its S side (cX/K)
(Fig. 106). In the central test trench, the lst-Ct BC pottery
revealed above 2nd and 3rd Ct BC pottery clearly indicates that
there were two different construction periods. This is also
prsmal surv; fshown by the fact that the superstructure of the R building clear-
ly stands out from the clay-built foundation. An anonymous
bronze coin of Thessalonike, dated to the early 2nd Ct BC, was
the square was conafound at the end of the foundation of the earlier period. The
Ii1 s *,( 5)ed fo dp' I+ masonry set in clay is dated to the LHL period. Beneath it
remains of an earlier period were found, with pottery of the late
4th-early 3rd Ct BC.
e a;-preseThe second test trench in the S of the site revealed the earli-

in _ =oc cu p\| er foundation beneath the R level. This, along with the differ-
entiation of the finds of the lower strata from those on the level
of the floor (sherds, 2nd-3rd Ct BC amphora handles, a coin of
Philip V), confirms the succession of levels also in this section.
Evidence from both trenches attests the existence of an
extensive LHL settlement, beneath the ER building or at least a
105. Thessalonike, agora: bath area large section of it. The height of the foundation indicates an

To the N and S of this semi-circle two narrow corri-

dors lead to other areas of the bath complex. The
other half of this room lies beneath Agnostou ! -
Stratiotou road.
The praefurnium area was traced to the NW of
the circular room. It is defined by a circular stone t
wall set in mud, a small section of which runs 'I' ? - - ,
beneath Philippou road. A brick wall construction
presumably survived from a later phase of the inneri I
periphery of the furnace. To the E the praefurnium : l l l 4
area communicates with a piscina. With permission L c Ur
from the Demos of Thessalonike to excavate
beneath Agnostou Stratiotou Road, investigation of '
the square was conducted on the W and along the S
crepis; 17 squares (5 x 5m) were dug, from a depth .
of 16m down to the virgin soil. On the latter a frag-
mentarily-preserved HL layer, showing an earlier 4
occupation of the square, presumably by work- t: -3
shops, can be dated to the late 3rd-early 2nd Ct BC. ' . -
This layer was sealed with imported soil, and a new
level occupied by workshops was created during the : s -X
1st Ct BC; this phase flourished at the time of
Augustus. Only a few post-holes, presumably indi-
cating temporary structures around an open agora,

use were opened from this level, some of which

were found sealed. }i- I. _=
S wing, krypte stoa. A paved commercial road i X
came to light as far as the ninth shop. S of this road, .
from Odos Eidolon as far as the fourth shop, a wall
defined the insula to the S. Further W of that wall a i
number of built pipes was unearthed, from different
construction phases, which end at the central pipe
beneath the commercial road. From the seventh
shop westwards a stoa came to light, as is indicated 106. Thessalonike, Dioiketerion Square: site _

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

important settlement; pottery of high quality, of the late 3rd to
2nd Ct BC, points to its contact with various centres, including
Macedonian ones. The earliest pottery finds are contemporary
with or (possibly) earlier than the foundation of the polis.
In the N of the site an underground drain of the R building
was found resting on a stone-built wall with pseudo-isodomic
masonry. Apparently the wall forms part of the superstructure
of a late 4th-Ct BC building. The very limited investigation of
its destruction level revealed, apart from pottery of the late
4th-early 3rd Ct BC, coins of Pyrrhos and Antigonos Gonatas
and a Laconian tile stamped BAXIAIKOZ. This last phase,
which can be clearly recognized and checked, was traced
beneath the LR-ER public buildings. The fact that it is also
revealed with the superstructure of a public building confirms
that an area of the W sector of Thessalonike had an administra-
tive use since its foundation. This raises the possibility that the
location of the administrative centre of the city at the end of the
4th Ct BC formed part of a broader architectural programme.
(ADelt 424-6)
Arch of Galerius. Cleaning and restoration work continued
in 1996. (ADelt 466-7)
Palace of Galerius. Tests made along the W stoa for the
construction of a mod. drainage pipe in the course of restoration
works revealed an interesting stratigraphical pattern, similar to
that of the N corridor and of the atrium: a destruction level with
tiles 40cm beneath the Galerian mosaic-covered plastered
floors. A central built water pipe 20 m long was revealed 50cm
beneath the surface; it had been destroyed by the S perivolos
and ran beneath the Octagon from N to S, with two side branch-
es to the E for the provision of water to the LHL workshops.
Two test trenches were cut beneath the S stoa, parallel to the
S corridor, where part of a floor decorated with marble tesserae
had been unearthed in 1994. HL pottery coming from the foun-
dation trenches of the palace walls, was collected from surface
levels. There followed a R destruction layer 1.25m deep, con-
taining tiles and fallen wall-paintings lying on a mosaic floor.
This destruction was caused by a fire and dates from the mid-
3rd Ct AD.
Excavation was conducted also in area A, in front of the
monumental staircase of the palace. Beyond the destroyed R
phase, rubble masonry walls were unearthed, along with a num-
ber of holes similar to those of the N corridor. Similar pottery
finds (lamps, sherds of Megarian bowls, pyramidal-shaped
loom-weights, figurines) demonstrate the expansion of the LHL
workshop also into this area.
A new test cut beneath the destroyed paved floor of the Octa-
gon revealed a series of HL and R phases, earlier than the palace
complex, and disproved the alleged prior existence of a rectan-
gular room, contemporary with the complex. (ADelt 426-7)
Restoration work on the central building complex and the
stoas commenced in 1996. (ADelt 466)
Macedonian Museum of Modern Art. M. Tsimbidou-
Avloniti reports the recovery of ancient building remains, and a
small section of the HL and R cemetery of Thessalonike, during
work for the construction of the new wing of the Macedonian
Museum of Modem Art. As most of the area had not remained
intact in the mod. period, excavation by the Ephoreia brought to
light only 8 tombs: 4 built R (i.e. 2nd-3rd CtAD) cist tombs, one
hut tomb without burial goods and 3 HL pit tombs, without
important finds. The most significant find was part of an anc.
paved road, with a NW-SE orientation, 4.20 m wide, covered
with carefully selected slabs and with a central gutter; the road
extends beyond the W border of the excavated area. At the S
comer of the site a second paved rectangular building of simi-
lar construction was revealed. The road constitutes unique evi-
dence of the anc. road network in the area. (ADelt 427)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 67
Late archaic temple. A. Tasia, Z. Lola and 0. Peltekis
report on the peripteral in antis R temple, with Ionic architec-
tural members and a SE-NW orientation, which was found dur-
ing a rescue excavation in the W sector of the historic centre of
the city; indicating that the late A temple must have been
repaired during the Early Imperial period. Along the SW side
of the temple, the five-stepped crepis, part of the A stylobate
and a floor paved with marble slabs are preserved. A marble
Ionic column base survives on the stylobate. Part of the SW
side and the entire NW end of the temple are beneath Karaoli-
Dimitriou and Antigonidon Square. Excavation of the SE end
(the facade) and of the NE side was fragmentary; it was limited
to sections of the stylobate and to parts of one step of the
crepidoma. That there is no trace of the floor or of any marble
architectural feature in the centre of the site and that more than
100 fragments from the temple's architectural decoration were
built into the buttress walls in the basement of the later build-
ing, now demolished, indicate the extent of the damage caused
to the temple by later structures. The temple's bedrock founda-
tions lay beneath the staircase, at a depth of 7m. The excava-
tions yielded two statues: a larger than life-size, headless statue
of Zeus Aigiochos, of Hadrianic date, and the marble 1 St-Ct AD
torso of an emperor wearing a breastplate. Fragments from this
LR temple were found in the 1930s in the immediate vicinity of
the current excavation site and are on display at the entrance to
the Sculpture Exhibition in the Thessalonike Archaeological
Museum. The temple base and part of its stylobate were hasti-
ly buried and their precise location is unknown. Locating this
temple is of the utmost significance in determining the exact
location of anc. Therme, which lay either in the wider
Thessalonike area or beneath Thessalonike itself. The new dig
was with certainty conducted at the original site of the temple,
not least because an earlier poros building was found in a small
test trench in the wing of the temple; and also because part of
the superstructure of the entablature of a small A building was
found built into the foundation of the wing. (AEMTH 14,
222-46)
Byzantine Thessalonike. The 1995 excavations were contin-
ued in 1996 on the acropolis (Heptapyrgion). The large funer-
ary ECh basilica uncovered in the old prison vegetable gardens
proves to be an important five-aisle structure. The E end of the
apsidal structure was uncovered, and first indications suggest a
number of building phases, but much of the masonry has been
robbed, even during Byz times. The apse of the sanctuary pre-
serves part of the synthronon steps for the seating of the clergy.
Running behind the synthronon steps is a semi-circular corridor
that appears to have served as a crypt. Two sets of steps led
down to the crypt, from either side of the sanctuary. The crypt
has its own small conch, and traces of three supports are pre-
served on the floor. Burials ad sanctos found in the immediate
vicinity suggest this may have been a martyrion or saint's
shrine. Further investigation was made around the monument to
determine the position of the atrium and existence of ancillary
buildings. In the process, remains of an 'ancient' wall unrelated
to the basilica were found at a depth of 4m, rising on its foun-
dations to some height. These and related remains appear to
have been disturbed and filled with the building of the acropo-
lis walls, and therefore further excavation may shed light on the
date of the walls' construction. (ADelt 481-3)
LR-ECh building remains were found at 13 Stournara,
with a second habitation phase dating to the Ott period. A
female burial with two rings, and four more reburials were
found in association with the earlier structures. (ADelt 483-5)
Byz and LByz building phases were identified in remains of
walls on Stournara and Serbion by the W walls. (ADelt 485)
68 DAVID BLACKMAN
Further investigation was made of the 58.50m of an anc.
road uncovered on Plateia Kyprion Agoniston (Dioiketeriou).
Running N-S, the road's width varied (4.80m at its widest), in
association with LR and LByz structures on either side. Only a
little evidence of paving was found to the N, along with part of
the ECh drainage system. The earlier road was much changed
by Byz interventions. No evidence was found for the LR water
supply system, but Byz ceramic pipes were uncovered. The road
appears to have been in use until mod. times. (ADelt 485-6)
Possible remains of an ECh pottery workshop were found on
Agiou Demetriou 50-2, at 4.50m. (ADelt 486)
Other excavations for a natural gas line on the same street
continued investigations of an ECh basilica (1st half of 5th Ct
AD). The outline of the whole structure was established, and
burials found from an earlier phase. At the Letaia gate, part of
the anc. S section was found. Remains of square towers and tri-
angular hollow ramps were also found, and are extensively
reported. (ADelt 486-90)
The same gas line excavations encountered vaulted tombs
(3rd Ct AD) on Olympiados (ADelt 502). A R sarcophagus was
also found on Olympiados and Eleni Zographou. It contained
seven skulls, three copper coins and three pieces of woven
material, one of which covered one of the skulls. Haematite
beads and metal objects were also found. (ADelt 503)
LR to Ott remains and moveable finds were uncovered at 3
Agapes. The LR remains are dated to after the 4th Ct AD.
Impressive opus sectile and mosaic floors were found in the
remains of a secular building. Pottery included coins and much
pottery of the MByz period, including fine glazed ware from
Constantinople. The area was used in LByz times as a cemetery,
and the burials are summarized. (ADelt 490-3)
At the junction of Dodekanesou and Demokratias square,
continuous inhabitation was attested by moveable finds from
the 4th to 20th Cts AD during a rescue excavation and investiga-
tion of the site, although only ECh building remains of any sig-
nificance were identified. An extensive deposit consisting
exclusively of sherds of large amphoras was found, and these
date to the 6th Ct AD (Cartagena type). The area must have been
a market arcade, located as it is near to the harbour of
Constantine. (ADelt 493-5)
At the junction of D. Gounari and Bassou evidence was
uncovered for inhabitation dating in three phases from the 4th to
16 Cts AD. A secular 4th-Ct AD building, parts of which had
previously been uncovered (ADelt 29, 670), lies beneath a much
disturbed Byz workshop with a pottery kiln, of which only the
firing chamber is preserved. Evidence for ceramic production
here from the 14th to 16th Cts also exists. (ADelt 495-6)
On Agias Sophias 75 and Sophokleous, more evidence
came to life of long habitation, from the HL to the early LByz
period. The fourth phase (5th Ct AD) involved two large domi-
ciles divided exactly in the middle of the anc. building block,
which happens to be the same as the present one. The structures
include an apsidal triclinium, the main oikos with a tribelum of
Ionic columns, and three partly basement rooms. Swastikas and
other geometric motifs decorate a mosaic floor in the oikos. The
complex is extensively described, including the earliest HL and
R phase, and a small workshop of the 3rd Ct AD. Much of the
complex was inhabited until the 7th Ct AD, when it was dam-
aged by earthquake. Habitation continued, however, on a im fill
over the ruins. This MByz inhabitation is characterized by
small-scale modifications and subdivisions of rooms. This situ-
ation continues into LByz times, when the site appears to have
been abandoned. The ECh well and cistern, however, remained
in use in later phases. (ADelt 496-8)
Evidence for the Hippodamian LR and ECh plan of the city,
including a building on the Via Regia, was uncovered on 22
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Patriarchou Ioakeim. Drainage channels of square section of
the same period were found at 3 Parodos Esiodou. (ADelt
498-9)
Habitation phases from LR to Ott were also encountered on
93 Agiou Demetriou and Pelopos. Wall remains of the 2nd-3rd
Ct AD bore traces of painted (amorphic) decoration. This struc-
ture was destroyed in ca 320 AD, on the basis of a coin found
in the destruction layer, which included LHL pottery fragments,
including terra sigillata of the 1st BC to 1St Ct AD. Also found
here were two HL coins with inscriptions: AMIEOY, and
OEEXAAONIKEQN. Traces of HL buildings, however, were not
found. As other sites in the area appear to testify, HL remains
were destroyed to their foundations prior to being rebuilt in R
times. A second phase includes the remains of three rooms from
the early 4th Ct AD. At the end of that century, a villa was erect-
ed on the site, and remains of its triclinium were encountered.
Byz phases were not found, and it seems that the complex was
filled in by the 12th Ct AD, on the basis of glazed pottery and a
coin found in the fill. Ott foundations for a fountain were found
on top of this fill. (ADelt 500-2)
Scanty remains of a possible R bath-house were encountered
on 7 Ephaistionos. (ADelt 503)
Paltry remains of two 15th-Ct AD kilns for the firing of clay
structural features (tiles, bricks, etc.), were found on 91
Monasteriou (ADelt 504)
A total of 24 burials of various types (cist, pit and free) of the
3rd_4th Cts AD were found on 6 Peleiadou. Three funerary ves-
sels, glass fragments of phials of holy myrrh, one bronze coin
and a bronze ring were amongst the finds. (ADelt 504)
More burials (three cist and one tile-covered) were encoun-
tered on Leophoros Stratou (in front of the 3rd Army Unit),
part of the old cemetery of the city. Tomb 1 was completely
lined with marble and contained two skeletons linked by a gold
band. Tomb 5 also contained at least two burials, an oinochoe
and a gold earring. The burials date to LR times. (ADelt 505)
E. Marki reports on the finds from the 21 rescue excavations
carried out by the Thessalonike EBA in 2000. These include:
A hoard of 14 Byz gold coins in the mud fill of the
Constantinian harbour, comprising 11 histamena of Basil II
Bulgaroktonos and of his brother Constantine (976-1025), 2
histamena of Romanos III Argyros (1028-34) and I histamenon
of Constantine Monomachos (1042-52).
A cubical LByz water-tower, made of rubble masonry, with
occasional bricks and lime mortar, which was excavated on a
building plot at 8 Vlahava, in the Koule Kafe district. Finds
along the N wall include a round clay conduit and a narrow lead
connecting pipe. At the NE comer of the floor of the water-
tower, a round opening (0.25m di. and of similar depth) was
found; a piece of timber must have been embedded in this to
indicate the level of the water.
Part of the original structure of the Letaia gate (uncovered
when the new pipeline carrying water from the Haliakmon was
being laid at the start of Ag. Demetriou), consisting of part of
the floor of the hexagonal courtyard of the Letaia gate and part
of the wall of an earlier gate, which was uncovered 8m E of the
floor of the gate and 1.20m beneath it. The excavator concludes
that the Letaia gate was simple, located in line with, but high-
er than, the corresponding R fortification gate; also that the so-
called 'Vardar gate' was not the gate of that name in the
Theodosian fortifications, but the gate in an earlier fortification
or the triumphal arch-and-gateway built in AD 143 for
Antoninus Pius' visit to Thessalonike. (AEMTH 14, 247-57)
N. Karydas reports on the excavations N of the ECh house
with the triclinium at 18-20 Sophokleous: this was apparently a
large urban house integrated into the local Hippodamian grid. It
occupies half the width of the anc. insula, but its length has not

yet been determined. The area investigated covers approxi-
mately 450m2 (of a total of 750-1000m2) and was built on an
embankment levelling the sloping ground. The house was
planned around a central atrium with a peristyle, and surround-
ing rooms were accessed through the peristyle stoas. The house
had two reception rooms-the triclinium (mainly for banquets)
and the (earlier, 4th-Ct) family chamber. A colourful mosaic
floor, along with numerous coloured fragments of wall paint-
ings with various decorative motifs (including human figures),
form part of its opulent, elaborate decoration. Our picture of the
house to the N is less clear. The existence of a central atrium in
the S part cannot be confirmed, owing to the excessive damage
inflicted by the later buildings. The main entrance of the house
must have lain on the W side of Sophokleous, while the side
entrance on the N side indicates the existence of a small
decumanus. Lastly, the apsidal building to the W, presumably a
refectory, and the subterranean barrel-vaulted cistern, may be
interpreted as Byz monastery facilities established after the ECh
earthquakes; they must have occupied the entire ancient insula.
(AEMTH 14, 259-272)
Toumba. Table. Rescue excavations were continued at the A
and C settlement, whose stratigraphy also covers the EIA and
the BA (AEMTH 10, 389-406). K. Soueref reports that EIA and
A material had been randomly gathered at the W side of the plot
at Odos Ibiskou 3. An attempt to extend the settlement west-
wards during the 5th Ct BC is indicated by the pottery finds and
by the architectural remains, as had been found earlier at the E
side of the table, at Odos Kalabryton 20. Architectural finds
reveal disturbed foundations and wall sections, presumably of a
house. In addition to pottery, movable finds include clay lids of
vessels for everyday use, loom-weights of various sizes, pierced
disks made of clay, stone rubbers and millstones and LBA and
EIA wishbone handles, along with A and C imported bg pottery,
bases of pointed amphoras and a lamp sherd. This is the first
time a section of the settlement has been unearthed on the bank
of the stream.
At the NE end of the table, the finds at the plot at
Empedokleous 19 are closely related to those of the adjacent
plot at Empedokleous 17 (ADelt 44, 321; AEMTH 3, 215-225;
cf. AAA 23-28, 31-46). This is the E end of the rectangular reli-
gious 5th-4th Ct BC building, with a loutron, a small well with
a stone-built mouth, crossed by an artificial channel in its inte-
rior (N-S). The 1996 finds include: remains of small stone agri-
cultural HL and R constructions in the upper levels, which are
not related with the organized phases of the A settlement; archi-
tectural remains of stone foundations and superstructure which
complete the building on the neighbouring plot; C sherds with
an earthen floor, above the projecting stones which separate the
foundation from the superstructure; two empty storage build-
ings to the N, which functioned as storage pits or as small water
cisterns. Similar buildings had been found in the W sector of
the plot at Kalabryton 19 (ADelt 49, 440-4; AEMTH 8,
189-196, esp. 190-193). All buildings of the settlement are
built in the red clayey earth of the table. This point marks the
beginning of a different type of soft rock and the settlement did
not develop beyond this point.
Rubbish pits of various sizes, arranged in rows (2-5), were
investigated at the plot at Protoleontos 19, beyond the N border
of the Table. They contained broken, mostly Attic 5th-Ct BC
vessels. A and C sherds were found during test trenching at
Isidorou 31, 50 m NE of the ancient settlement. The systematic
excavation that followed revealed two artificial water channels
running E-NW and scattered sherds, but no building remains.
G through to EHL finds were unearthed during rescue exca-
vations at the Toumba cemetery, lying E, S, and SW of the anc.
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 69
settlement. The tombs have been dug either in the natural clay
or in the soft rock and many skeletons have been affected by the
acid soil. At the school plot, between Papaeliaki and
Kleanthous roads, SSE of the ancient settlement, lay five pit
tombs covered with large schist slabs and with small stones
between. Tomb 1 contained, exceptionally, a child cremation,
with bronze wire elements and metal plates (some gilded), five
small bronze buckles (along with a fragment of a sixth) and a
small, gilded, clay bead. In the upper section of the tomb an
amphora with a high neck and a small, handleless skyphos were
found. On the floor, at the NW comer of the tomb, fragments
of a Phoenician alabastron were found. Tomb 2, oriented
NE-SW, contained fragmentary bones and, beneath the cover, a
vessel of unbaked clay, presumably an ungentarium. Tomb 3,
oriented E-W, contained few corroded bones. Finds include a
kantharos, a handleless small skyphos and a C bronze coin.
Tomb 4, oriented NW-SE, contained relics of a male burial.
Finds on the floor included a large bf skyphos, a small clay gild-
ed vessel-shaped bear, and an iron dagger. This tomb also held
two rectangular cases along the shorter sides, beneath the floor,
one containing a small, single-handled skyphos, the other
sherds, bone fragments, an oyster and two bronze button-
shaped objects with traces of wood. Tomb 5, oriented
WNW-ESE, contained corroded (presumably female) bones,
the skull facing W. Finds included a bronze 4th-Ct BC coin, a
bronze ring and a bronze buckle.
At the lot at Ag. Marinas 35, E of the ancient settlement of
the Toumba, at the NE limit of the settlement, part of a
destroyed A-C pit tomb with corroded bones was found, ori-
ented N-S, without finds. Foundation remains of rubble
masonry may have formed part of the cemetery, or perhaps
remains of a previous settlement. Other BA and IA sherds were
found scattered on the surface of the plot and presumably came
from buildings ca 50m E of the borders of the main settlement.
A monolithic sarcophagus with a covering poros slab, and E-W
orientation, was traced at Hymettou 3, SW of the anc. settle-
ment at Toumba. The skull was facing E, the bones were cor-
roded naturally. The tomb contained gold plates, a mouthpiece,
a gold ring, two iron knives and a ribbed bf kylix, dated to
520-510 BC. A monolithic poros sarcophagus, covered with
poros slabs, with an E-W orientation, similar to that excavated
at the Hymettou plot, was excavated near the PAOK football
stadium; it contained a badly preserved skeleton, and a frag-
ment of an undecorated vase.
Five more pit tombs covered with slabs were traced nearby
at Kleanthous road. The first one, oriented from N to S, was not
opened, as its largest part lies beneath the road; the second
(NW-SE) contained few plain sherds. Finds in the third tomb
(NW-SE) include a hydria, a high two-handled small skyphos,
terracotta figurines of a nursing-mother and a clay model of a
small temple with an Eros relief in its interior, along with the
corroded bones, and indicate a child burial. The fourth
(NW-SE) had built rubble masonry walls and had been partly
destroyed by earlier road works. Few corroded bones were
found and the skull had been destroyed. A few pottery sherds,
a shallow small skyphos without handles and a small bg kan-
tharos, suggest a date in the late 4th-early 3rd Ct BC. Finally,
tomb 5 (E-W) had been partly destroyed: the corroded skull
was found at the E end of the tomb, the rest of the skeleton had
been disturbed and a late 4th-early 3rd Ct BC lekanis constitut-
ed the only find from this burial. (ADelt 427-34)
K. Soueref reports on the evidence for the burial customs of
the 6th-5th Ct BC inhabitants of the settlement provided by the
2000 excavation finds: (a) tombs at 45 Neapoleos (SE of the
PAOK football ground) in Kato Toumba include the 6th-Ct BC
pit graves known from carlicr excavations; (b) tombs at the
70 DAVID BLACKMAN
107. Arethousa: early Christian basilica
junction of Sphaktirias, Avdiron and Lesvou Streets, directly E
of the anc. settlement in Ano Toumba, where the pit-graves date
to the 6th and 5th Ct BC. (c) Block 3 of the Municipality of
Triandria (between Amorgou, Philikis Etaireias and Dagli
Streets) yielded for the first time a section of the cemetery, W
of the stream demarcating the anc. settlement at Toumba, with
finds related to the tombs of the local aristocracy of the A period.
(AEMTH 14, 215-225).
Nome of Thessalonike
Anchialos. The excavation conducted by M. Tiverios and by
S. Gimatzidis on the double table at Anchialos focused on the
upper table of the settlement and on the new trench A.0, which
was opened next to trench A and reached LG layers; brick walls
with stone foundations were traced at that level. Part of a wall
with stone foundations survives from the phase dated to the 7th
and early 6th Ct BC; the shallow fill indicates that the settlement
presumably diminished in size during the above-mentioned
period. The floor of a house violently destroyed was unearthed
at the next level (2nd half of 6th Ct) along with household finds
(e.g. a rectangular clay cooking basin and an oval clay tray). To
the LA period date stone structures, which presumably
belonged to a workshop, and a large refuse pit containing dis-
carded building materials. The surface layer, containing 6th-4th
Ct BC pottery, has been seriously disturbed.
Movable finds include many bronze artefacts, a few stone
tools, and large amounts of pottery. The amount and quality of
the imported pottery found alongside the local wares offers sig-
nificant clues to the dating of the G and A local pottery.
(AEMTH 14, 193-203).
M. Pappa, F. Adaktylou and Z. Billi report on the results of
a rescue excavation that was carried out on an EBA mound at
the 'Balkan Export' factory area, 1km from the Anchialos table.
The excavation was confined to the settlement's two earliest
construction phases and uncovered sections of rectangular
houses identified through post-holes. The destruction level
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
108. Arethousa, hearth beneath the church
yielded many vessels and other finds, including many anchor-
shaped objects, presumably loom-weights.
The buildings form part of a wider urban fabric with a con-
centrated population. Both construction phases should be dated
around the middle of the EBA, i.e. mid-3rd millennium.
(AEMTH 14, 137-144).
Arethousa (10 km N of Rendina). On the 2000 season see now
AEMTH 14, 117-24. The Finnish Institute at Athens continued
the excavation of the ECh basilica at Arethousa in August 2001.
The director of the project, Dr Arja Karivieri, reports:
'In 2001 excavation continued in the trench W of the
narthex, which was expanded to the N, and new trenches were
opened to the NE and E of the main aisle to reveal the N aisle
and the outer walls of the church (Fig. 107). In 2000 (AEMTH
14, 117-124; AR 2000-01, 87-88), a thick layer of roof-tiles
from the destruction layer of the church had been found in the
trenches W of the basilica, and in 2001, when the trench W of
the narthex was expanded, a hearth and two EByz amphoras
were found in situ under the destruction layer of the church
(Fig. 108). Both amphoras were quite well preserved, and they
have been restored by the conservators of the 9th EBA. The
same trench provided many LR and EByz coins, as well as ani-
mal bones. The column base and the paving found in the S part
of the trench in 2000 do not seem to continue northwards, out-
side the entrance found in 1999. The hearth, the two amphoras,
as well as the other finds from this trench seem to suggest the
existence of economic facilities N of the church. There are two
possible explanations for this: either the foundation of the
colonnade was removed before the economic facilities came
into use, or the presumed colonnade was restricted to the area
SW of the square H 100 (Fig. 107).
New trenches were opened in the whole N aisle, and we
concentrated on revealing its outer walls and entrances. In the
centre of the N aisle we found two parallel walls on a SW-NE
alignment, which were covered with hydraulic plaster. This
construction was probably the water reservoir of the church, but
not necessarily during its first phase. A thick destruction layer
was found in the N aisle, consisting of roof-tiles decorated with
finger-grooves, as well as pieces of collapsed brick vaults.
Some of the bricks were decorated with a star or a cross in
relief, a definitive proof of the ecclesiastical function of the
building. A separate entrance to the N aisle was found beside
the apse, in the SE comer of the church. A marble basin was
found near this entrance, inside the N aisle.
The stratigraphy, wall analyses, the mosaics and opus sectile
pavements, architectonic fragments, pottery, metal objects,
lamps, glass items and coins that have been found between

1999 and 2001 seem to point to a foundation date in the late 5th
or early 6th Ct. It seems that the church was rebuilt at least once
before it was abandoned in the late 6th or the 7th Ct.
During the three field seasons, we have found altogether 122
coins, lots of pottery from different periods, pieces of metal
objects, fragments of lamps and glass objects, a grave relief in
marble, a marble basin, some architectonic fragments, such as
an acanthus capital and two pieces of the choir screen, and lots
of animal bones. Even though the destruction of the church can
be dated to the late 6th or the 7th Ct, we even found evidence for
a Byz settlement on the site: remains of walls and fragments of
cooking ware and large pithoi. A continuation of the excavation
in the N aisle is planned for the summer of 2002.
Documentation and consolidation of the mosaics in the
narthex and in the main aisle, as well as documentation of the
wall paintings and plasters continued in 2001, before the pave-
ments were again back-filled for the winter. The best-preserved
part of a wall painting with vegetal motifs in the N comer of the
narthex was removed for conservation by the 9th EBA. The con-
servation of the mosaics is planned to continue in the summer
of 2002, in co-operation with the 9thEBA.'
Evangelismos Lagada. M. Pappa and F. Adaktylou report that
a brief rescue excavation at a hitherto unknown settlement N of
the village of Evangelismos near Lagadas yielded 15 pits with
IA and MN finds; most pits had layers of rubble stones.
(AEMTH 14, 187-192).
Karabournaki. M. Tiverios, E. Manakidou and D. Tsiafaki
report on the results from eight new squares and the continua-
tion of five old squares in the anc. settlement. Modem con-
structions, objects and horse burials had disturbed nearly all test
trenches and damaged architectural remains of the settlement.
Parts of the anc. settlement were revealed in most squares,
including parts of pithos magazines and remarkably many stor-
age rooms. At the SE comer of square 23-4Oa lay a large slab,
along with bricks, baked and unbaked, and scattered rubble
stones: the construction presumably served for baking or heat-
ing food, i.e. it was a type of a hearth or oven. It was found with
pottery of the LIA, transitional and middle Cor, and Ionian.
Sherds from Chian, SOS and other pointed amphoras (probably
E Greek) were also found.
The S sector of the settlement is better preserved. Its archi-
tectural remains comprised rooms, pithos magazines, and bee-
hive-shaped, semi-subterranean constructions. The discovery of
such structures already during the previous year confirms that
they were characteristic of the settlement. (AR 2000-01, 89)
Samples of earth were analysed by G. Valamoti, who con-
cluded that the burnt seeds found in one of these constructions
come from ancient bitter vetch, a kind of pulse used to feed ani-
mals. This year's finds in square 27-893 included sherds and
other objects, dating from the 7th to 5th Ct BC. The area has
yielded a large number of both stone and clay objects, e.g.
cover-tiles-mainly of Laconian type, loom-weights, lamps,
sherds from various workshops. The sherds of pointed
amphoras are linked to Athens, Corinth, E Greece (e.g. Chios,
Lesbos, Samos, Ionian cities) and N Greece (e.g. Mende).
Equally interesting is the imported Cor and Attic pottery, while
two amphoriskoi for perfume, presumably from E Greek work-
shops, have been found at this site.
The construction of these buildings is dated to the A period
(7th-6th Ct BC). The beehive-shaped structures were presum-
ably working, storage and residential areas. The excavators
favour the identification of these areas as 'argellae', well known
in the Euxine. (AEMTH 14, 205-214)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 71
Kardia. Tombs were found 1500m NW of the anc. settlement
table of Neon Rhysion, 0.30-0.90m beneath the surface level.
No traces have been found of another nearer anc. settlement.
The tombs include seven pit graves and a HL chamber tomb.
Apparently this group of tombs belonged to a family; it may be
dated, by its typology and chronology, from the mid-3rd to the
mid-2nd Ct BC. (ADelt 445-6)
Lete. Four 1 st-4th Ct AD farmhouses were unearthed in an area
2km from ancient Lete, during the construction work on the
Egnatia Odos. The buildings, lying at a distance of 350m from
each other, survive at foundation level and have been pillaged.
The various rooms are laid around a rectangular courtyard.
Farmhouse A, covering an area of ca 460m2 and dated to the
mid-2nd Ct BC, is the best preserved. The entrance of the build-
ing is on the E, and a courtyard lies at the centre, with the liv-
ing and eating quarters along the N side; the rooms along the S
side are related to agricultural activities. One may assume from
a hoard of 12 bronze coins of Gordian III and of his wife
Tarcyllina hidden in the building that the building was aban-
doned temporarily; this may have happened during the mid-3rd
Ct AD Gothic invasion. The building was finally abandoned at
the end of the 4th Ct AD, after minor repairs and after the addi-
tion of a triclinium to the E. Movable finds include terracotta
lamps, terracotta and glass vessels, toilet articles, farm imple-
ments, and a few fragments of clay figurines, representing the
Mother of the Gods and confirming her cult in the area until the
Late Imperial period (AEMTH 14, 153-168).
Nea Eukarpia. Rescue excavations conducted by E. Lampro-
thanassi revealed 95 pit graves, which are densely grouped and
form part of an IA cemetery. Except for three uncovered tombs,
most of the tombs excavated were pit graves, covered with
schist slabs, with various orientations. Burials were often with-
out grave goods, while most contained an undecorated, single-
or two-handled, phiale-shaped vessel. The few female burials
had some bronze jewellery (rings, bracelets, etc.). (ADelt 436)
Nea Philadelpheia. Excavation continued of the foundations of
rubble masonry IA buildings, whose upper parts were of
unbaked brick. The two construction phases of two connected
rooms that had been unearthed in the W section during the pre-
vious year were explored; these form the earlier phase of a
building which extends further W. Small constructions, hori-
zontal platforms for grinding cereals, indicate that the E section
of the building was partly open-air. The pithos storeroom that
had been unearthed last year S of the buildings was fully exca-
vated this year: 17 pithoi in total were revealed; they were pre-
served in situ half-buried. An open area bordered on the S by
a long supporting wall (15 x 0.60m), lies E of the buildings. To
the N, temporary rubble masonry buildings of various shapes
were presumably utilized for preparing food. Plain and painted
local and G imported pottery has been unearthed. A Euboean
skyphos with painted decoration of a lattice motif was found in
a rubbish pit; it dates to the 2nd half of the 8th Ct BC. Nine scat-
tered pits were found 65m E of the hill with the IA settlement,
on the plain, which is 7m lower. Shallow trenches dug in the
soil, of round or of ellipsoid shape (d. 0.28-0.82m, di. 1-2m),
were found. LIA-EA hand-made and wheelmade pottery was
scattered around; it comprised rg kylikes, grey jugs with angular
handles, sherds of plain pithoi, amphoras and phialae and few
sherds with G concentric circle decoration. Many oysters, ani-
mal bones, a few iron small knives, loom-weights, etc. were
also found. One may assume from these finds that the area may
have been inhabited temporarily (cf. similar pits at
Karabournaki Thessalonikes, AEMTH 9, 283-292).
72 DAVID BLACKMAN
At the R complex, which was excavated last year, supple-
mentary excavations revealed in the SW section of the earliest
building (A) a floor made of broken tiles bonded with lime mor-
tar. The destruction level was removed from the later building
(B). The absence of movable finds beneath the destruction
level indicate that the building was abandoned before it col-
lapsed. Inside the A and C cemetery, 100m E of the R buildings,
a rectangular foundation (15.35 x 5.15m) was found; it was sep-
arated into two rooms by a cross wall. A few sherds, along with
the well-built rubble masonry, date this building to the R peri-
od; remarkable is the absence of roof-tiles. A second, particu-
larly long building (32.30 x 9.04m) was found 60m SW of the
R complex. This has, at approximately equal spacing, six inte-
rior buttresses projecting from the N and S long walls. The
walls are of rubble masonry, ca 0,65m wide. Broken tiles,
along with stones, have been utilized as construction material.
No roof-tiles were found in this building either; the roof may
have been made from branches or from other perishable mate-
rial. Very little plain R pottery was found. This was a rural
building related to the adjacent R complex.
At the A and C cemetery lying S of the Table 21 more pit and
cist tombs were excavated: 13 of them, all belonging to the 4th
Ct BC, lie at the SW end of the cemetery, near and E of the R
complex which was excavated last year; 3 more were found
deeper down, beneath its foundations. Apparently the R com-
plex was constructed at the S end of and partly over the earlier
cemetery. The latter was abandoned already in the HL period.
The earliest A tomb is dated by imported Cor pottery to
550-525 BC. Gold and silver jewellery (a gold mouthpiece, a
gold bead, a pair of gold earrings, two pairs of silver pins) was
found in a woman's grave along with a bg kylix of the 3rd quar-
ter of the 5th Ct BC. Finally, 600-700 m W of the A and C
Cemetery, a single pit grave was found, covered with a stone
heap, without grave goods. (ADelt 442-4)
Ossa. After an interruption of four years, A. Lioutas resumed
excavation at the site of Kouri hill, in Ossa (province of
Langada). This year's excavation at the N edge of the hill, con-
tinuing the excavation of 1992, revealed the W wall of a room
(int. 5.50 x 3.25m). The width and solidity of the walls of this
room, and the next one to the N, indicate the existence of an
upper floor. The wall had a central door opening, 1.25m wide,
whose threshold shows the level of the ancient floor; this is also
confirmed by the destruction level, including fallen wall stones
and roof-tiles. There was no wall at the W side in the area S of
the room. A rock-cut circular cistern was found and many
sherds (from three or four amphoras) were collected. Four
more storage pits for pithoi were found around the W and S
walls of the room. Pottery comprises plain vessels for everyday
use, Megarian bowls, bg kantharoi and 'West Slope' ware.
More than 60 loom-weights confirm the existence of intense
weaving activities. Coin, and pottery date to the 2nd Ct BC.
The pottery collected from the deeper layers, W of the wall with
the door opening, is similar to that of the upper layers-except
for two fragments of N terracotta figurines, coming from a so
far unknown PR settlement in the area. (ADelt 444-5)
Pentalophos. At Sousamomylos NW of the archaeological site,
10 tombs were unearthed: 7 pit graves, 2 sarcophagi and a
chamber tomb dating from the early 4th Ct BC through to the
HL period. Finds included clay vessels (kantharoi, skyphoi-
kylikes, jugs, a lamp, a skyphos, a small lekythos, a small
phiale, jewellery, coins, etc. Cist tomb 3 was significant in
terms of both size (3.26 x 1.50 x 1.60 m) and finds, which
included three gold fibulae, a pair of gold earrings, and a silver
tetradrachm of Archelaos. (ADelt 444)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Polichne. A. Lioutas reports on a R stone-built channel used
until mod. times. Rescue excavations at Nigritis 2 (Lebet
Table) revealed another section of the anc. settlement, in addi-
tion to that found in 1991-1992 at S. Venizelou 30. Two more
lots were excavated on the slope and at the foot of the Table in
1993.
The 20 tombs and eight room floors excavated in 1995-1996
were dated by pottery and fall into four phases between the mid-
9th and the mid-4th Ct BC. Rubble masonry was used in all
foundations and footings of all construction phases, while the
upper wall sections were constructed with unbaked brick traced
in large areas of the E section of the excavation. The buildings
were roofed with baked tiles, many of which have been found
in an extensive destruction level at the N site of the excavation.
Finds include loom-weights of various shapes, iron nails, smelt-
ing residues, pottery sherds of various provenances, and an
intact, empty, large pithos with a stone lid, which was found in
situ. The total absence of coins leads the excavator to identify
the inhabitants as farmers and stock-raisers; pottery imported
from Ionia, Corinth and Athens dates from the mid-7th Ct BC
onwards. Research so far reveals that the settlement occupied
an area of ca 300 x 150m on the top and slopes of the Table and
that it was inhabited from the 10th through to the mid-4th Ct BC,
i.e. for approximately 650 years. (ADelt 434-6)
Two watermills have been investigated on the Panormos
stream, and on the stream cutting through Asbestochori and
reaching the sea via Polichne. The ruins of watermill A include
walls, the millstones and hand-held millstones, with the cistern
showing two phases, the later enlarging the earlier. Remains of
ancillary structures were also located. Watermill B, some 30m
away, is of a similar type, but includes a tile cross in its mason-
ry, surrounded by a brick arch. A third mill exists some 300m
from the other two. The tower here is 4m high, to the level of
the water spout, and its masonry is decorated with a tile cross
and the inscription [D]X[D]In (i.e. 'light of Christ shine on all'),
of which only two letters survive. Watermills A and B, on the
basis of the few pottery and coin finds, may be dated to the
12th-13th Cts AD, and the other mill to a slightly earlier period.
(ADelt 505-8)
Sindos. The excavation of three building plots in the industri-
al quarter of Sindos in 1999 and 2000 revealed 123 R graves
oriented E-W (tile-, built- and pit-graves, jar burials); five large
cist-graves were built with pebbles and lime mortar and utilized
for multiple burials. Grave goods comprise terracotta and glass
vessels, oil lamps, bronze and iron jewellery, bronze coins, all
of the 4th Ct AD; they may be paralleled with finds from
Thessalonike and from the wider area and with finds from other
parts of the Balkan peninsula. This LR cemetery lies to the E
of the A and C cemeteries of Sindos, in the space created when
the bed of the Gallikos shifted eastward (AEMTH 14, 145-152).
Souroti. K. Soueref and K. Havela report that of the 43 graves
(pit, cist and tile) investigated at the 6th-Ct-HL cemetery at
Souroti only five had no burial offerings and that a single bur-
ial method, inhumation, was in use. To the SE of the cemetery,
on a row of hills, lies the settlement to which this cemetery is
related; it belongs to a group of PR and historical settlements N
and S of the River Anthemous. The handmade pottery found in
the exterior fill of the graves allows us to date the settlement
from well before the 6th Ct BC through to the end of the 2nd Ct
BC. (AEMTH 14, 169-178).
Therme. Excavation of the anc. cemetery in the NE of the
mod. settlement was continued in 1996. Rescue excavations at
the junction between Hero6n Polytechneiou and Makedonias

revealed another section (cf. AEMTH 10, 477-490, n. 1). Of the
160 burials, 79 were anc., 17 were post-Byz and 67 were mod.
(early 20th Ct AD). The Ch, post-Byz and mod. burials, with a
consistent E-W orientation, were pits scattered or in groups
(particularly the mod. ones); they were distributed either on top
of or among the anc. tombs, which they had often destroyed.
The tombs were opened in a dense layer of small cobbles and
pebbles, presumably flood deposits. Few cremations have been
traced. There were a few IA tombs, often large and of an ellip-
soid shape. The pits were often defined with small stones and
their walls were covered with small cobblestones. They were
occasionally also covered with schist slabs. Most finds were
bronze ornaments of a common Macedonian type. Most of the
tombs were A, with an E-W orientation. Apart from the pit
graves, most of them were cist tombs, made of long schist or
poros slabs and covered with similar slabs. In many cases a
heap of cobblestones covered the whole (or part) of the tomb.
In nine secondary burials the ashes of the dead were in cinerary
vessels or pits of various sizes which indicates that cremation
was also a common practice. There was also an inhumation in
a pointed pithos. Most burials, particularly those in the cham-
ber tombs, were pillaged already in antiquity, hence they were
found disturbed. Many still contained imported pottery (Cor,
Att), which in some cases was found with local pottery and
locally produced ornaments similar to the IA ones.
The few C graves (mid-5t-late 4th Ct BC) were pit tombs,
which in many cases were demarcated with stones. They were
normally not covered, but some were covered with schist slabs;
finds included a few ornaments and pottery, mainly bg skyphoi.
The post-Byz tombs (oriented E-W) were pits scattered or in
clusters (as were those of the 20th Ct), arranged above or
between the earlier tombs. Post-Byz tombs often contained
more than 2-3 burials, including child burials, and they were
often in secondary use. They contained glazed pottery, 15-16th
Ct cups of various sizes; burials of the early 20th Ct contained
porcelain cups or small glasses, while women were buried with
their jewellery (rings, bracelets, crosses, necklaces of Turkish
silver or bronze coins, etc.).
At the junction of Hero6n Polytechneiou and Iasonidou 43 A
burials (mostly LA) were found, 24 of them pit graves covered
by schist or poros slabs. Finds included pottery (local, import-
ed or imitations of imported vessels), terracotta figurines, bronze
ornaments imitating those of the IA. Some tombs date to the
4th-early 3rd Ct BC and the commonest finds include small bg
pottery and bronze coins of Philip II and Cassander; 14 of the
remaining tombs were A cist graves. There was also a poros sar-
cophagus, along with three burials in large pithoi (late 6th-early
5th Ct BC). Finally two EHL tile-covered tombs were found.
A group of five tombs was excavated at the junction between
Pontou and Makrygianni, at a depth of ca 2-3.50m; three tombs
had been located there in 1995 (cf. ADelt 50, 464). As three out
of the five new tombs were successive, each tomb had partly
destroyed the earlier one; they were initially covered with schist
slabs. The IA finds in the deepest tomb (T5) included two gold
metal plates with relief and with incised decoration and a gold
biconical necklace; tomb T7 had bronze LIA / EA jewellery
along with female bones; tomb T4 also contained A ornaments.
At the junction of Pontou and Mandelara, five presumably
LIA tombs with various orientations were found. With the
exception of one, built with baked bricks, these were pit graves.
Except for one tomb containing a bronze spiralled IA necklace,
the tombs contained no movable finds, and hence are hard to
date. These tombs (with a N-S orientation) had been con-
structed on top of or between two almost parallel trenches dug
in the natural soil. These trenches may be related to the adja-
cent table, but it is hard to determine whether they functioned
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 73
as drainage trenches or whether they protected the anc. settle-
ment on the table. No architectural remains were traced, and
most of the 5th4th Ct BC pottery found comes from the table.
Red glaze, Ionizing kylikes or phiale-shaped vessels with a
spout, with a flat base and thin walls, are a type of 8th-6th Ct
pottery common around the Thermaic gulf. To the same period
dates the large number of locally made, Ionizing amphoras with
painted banded decoration. EA Chian amphoras are also found.
The lowest levels above the natural soil, along with the fill of
the tombs, contained IA and A pottery. Local painted IA pottery
was decorated with concentric circles or with other geometric
motifs. There is also contemporary rough, wheelmade pottery.
The trenches, which yielded LIA pottery, predate the tombs; the
relationship between the trenches and the settlement of the
table, and the earliest phases of the settlement require defini-
tion, but the archaeological evidence available so far fails to
answer these questions. (ADelt 436-41)
Ancient settlement. Excavation at Chalkidikis at the SW
fringe of the slope of Therme table revealed only remains of a
wall built of rubble and clay; it was oriented NW-SE, 27m long
and 0.80-0.90 m wide. The upper section of the wall had col-
lapsed into a pile of stones extending along the SW side of the
wall. A bronze coin (posthumous issue of Alexander) on the
pile of stones dates the wall collapse before 325 BC, i.e. before
the synoecism of Thessalonike. The wall is interpreted by E.
Skarlatidou as a peribolos of an open area. A test next to the
wall shows that the deposits here reached 4.20m below the sur-
face level. The upper fill contained 4th and 5th Ct BC pottery.
Beneath this level a heap of stones from a demolished wall con-
taining 6th-Ct BC pottery was revealed. Just as in the case of
the table deposits, the stratigraphy here resulted from the col-
lapse of walls and buildings. The wall must belong to a 6th-Ct
BC building; this leads to the assumption that at least at that
period the SW part of the table was covered with buildings.
(ADelt 441)
A. Keramaris reports two pit graves found 2.50m beneath
the surface and dated to the HL period. A rescue excavation
25m N of the Table of Thermi at a depth of 1.20m revealed two
similarly built constructions, the former with irregular shape
(2.10 x 2 x 1.20m), the latter with ellipsoid shape (3 x 1.75 x
1.40m). The subterranean section was dug in the natural soil
and internal walls and the floor were covered with clay. The
upper level, which is not preserved, was built of rubble and clay
and it was presumably vaulted. Finds indicate a date in the late
8th-early 7th Ct BC. (ADelt 441-2)
M. Pappa, S. Nanoglou and A. Nitsou report that the sys-
tematic investigation which started in the E part of the flat
Neolithic settlement at Thermi yielded clusters of pits of vari-
ous sizes and with various contents, i.e. serving different pur-
poses. The settlement may be dated through pottery to the early
part of the LN period; work continues. (AEMTH 14, 179-186).
Nome of Chalkidike
Apollonia in Mygdonia. P. Adam-Veleni reports on the exca-
vation of a cemetery dated to the 2nd half of the 4th Ct BC, com-
prising 16 tile- and 2 pit-graves, 2 jar burials and 2 cremations;
the cemetery was found through a chance find of a wreath of
gold ivy leaves handed into the Archaeological Museum in
Thessalonike and of a statue of Nike, found in Nea Apollonia.
The excavation of two earlier kilns, which were found in the
same area and which had been destroyed by tile-graves of
350-300 BC, indicates that the area had earlier had a different
use. The area immediately outside the city was presumably
occupied by workshops during the 5th and the 1st half of the 4th
Ct BC; one large and one smaller kiln fell into disuse for some
years: the firebars of the larger one had been destroyed and the
74 DAVID BLACKMAN
smaller one collapsed nearly completely. After they were
destroyed and the workshops ceased to operate (they were prob-
ably relocated outside the E city wall), the site was used for
burials. Two tile-graves with burial offerings of 350-300 BC
rest upon the kilns.
A rather small, 2-chamber, barrel-vaulted Macedonian poros
tomb (5.20m long) also lay in the wider area of the same S
cemetery; this came into light when treasure-seekers attempted
to enter the tomb by removing one of the stones from the bar-
rel-vault. Only the entrance survives structured: it was sealed
with five poros blocks. The burial chamber was separated from
the antechamber through a recess in the barrel-vault: this is a
unique feature only ever seen in this particular monument.
Work started on uncovering the wall in an effort to locate the
city boundary. A 230m stretch of the E wall, a 515m stretch of
the N wall, ca 70m of the W wall and 30m of the S wall were
found. A total length of 834m was uncovered (of an est. total
of 3100m). The wall, 2.20m wide, is made of poros blocks built
in the Egyptian style, i.e. with trapezoidal blocks alternating
with smaller flat stones inserted between them. A total of 12
cist-graves (10 R, 2 ECh) was found along the N wall; eight
graves were excavated. (AEMTH 14, 273-290).
Gomati. E. Trakosopoulou-Salakidou reports on the rescue
excavation conducted on the occasion of the construction of the
provincial Gomati-Ierissos road at Kalogerika, ca 1200m NE
of Gomati towards Ierissos. The excavation partly revealed a
cemetery. Movable finds such as a burnt aryballoid lekythion
date the initial use of the cemetery to the mid-4th Ct BC, while
its use during the 1st half of the 2nd Ct BC is confirmed numis-
matically. Numismatic evidence also confirms the continuing
use of the site from the 1St half of the st Ct BC through to the
mid-4th Ct AD. The section of the cemetery revealed is dense-
ly arranged at a single level following the slope of the hill.
Several, often adjacent, burial periboloi, mainly circular but
some ellipsoid or orthogonal, contained one or more burials. In
few cases, a single peribolos contained two tombs, and were
presumably family burials. In fact, burial peribolos 1, though
badly preserved, contained a group of four 1st-Ct AD tombs.
The prevailing orientation is NW-SE and 42 tombs of various
types (35 pit graves, 3 rectangular stone-built tombs, 3 tile-cov-
ered graves and a pithos) have been unearthed. A preference for
cremation is attested (29 certain cases as against 13 cases of
inhumation). Tomb 8 has certainly been used more than once.
The presence of iron nails in only five burials does not indicate
the extensive use of wooden biers, which was the norm during
this period. There are also few indications of the use of a head-
rest (2 cases). The date and exact age of the dead remain uncer-
tain; a baby burial and one of a child have been attested. With
four exceptions, all burials have grave goods; those finds whose
placement into cremation graves was contemporary with that of
the dead have been affected by the fire, whereas those placed
into the graves at a later stage are nearly intact. Grave goods
reflect a community with a medium standard of living, com-
prising few objects such as bronze buckles, iron shoe nails, clay
and glass vases, etc.; 8 silver and 106 bronze coins in total have
been found in approximately half of the burials.
One of the earliest burials dates to the third quarter of the 1 St
Ct BC, for it contains bronze issues of Thessalonike, represent-
ing the issue dated after the victory of the triumvirate at Philippi
(42 BC) and the first issue under Octavian (27 BC). The most
characteristic of the 1 St-Ct AD finds are plain bell-shaped small
skyphoi and glass vessels, clay lamps, etc. The group of burials
closes with pit grave 3 containing a hoard of seven bronze coins
of the Thessalonike mint, five of which at least have been issued
at the time of Constans.
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Two pavements E of the cemetery area may have been used
for the drainage of rainwater and they may have contributed to
the stability of the road. (AEMTH 14, 359-66)
Ierissos (anc. Akanthos). E. Trakosopoulou reports that the
excavations of the Ephorate focus on rescue excavations on the
seashore of mod. Ierissos in the anc. cemetery area, and on a
section of the polis. Excavation at plot 180, though incomplete,
covered a large part of the plot. It has so far yielded 183 C and
HL tombs, including 10 animal burials (6 horses, 4 dogs). One
burial (no. 9008) was of an Akanthian, whose feet were bound
with iron fetters (cf. AEMTH 7 (1993) 414, with relevant bibli-
ography). A section of a funerary peribolos or of a different
building, found in the E sector of the plot, remains unexplored.
At the E end of the necropolis, after research into a Med
cemetery was completed by the 10th EBA, the 16th EPCA con-
tinued excavating the C building remains. Excavations
revealed a section of a HL workshop with two pear-shaped
kilns, fragmentarily preserved, containing no finds. In the wider
necropolis area a building was also found at the centre of
lerissos town, at the junction of Stratou and Socratous roads. In
a brief rescue excavation a section of a rectangular building was
found; its sides were 11.70m, with a SE-NW orientation. The
rest was covered by the adjacent plots and houses. What sur-
vives are its foundations, made of well-dressed blocks of local
granite, lying over A tombs. It may have been a funerary mon-
ument, a hero6n, but it may also have been dedicated to a
chthonic deity, such as Cybele. Movable finds, comprising
fragments of marble objects, such as Ionic columns and a lion
mane, along with the late 5th-Ct BC bronze coins of Akanthos
and of Macedonian kings, fail to elucidate its function.
Excavation of the probably C temple at Alonia on the high-
er plateau was continued on a large scale. The foundation is not
preserved at all in its interior, only the technical preparation and
flattening of the natural limestone bedrock (sekos 12.30 x
6.50m, pronaos and the opisthodomos 6.50 x 3.25m, foundation
walls 1.10-1.20m w.). Excavation of the three round pits with a
conical bottom at the edge of the sekos, which presumably ante-
date (or possibly postdate) the temple yielded only few sherds
and roof-tile fragments.
Excavation of the building at Ladiava, especially in room A,
continued through the destruction level of the roof, to a depth of
ca 3.75m. A rectangular room A2 includes in the continuation
of the N side of A a small storage room (?), which might be
related to later interventions in the building. Excavation ended
at the compact destruction level of its roof. The adjoining room
B was utilized during at least two successive periods: in its ear-
lier construction phase it functioned as a pithos store, but it was
transformed later. Pottery includes sherds of Megarian bowls,
which are fewer in deeper levels, 4th and 3rd-Ct BC sherds, ter-
racotta figurines, stamped handles of pointed amphoras, along
with bronze coins coming primarily from room A; loom-
weights; a few lamps. (ADelt 451-2)
Kalamoto. K. Sismanides reports on the large, unusually
shaped, built chamber tomb (interior dimensions 3.15 x 6.50m)
found ca 500m S of Kalamotos, lkm from the site of anc.
Kalindoia. The monument, which has presumably been broken
into several times since antiquity, is horizontally roofed with a
row of 11 well-dressed marble slabs; the roof formed a rudi-
mentary pediment at the plain faqade. A stepped dromos led to
the facade; the walls were irregularly built with small, mainly
slab-shaped, stones and had a white plaster covering. Traces of
red and blue colour also survive on the plaster. The entrance
opening was as wide as the antechamber and had been blocked
up with a strong wall, except for the upper part, where the wall

had been demolished. The tomb consisted of an antechamber
and two chambers, A above and B below (Fig. 109). A small,
elaborate marble entrance was found between the antechamber
and chamber A; it had a proper door of marble, which had been
broken and lay on the ground. The relief decoration on the
doors was identical to that on doors of Macedonian tombs. The
entranceway (1.53 x 0.70m) was framed with marble and the
lintel facing the antechamber had two mouldings. Upper cham-
ber A is considerably wider than the antechamber and it had a
floor of thick, well-jointed marble slabs. The floor slabs of
chamber A form the ceiling of the secret chamber B below.
Chamber B was slightly smaller than the first chamber; because
it was secret, and because of its luxurious construction, it may
be identified with the main burial chamber. The only non-mar-
ble surface was the floor, which was paved with large grey-
green slabs. Around the top of the marble facing runs a plastic
cornice-like decoration. Grave goods included sherds of 8
small handleless skyphoi, 5 lamps, 4 plates, 9 fusiform unguen-
taria, 2 pyxides, 3 bg kantharoi and fragments of gilded bronze
wreaths (leaves, stems, fruit), spherical or tubular gilded neck-
lace beads, iron nails and other rod-shaped pieces of metal.
Finds, particularly pottery, and certain archaeological features
show that the tomb was used over a very long period (early
3rd-mid-2nd Ct BC). (AEMTH 14, 125-135).
Kriaritsi Sykias. Excavations in 1998-2000 on sites 1, 2, 3
and 5 revealed an EBA settlement and 4th- and 3rd-Ct BC farm
buildings. Site 1 yielded architectural remains of three habita-
tion phases, from EBA through to the historical period. The site
is related to the burial mound on site 7, which was excavated
500 m to the SE.
Site 2 revealed a single-cell square, probably agricultural
building (6 x 6m). Excavation of the N sector of site 3 revealed
a circular HL building (max. ext. di. 8m, max. int. di. ca 6m)
almost half of which was destroyed when the road was built.
The masonry of the exterior facade consists of well-dressed
local granite blocks laid in opus isodomum; the less meticulous
internal masonry consists of dressed and semi-dressed stones.
To the immediate S of the circular building, a 2-level, 200m2
storage cellar was revealed, containing 22 regularly arranged
pits. The circular building and the cellar were in simultaneous
use, and the fortified site served agricultural and commercial
purposes. Site 5 yielded remains of two buildings (A and B)
and two circular structures, all for agricultural use. Building A
was a courtyard with two rooms on the E side with workshop-
like structures. Building B revealed three construction phases:
circular R structures I and II; a 4thth-3rd Ct BC rectangular
building with extension; and a 5th-4th Ct BC storage cellar.
Finds confirm the use of this area for agricultural purposes
and home handicrafts from the EBA through to the R period.
(AEMTH 14, 331-46)
Mavrolakkas near Olympias. K. Sismanidis reports on the
archaeological investigations carried out in the area in
1999-2000. Surface investigations showed that the proposed
site for the construction of mining installations by TVX Hellas
Company was strewn with archaeological remains, mainly HL.
Geophysical investigations located a number of antiquities,
mainly N and NW of the area of specific interest to TVX Hellas.
Systematic excavations conducted at sectors A, B, F yielded the
following: surface investigations at sector A, to the E of the
marsh lake, located a level elevation of the terrain for 11 m; the
subsequent excavation confirmed that this was a stone-built
structure 2.50m wide, resembling a fortification wall. The dat-
ing and identification of the site remain open. A 50m stretch of
a straight stone structure identical to that in sector A was
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 75
:TOMH B- e KAAAM~TO E2EAAONIKH 2000
t~BA~I E O AAAMOTOS TAHOI
Sh\i~~~~~~x\\t~ x, e
109. Kalamoto: chamber tomb
unearthed in sector B, ca 500m S of sector A and with similar
uncertainty over date and identification. Equally problematic in
regard to dating is an almost rectangular paved structure (5 x
10m), which was explored directly to the E. This was presum-
ably a place where large animals were slaughtered. Some 60m
further W the comer of a stone structure was uncovered; at the
N end of the same area, an important EHL building (probably a
large house) has started to be excavated. Excavations focused
on sector F, which is at the centre of the area of specific inter-
est to TVX Hellas, and yielded the remains of some anc. build-
ings, as well as of a rectangular Ott building. The stratigraphi-
cal evidence relating to pottery, other movable finds, and 43
coins indicates that the buildings investigated here date to
between the mid-4th and the 1St Ct BC; these represent three
construction phases. Despite considerable damage in the past,
a number of buildings are satisfactorily preserved. These are
mainly workshops, storage and residential areas. Five pottery
kilns, two large rectangular and three smaller piriform ones,
have also been uncovered. These were used for firing mainly
unpainted pointed amphoras, smaller vessels and large
Laconian roof-tiles and they date to the end of the 4th Ct BC.
The excavator proposes that Stageira was rebuilt by Philip II not
on the highland site of the earlier city but in the lowland area of
Mavrolakkas, where there was easy access to water, fields, min-
erals and timber. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that
all architectural and movable finds produced by the excavations
date to after the time of Philip II. (AEMTH 14, 347-58)
Nea Kallikrateia. The rescue excavation of parts of a previ-
ously unreported LA-mid-4th Ct BC settlement, to the W of the
PR mound, revealed part of the fortifications, public buildings,
deposits and a cemetery dating from the IA to late antiquity (78
graves). The C graves apparently relate to the nearby anc. set-
tlement. The lack of epigraphical data renders the settlement
difficult to identify. (AEMTH 14, 299-310).
L. Toska and G. Chatzakis report on the ECh antiquities of
the 4th-6th Ct AD, which were revealed during the construction
of drainage systems at villages of Chalkidike. The ECh tombs
found at Nea Heracleia can be linked with the famous coffin of
the Museum of Byz Culture. A late antique tomb at the settle-
ment of Agios Pavlos provides us with the earliest information
about an ECh settlement previously known only from the 13th
Ct. An ECh settlement was also unearthed at Nea Kallikrateia
in the SE part of the settlement. Some rubble and mortar walls
were unearthed at foundation level, along with a floor made of
bricks, a small cistern and a well. Coin finds and most sherds
date to the 4th-6th Ct AD.
At the SW end of Kallikrateia, on the hill, an area 14 x 7m was
excavated and a 4th-6th Ct AD wine-press complex revealed.
Further W and uphill, a section of the baths occupies 100m2.
The tepidarium and the caldarium (with the praefurnium)
76 DAVID BLACKMAN
belong to its initial phase. At a second stage, the rectangular
area behind the praefurnium was added. A third period brings
a change of use of the bath. Two rubble masonry walls were
added at the NW side of the building, access to the praefurium
was closed and a child burial without grave goods was found in
it. Constructional features, pottery and a 4th-Ct AD coin date
this phase between the 4th and the 6th Ct AD. In the absence
of later finds it is assumed that all three phases of the baths were
constructed during this period
The remains of a destroyed kiln were found at the W of the
settlement, along with the remains of three plastered rubble
masonry walls, which are preserved at a h. of 50-70cm. Fresco
fragments were traced at the SE side of the test trench; a large
number of excellently preserved glass tesserae, in various
colours (blue, red, green, gold), were found at the centre of the
building, which is dated through pottery finds to the 4th-6th Ct
AD. An empty thesaurario with an incised inscription and an
impressed depiction of Christ with two doves on a pseudo-
arretine plate come from the 6th Ct AD, while a coin of Justin I
and a coin of Theodosius I, found close to each other, confirm
the building's date between the late 4th and late 6th Ct AD.
(AEMTH 14,311-19)
Nea Roda. E. Tsigarida reports on the A-HL sanctuary, which
is connected with the two prominent cities of the area, Sane and
Ouranoupolis. An A oikos and an EHL temple have been exca-
vated; excavations at a group of buildings S of the HL temple
were continued in 1996. A principal monumental construction
was recognized; sections of only two walls, more than lm wide,
have been revealed. An inscription fragment must have come to
light during agricultural works, since it had been ripped vio-
lently from a wall S of the HL temple. It is stoichedon, written
in the Ionic alphabet and dated by the form of the letters to the
5th Ct BC, a time for which there were hitherto no archaeologi-
cal data for the temple. The text is broken on the left side but 12
lines have been partly preserved; it is nearly impossible to
reconstruct the text. A few words may be restored: e.g. [I]EPO;
[M]EHON, [AH]MOHIHI. These few words, i?pov, LF?oov,
65rlooia etc., presumably indicate that this text was a horos of
the temple. (ADelt 450-1)
Olynthos. N hill. The houses of building block AIV were
cleaned; houses A2, A3, A4 and A6 of the westernmost insula A
were excavated and the ancient paving of road B, along the S
side of blocks AVI, AV and AIV, was located. Research on the
W side of houses A2, A3, A4 and A6 enabled the excavators to
locate new rooms but their western end, which is identified with
the outer wall of the houses and with the defensive wall of the
city, was not revealed. The absence of destruction layers includ-
ing roof-tiles from all the W rooms might indicate a flat roof,
which was utilized by soldiers, since, according to D.M.
Robinson and M. Andronikos, the city wall was connected with
the W rooms of the houses of row A. The total destruction of the
city wall in this area might be taken to indicate that the troops
of Philip II invaded, occupied and destroyed the polis through
this wall section in 348 BC.
Road B was excavated for a length of 100m, along building
block AVI, from the E outlet of the stenopos between AV and
AIV. A destruction layer with roof-tiles covered the road. The
very small, densely packed tile fragments must have constitut-
ed the level of the road after the city's destruction, for as long
as the Macedonian garrison remained in the area. Beneath this
layer lay 7m of a central drain, at a depth of 1.30m and with a
width of 0.65m. It was covered by large schist slabs, reinforced
with rubble. Five bands of paving were preserved (1. 6m, w.
1.20m each) covering the central 4.20m of the road; the rock
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
may have been dressed naturally to form a raised pavement on
either side. The bands presumably protected the road and the
houses from flooding after rain. The rest of the road was cov-
ered with gravel, fragments of tiles and stones; the natural rock
used where possible. Finds in the destruction level and on the
surface of the road include many metal objects, particularly
nails of various sizes (bronze, iron and lead), hinges and clasps,
which are presumably derived from wooden constructions and
portable benches along the road, where shops were located.
(ADelt 446-9)
At Olynthos, during German excavations of the PR toumba
of Agios Mamas, evidence for a LByz (12th-14th Ct AD) grain
storage depot and cemetery was uncovered. A single-aisle
church was discovered with three building phases, which
included use of anc. spolia. Tiny wall-painting fragments of
uncertain date were encountered. Most of the pottery found on
the site was not Byz, however, a situation explained by the
incline on which the later settlement was built. The German
excavators have already discovered Byz material at the foot of
the tumulus, providing a date via pottery and coins of the
12th-13th Ct AD. The site may have been associated with a
metochion of the Vatopedi monastery in the region. (ADelt 512)
Potidaia. D. Kousoulakou reports on the building complex
which was unearthed during the widening of the road
Moudania-Kassandreia, SE of the modem settlement, with a
view over the Gulf of Torone. The earlier construction of the
local road E of the archaeological site had greatly damaged the
site. Two main adjacent buildings, along with related construc-
tions, were unearthed; at the SE end of the area a comer of a
later structure of rough rubble masonry has been found. Of the
earlier buildings building A is fragmentarily preserved: a comer
of walls with a N-S (13m) and an E-W (8m) orientation, of
large stone blocks. This building is made of architectural ele-
ments in secondary use. Two blocks of grey stone, with curved
exterior, might come from a round building (di. 9-1 lm), possi-
bly a public building. After abandonment the area was covered
with a layer of clay.
The finds of this area include Cor, Att, Ionic and local pot-
tery, lamps, clay loom-weights (plus a smaller one made of
glass), various figurine fragments, a bronze horse-shaped neck-
lace, bronze hooks, arrowheads, lead almond-shaped bullets;
also coins of Alexander III, Cassander and Antigonos Gonatas.
The N half of the excavation area was covered by a thin
destruction layer with small tile sherds. Building B, which was
found here, has walls with isodomic ashlar faces filled with
smaller stones, and without material in secondary use. At least
two rooms have been defined in building B, with an entrance
in the E room. The walls are preserved at a high level (1.80m),
but the continuation of the walls to the N is missing. The rec-
tangular pier to the W may have been a column base, thus indi-
cating the existence of a roofed courtyard.
Further N, beneath a destruction layer of tiles, later walls
than building B were revealed. At a lower level, a clay pipe is
presumably connected with building B. Fills here have yield-
ed 'W slope' and other pottery, many figurines, coins of the 1st
half of the 4th Ct BC, as well as coins of Cassander and above
all of Antigonos Gonatas. A peculiar structure between the two
buildings confirms the idea of the sacred nature of the area. It
is circular and made of sections of cover-tiles vertically fixed in
the ground. Bf and rf Attic sherds were found, among which
there was a fragment of a kylix-skyphos of the Haimon Painter
workshop (480 BC) and a skyphos of the CHC group (500-490
BC); a Cor hydria and a kotyle, Cor kore figurines of the early
5th Ct BC, a bronze hook, a spearhead, a spoon and an almond-
shaped lead bullet, carrying the legend MEP/NA.
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 77

One might assume that the area was a covered room

for storage of votive offerings and possibly for ritu-
als. It is uncertain whether the round structure func-
tioned as a funnel for liquid offerings (Metroon
Verginas, Poseidi) or as an altar of some kind, as its
interior has not yet been investigated. The date of
the finds in this room indicate that it was in use
throughout the 5th into the 4th Ct BC; it was pre-
sumably abandoned on account of a natural phe-
nomenon, such as a flood. Whether building B
remained incomplete or not remains uncertain until L
the excavation is complete.
To the NW of the mod. settlement of Potidaia, on the 110. & 111. Sane Kassandras, post-Byzantine shipwreck: cargo
Thermaic Gulf side, a second important building, presumably
of religious function, was found. This is a rectangular, temple-
like building, with a N-S orientation, whose E long side runs
along the sandy shore, while its W side is covered by the sea;
thus its foundation course has been disturbed, and the upper
courses have been destroyed; 8m of the E wall of the building
have been drawn and a further 8m can be made out, perhaps
more. Architectural remains, of mixed material in secondary
use, need to be studied further.
D. Kousoulakou identifies the building as a R temple of
Poseidon, on the basis of several lead weights from fishing nets,
and the torso of a statue of the Antonine period. She is tempted
to identify this building with that found on the W coast by S.
Pelekides in 1928, but she recognizes the difficulties in relating
this temple with that of Poseidon, outside the city walls, which
is mentioned by Herodotus (VIII.29). (AEMTH 14, p. 321-329)

Sane Kassandras. Remains handed in by a fisherman to the

10th EBA in 1995 indicated the existence of a Byz or post-Byz
shipwreck at Stephani, the first to be found off Chalkidike. The
EMA sent a diving teams in 1995 and 1996, when the wreck was
found at a depth of 30.5m and 500m off shore, lying in mud
which offered good prospects of hull preservation. The visible
remains of the cargo were planned (Fig. 110), and glazed and
unpainted pottery and plaques were raised (Fig. 111). The glazed
ware seems similar to, but not identical with, Talbot-Rice's
'marbled ware', which he dated to the 15tL17th Cts. A 17th-Ct
date for the wreck is cautiously proposed; the finds will add
much to our knowledge of 15th-17th Ct pottery. (ADelt 733-5)

Sarte. S. Asouchidou reports on the remains of three private

buildings with two main phases uncovered during rescue exca-
vations. The earlier remains (a row of stones, post-holes and
pits containing large amounts of LR pottery, along with car-
bonized viciafaba seeds) lie directly on the natural rock. The
second, LR/ECh, construction phase comprises rubble masonry
walls forming two rectangular rooms, fragmentarily preserved,
presumably part of a private building complex. (ADelt 449-50)
Stageira. Large sections were excavated in different areas of
the anc. city, yielding the following results:
EC fortification. Excavation of the S wall of Stageira (ca
350m) which protects the city from sea to sea was completed
with the uncovering of the inner face of its S leg over a length
of 80m W of the acropolis. The wall is preserved to h. 2.30m
and it follows the 'Egyptianizing' construction style. Two more
ascending staircases (I. 6.35 and 7.50m) and a rainwater collec-
tion drain were also found. Finds include 19 lead almond-
shaped sling bullets (many of which were inscribed), along with
five bronze arrowheads. At the NW point of the N hill of the
polis the outer face of the EC wall was revealed for 40m. The
wall forms a curve along the cliff; it follows the polygonal con-
struction style and it is preserved to h. 2m.
LC fortification. On the NW slopes of the same N Hill, con-
tinuing excavation exposed a 30m long section of the LC forti-
fication of the polis, 140m of which have now been revealed.
The wall, going steeply uphill, is of irregular construction,
except for some points, where an attempt at an isodomic ashlar
construction may be traced. Walls are attached to it at right
angles on the interior; these walls, combined with the levelling
of the bedrock, create stepped terraces for habitation. At the
highest section of the wall, attached to its inner side, many rec-
tangular rooms were revealed, belonging to HL houses.
Movable finds include an anc. lead tablet with a relief represen-
tation of a griffin, a small terracotta house model with inscribed
decoration, and fragments of two A vases, bearing inscriptions.
A fortification. Locating the earliest fortification of the city
was achieved in this year's excavation: the 2m wide A fortifica-
tion served as the foundation of the Byz diateichisma on the N
hill. This discovery reveals the size of the city for the period
from its foundation through to the early 5th Ct BC, during which
the population increase dictated its expansion to the adjacent S
Hill and the construction of the EC fortification walls.

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
zPD!_,..w;- -: ...............................
. i, wo,rot , f.i_..-P.,>b. s.. ,e s4, . -- -*....... .;
78 - DAVID BLACKMAN
ffi
112. Stageira, fortifications: lintel
113. Stageira, apsidal building: inscription
1 14. Stageira: floor below apsidal building
The A fortification was unearthed beneath the Byz fortifica-
tion for a short section which revealed one of the main gates of
A Stageira, with a marble lintel fallen in front. This lintel, h.
2.50m, I. 2.50m, bears a wild boar (left) confronting a lion
(right) in high relief. This find is important not only because it
depicts a boar, symbol of the polis of Stageira, but also because
an A boustrophedon inscription is preserved. (Fig. 112)
The following came to light in the same area: a large rec-
tangular tower of the Byz walls. The tower has been built with
well dressed stones of earlier buildings, combined with small
stones and bonding mortar. A large public apsidal building (10
x 9m), surrounding the Byz tower, initially gives the impression
of a tower-shaped construction of the A fortification. A more
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
115. Stageira: Archaic temple
careful observation and study of the movable finds convince the
excavators that this building, even though it is built with good
materials (coming from anc. public buildings), belongs to the
EHL period. Its carefully constructed walls (w. 1.20 x h. 1 .80m)
have been irregularly built with well-worked blocks of marble,
limestone and poros. The function of the building remains
problematic. A granite block in secondary use was found inside
the building, with the A votive inscription: KAP[ANOL] I
KAAOL I flY(30rEN[OYE] I ESOKE. Beneath it was inscribed
a fishbone-shaped symbol (Fig. 113). A rectangular, now empty
space (1.70 x 1.10m) lies at the centre of rectangular floor of
marble tesserae. Its date is uncertain, yet, judging from mov-
able finds and from the various walls around it, the excavators
consider this floor to be one of the earliest elements of the area,
presumably dating to the A period (Fig. 114). Movable f1nds
include stamped tiles (some with the stamp BA = BOC61X1KO5), a
bronze ring bearing a Nike and many bf, rf and bg sherds.
The entire surface of the akropolis of Stageira, at the peak
of the S hill, was revealed, including two more rectangular
stone-built areas, probably sections of military installations; the
most characteristic finds were the many (mostly inscribed) lead
sling bullets and the 12 bronze or iron loom-weights.
Excavations in two residential blocks on the flat E slope of
the N Hill, on either side of a narrow anc. road, were continued.
Two large, important sections of stone-built A and C houses,
preserved up to ca 2.50m high, provide information about the
town planning, domestic economy and society of Stageira.
Finds include important samples of local, Cor and Attic pottery,
fragments of terracotta figurines, stamped tiles and handles of
plain amphoras and plain and bg lamps, loom-weights of all
types, metal objects, a clay die, etc.
Agora. A large section of a public building complex (30 x
1 Om) was unearthed in the area between the two city hills, N of
and along a paved road found in the previous year. At the west-
ernmost, highest level a three-room building with C shops,
found in the previous year, was unearthed. The second largest,
rectangular area of the complex lies at a much lower level. The
large, oblong, deep constructions revealed in its W half pre-
sumably belonged to a basement winepress. At a third, lower
level lies a smaller, similar rectangular area; its rear wall, up to
2.50 high, is irregularly built with large stones. The wall of the
facade is also relatively well preserved, and it was built with
large squared blocks; it presumably functioned as a storage
room, judging by the many pits, of various sizes, that were
irregularly cut in the floor, as well as by the large number of
pithoi and fragments of plain amphoras. This is presumed to be
a public storage-area, in the basement of the building complex.
On the peak of the N Hill, which is occupied by a fortified
Byz castle, is a large (possibly hekatompedos) A temple, built

with huge granite blocks. Only one of its long walls
has been unearthed (Fig. 115), for a length of over
30m and a height of ca 2,20m (6 courses). Many
architectural elements of the temple have been
recovered in fragmentary state.
A section of the anc. cemetery was revealed in
the area of the mod. harbour of Olympias, ca 300m i
SW of the site. Seven inhumations in large plain
amphoras, covered with slabs, but without grave
goods, were unearthed. (ADelt 452-5)
Nome of Pieria
Dion. Sophia Kremmydi-Sisilianou presents her
study of a pot hoard comprising 1,597 bronze R
Imperial coins, which was found at the N side of the
temple of Zeus, near the R theatre, in October 1999.
The hoard was in one of the two rooms of a build-
ing, where two smaller, contemporary hoards of
bronze coins were found in the summer of 2000;
apparently the three hoards should be treated as a 116. D ion: 'mansion of Dionysus'
single find. The mint of Dion produced 92% of the
1999 hoard; the large number of bronze coins of the time of
Antoninus Pius (1,180 specimens) adds valuable information to
our so far limited knowledge about the function of the mint dur-
ing that period (34 coins known until 1999). The hoard also
comprises 98 coins of a 'pseudoautonomous' issue of Dion,
bearing a plough and the legend COL[ONIA] DIENSIS on the
obverse and Artemis Baphyria on the reverse, with an accom-
panying legend DIANA BAPHYRIA; 13 such coins are pre-
sented in the author's monograph on the coinage of Dion.
Only 4% of the total represents issues from beyond Dion.
The hoard includes issues of other Macedonian cities:
Amphipolis (Antoninus Pius), Edessa (Hadrian), Thessalonike
(Vespasian to Antoninus Pius), Philippi, in smaller numbers; the
Makedonian koinon is also represented by 39 coins; there are no
issues of the adjacent Pella or of Kassandreia. 3% of the total
comprises coins of the Thessalian Koinon (43 coins-Hadrian)
and of Corinth (1-2 coins). The hoard also contains two bronze
coins from Asia Minor mints: 1 of the Pamphylian Magydos, a
small harbour near Attaleia, with a portrait of Antoninus Pius
and with Athena Nikephoros; and 1 'pseudoautonomous' issue
presumably either of Tralleis or of Caesarea, badly preserved,
anepigraphic, bearing a Nike and an eagle. The mint of Rome
is also represented by 15 specimens. The hoard is dated to ca
160 BC. (AEMTH 14, 367-376).
D. Pandermalis reports on the grey marble slab (0.66 x
1.19m) found near the bronze hydraulis (water organ) of Dion;
the slab had been initially used as a table, but it had been
inscribed at a later stage. It carried an inscription referring to
the construction and equipment of a 'praetorium cum tavemis
duabus et apparatura', of which all the details are given. The
author identifies the building mentioned in the inscription, i.e.
the praetorium, with the so-called 'mansion of Dionysus', the
most luxurious house excavated at Dion (Fig. 116).
Excavation at the temple of Zeus, near the wall of the R the-
atre, also yielded, among other finds, a pot hoard of bronze coins,
predominantly of Dion, carrying the portrait of Antoninus Pius
and a HL inscription with a catalogue of five female names, pre-
dominantly Macedonian, under the title 'Xfipcat oX,ztm6;'
(ICKiEXc x 'Etryovou, NuKapiGTrl 'AvAtucarpo), ZSax30rl Oe0ov-
ou, MtIKucVX; dLo), Ei)(ppovi;). (AEMTH 14, 377-384)
Kitros. Louloudia. Excavation at the new railway line focused
on the section N of the ECh complex; EIA, A and C fills were
traced, along with HL building remains. These were monu-
mental constructions, the larger part of which continued into the
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 79
area of the ECh complex. It must have functioned as a public
building, especially in the R period. (ADelt 455)
Excavations continued in 1996 on the episcopal palace com-
plex (see AR 2000-01, 93). Six building phases were encoun-
tered W of the W enclosure: an early destruction phase charac-
terized by the presence of Lakonian tiles; a second ECh phase
(storage area and part of a street); a third phase, also ECh, char-
acterized by repairs to subsidence damage; another ECh phase
involving the walls parallel to the W wall of the enclosure; a
modest and limited fifth phase of the 2nd half of the 6th Ct AD;
and the final phase, with the area being converted into a ceme-
tery (14 burials of most types). The SW comer of the site
included a destruction level and R walls, and a lime pit. This
appears to have been a workshop/commercial area. A glass fur-
nace was encountered in the last phase associated with the
palace. The NW sector included a linen factory of Justinianic
date, underneath which large storage pithoi had been buried.
Finally the NE tower of the E enclosure wall was investigated,
together with an ECh cemetery with 16 cist tombs. (ADelt
508-10 & Fig. 23)
Korinos. G. Giannakis, P. Kalogeridis and M. Besios report on
restoration and presentation work at the two burial mounds NW
of Korinos on either side of the Athens-Thessalonike national
highway. An attempt was made to protect and display the so-
called Macedonian tomb of Pydna (A), which was excavated in
1861 and published by Heuzey in 1876. Concrete was used to
construct and replace parts of the superstructure of the entrance.
The ancient shelter was replaced by a similar metal structure,
supported by five pairs of metal columns. Vertical metal
Persian blinds, each slat Z-shaped in cross-section, served as
lateral filling.
Macedonian tomb B, which was found off-centre in relation
to the top of the mound and excavated together with its dromos,
had been plundered in antiquity. Some structural work helped
restore the mound: one section (above ground) over the main
chamber consists of transverse iron girders, which transfer the
overlying load from the restored mound to a pair of tie-beams
positioned in the appropriate place, at the right depth. An open-
ing level with the facade of the tomb integrated in this under-
ground structure helps to illuminate and ventilate the monu-
ment.
The section above ground consists of two parallel framed
iron girders, almost hovering over the earthen sides of the dro-
mos. The faces of this visible structure consist of light building

80 DAVID BLACKMAN
117. Paliambela: circuit wall, SE area
118. Paliambela: 'yard wall', S area
material; they are simple in form and small. A pair of narrow
openings provldes the dromos with light and ventilation, while
a wooden walkway connects the monument with the dromos.
(AEMTH 14, 395A05)
Paliambela. A second season of excavation, directed by Paul
Halstead and Kostas Kotsakis, was undertaken by a team from
the Universities of Sheffield, Thessalonike, Bradford, London,
Valencia and Volos. They report:
'Principal goals were further investigation of features locat-
ed in 2000: 'yard' deposits in the NW and architectural traces in
the N of the mound; enclosure walls and ditches in the S and
SE, originally detected by geophysical prospection.
In the NW of the mound, excavation continued to explore
early LN and MN deposits, although it is now clear that the
stratigraphic sequence is complicated by some large pits of
Neolithic date. In the trench to the N, more numerous and bet-
ter preserved traces of 'domestic' architecture were exposed, of
both LN and MN date and cut by recent pits which have pro-
vided a valuable 'window' into the underlying deposits; several
anthropomorphic figurines appear to have been incorporated
within the Neolithic walls.
In the SE, the circuit wall and intersecting ditch filled with
stones, of late and early LN date respectively, have now been
traced over ca 20m (Fig. 117: SE excavation area; view from N
of trenches 9 (left), 8 and 5 (centre) and 7 (right), showing the
late LN circuit wall (centre ground) and early LN stone-filled
ditch (rear)). Outside the circuit wall, 'yard' deposits overlying
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
,,..;:-,:.!;B,wN\.,:__EW-.j-R.4i,.:;XiESAiS6t.-:AXiyS!;.:ir0iC.ttE;-E]..is,.--i_.-sgE4.Ai.m-_jqM_|ace-so
the earlier ditch are locally rich in ceramic and faunal debris,
suggesting a midden. Inside the line of the wall, part of a pos-
sible second enclosure wall has been exposed, while cobble
spreads and larger rubble along the N edge of the trenches may
have collapsed from domestic architecture just outside the exca-
vated area. A Neolithic burial, comprising two contracted inhu-
mations and a baby accompanied by beads, was also found
inside the circuit wall although its stratigraphic relationship to
these boundary features remains to be clarified. In the S of the
mound, the MN circuit wall is less massive and less well pre-
served than that in the SE. Inside this wall, and again of MN
date, a smaller 'yard wall' (Fig. 118: S excavation area; view
from NW of trenches 12 (left/foreground) and 4 (right/rear),
showing collapsed MN house walls (left), the MN 'yard wall'
running E-W (right) and behind this the clay revetment of the
MN circuit wall) has been traced along only part of the length
of the circuit wall and may have delimited a habitation area
which has so far revealed remains of at least two buildings and
associated facilities. A few metres to the west, the MN circuit
wall is cut through, possibly by a stone-filled circuit ditch com-
parable with that located in the SE of the site.
While the lower parts at least of the Neolithic circuit walls
consisted of a clay core faced with large stones, the lower cours-
es of 'house' walls were made of large stones with a packing of
small cobbles collected, presumably, from the streams running
past the site. Burnt fragments of wall, storage bin and plastered
surfaces, not in situ, reveal details of Neolithic architecture and
indicate that the upper parts of domestic walls were of clay
packed round a wooden frame, rather than of mud-brick.
Spreads of cobbles, imported to the site by human agency, may
represent both collapsed house walls and paved surfaces. These
pose problems of both planning and interpretation, but planning
has been eased by photogrammetry and interpretation aided by
study of similar material in old houses in Kolindros. Cobbles
from the streams were also experimentally heated and quenched
to determine whether cracked cobbles in Neolithic levels might
represent 'pot-boilers' from cooking (a possibility compatible
with the extreme rarity of recognisable ceramic cooking vessels
in MN levels). Paliambela continues rich in artefacts, this year
including pots with human faces in relief (Fig. 119: 'face-pot'
from trench 6) and a rare N gold 'ring idol'. A few vessels bear
traces of repair or internal coating with a resinous substance,
similar to that identified as birch tar at nearby Makrigialos.
Engagement with the local community this year included
experimental replication of ceramics, interviews with elderly
residents concerning diet, land tenure and land use in the earli-
er 20th Ct and a programme of educational visits by school par-
ties of various ages.'
Pydna. N Cemetery. During the third year of excavations in
plot 480, the number of tombs excavated was raised to 1,118,
dating between the LBA and 300-275 BC. Signs of EIA occu-
pation were traced (trenches, pits). Excavation continued in
;j,Sg 11 i i k
tEtl. _ s l e! r"'
\:: ''0:0X _ < X
\t; tt;- n 3
iffffil;00if000000000 0 < i Q 1 1 19. Paliambela:
0000:: t::-5:- - _ _ f t

plot 951 for the second year raised the total of tombs to 330.
EIA cist and pit tombs, and two chamber tombs, with a dromos
leading to a round chamber, were dispersed in the area. Dense
5th-Ct BC burials were found in the E part of the plot, near the
anc. coastal road, which led from Pydna to Methone. Tombs
were mainly pit tombs with wooden sarcophagi, but a few cre-
mations were found in shallow pits, along with child pot burials.
Most tombs date to the 4th and early 3rd Cts BC, when the
cemetery expanded to the W part of the plot towards the top of
the hill, where a large burial tomb was found. Pit graves with a
wooden cover predominate; tile-covered tombs, along with a
few burials in shallow pits, have also been found. Finally, a cist
tomb built of unbaked bricks with white plaster on the vertical
sides of the chamber has yielded finds such as an iron sword,
bronze and terracotta vases and a lead metal plate, found near
the r. palm of the deceased. Two trenches traced this year were
probably related to sieges of Pydna. (ADelt 455)
M. Besios and S. Triantaphyllou publish the very important
4th-Ct BC mass grave, which was found in the N Cemetery of
Pydna during rescue excavations. The stratigraphical evidence
shows that the dead were buried in four different periods. The
grave contained at least 120 burials, which had been carelessly
thrown into a rectangular pit with a N-S orientation, without
any mortuary rites. This disorderly manner of disposing the
dead indicates that the burials were a hasty process. That all age
groups and both sexes are represented here illustrates effective-
ly a family-structured society. A notable case was an approxi-
mately nine-month foetus, found in its mother's pelvis; so far, no
traces of injuries have been noticed which could have been a
cause of death. Apart from a small amount of pottery, the rela-
tively few accompanying goods fall into two categories: objects
related to the clothing of the dead and iron fetters of various
types, which were worn by four people in total. Detailed study
of the skeletal material is to take place. (AEMTH 14, 385 -94)
Nome of Kilkis
Europos. Excavation was continued at both the acropolis and
the cemetery. A 24m-long wall traced during the previous year
was investigated on the acropolis. Excavation was extended to
the N; it may be assumed that this was an apsidal building; its
W side was not traced. Of the three kilns found, one pear-
shaped kiln (0.93 x 0.78m int. dimensions), containing two
over-fired vases, was excavated. Apart from the kilns, a tile-
covered tomb also indicates, by bronze coin finds and pottery,
that this city quarter was destroyed and abandoned during the
6th Ct AD. Wall complexes were revealed in the remaining grid
squares, containing storage pithoi and loom-weights.
Five new tile-covered tombs were found in the cemetery
excavation, along with remains of walls of a three-aisle basili-
ca, almost next to the S section of the hero6n-martyrion, which
had been excavated in 1991. Two chamber tombs with stairs
were found W and E of the central nave respectively. The
tombs were pillaged; both they and the basilica may be dated
only through external morphological features. Similar monu-
ments have been excavated around Diocletianoupolis (cf. ADelt
43, 195-206). Excavation work in the basilica will continue.
Grave goods are similar to those of earlier excavation periods;
most tombs contain no goods. (ADelt 457-9 and figs. 16-17)
T. Savvopoulou, G. Giannakis and G. Niaouris report on the
results of the project for the development of the cemetery of
Europos, funded by the 2nd EU Support Framework and com-
pleted in 2000. This is the only cemetery illustrating the social
stratification and standard of living at a typical provincial town
in the R period. The cemetery preserves above-ground struc-
tures related to burial rites and practices. It comprised pit-
graves, cist-graves and monumental barrel-vaulted tombs sur-
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 81
rounded by stone walls. The project also involved the con-
struction of walkways giving access to the monuments, protec-
tive shelters and drainage shafts, and the planting of trees.
(AEMTH 14,291-8)
Palaio Gynaikokastro. Excavation was affected by bad weath-
er and did not reach the natural soil. A pithos burial was found;
the rest of the finds reproduce the cinerary vessel types and
finds of earlier periods. (ADelt 459)
Palatiano. Work continued in 1996 in the areas excavated since
1994 (houses III, IV, V and ancient road) to investigate the ear-
lier phases of the site and was started in sectors VI and VII in
order to link up the peribolos around the peak of the hill and the
excavated sections of the polis on the E slope (Fig. 120).
House III: excavation revealed more elements about the ear-
liest occupation phases, about which there were clues from pre-
vious seasons. The house lay S of the courtyard of hero6n I; it
is separated from the latter by a corridor, 2.20m wide. It com-
prises three rooms, two of which (A, F) lie along the E side of
the house, whereas the third (B) occupies its W section. Only
the E part of rooms A and F had been founded on earlier fills;
their W part and room B had been founded upon rock.
The walls of room A, along with the rest of the walls of the
house, are of rubble masonry and clay mortar. At the SE comer
of the room, an opening of 1.80m led to the road, whereas at the
NE comer there was a shallow construction made of two small
walls to surround an internal space 0.90 x 0.75m. In the W sec-
tion of the room the rock was revealed, with two pits that had
been dug into it. The E part of the room had construction phas-
es dating between the 1st and the 3rd Cts AD.
Pottery found in room F to the S is similar to that of room A.
Some HL pottery was found, along with both hand-made and
wheelmade IA pottery. Room B lies W of rooms A and F. A
stone-paved area (3.50 x 3m) was presumably built on an earli-
er stone pavement in the same area, which will be investigated
during the next season.
House IV has five rooms in a F formation. The foundations
of the S section (rooms B, A, E) and of room r have been laid
on the rock. At the E side of room B part of a hearth, surround-
ed by vertical tiles, has been preserved (1 x 0.80m); it was made
of clay slabs on a layer of small stones and tiles. A similar
hearth (1.20 x 0.55m) was found at the NW corner of the adja-
cent room A. Apparently room B was floored with stone slabs.
HL (3rd-2nd Ct BC) and R (1st BC-3rd Ct AD) pottery were
found in cleaning the room.
Earlier phases of habitation of the area have been traced at
three points of house IV: (a) at the SE corer of room E a wall
also revealed in the SE section of the road belongs to an earlier
phase in the area; (b) at the E section of room F a wall lying par-
allel to the above-mentioned wall presumably belongs to the
EHL period; (c) in the northernmost room of house IV, room A,
the HL storage pits (and other finds) found indicate that room A
was built on a HL pithos store.
The road surrounds from S and E houses III, IV, hero6n I
and peribolos II. Excavation started from the S section of the
road (I. 12m, w. 1.60-3.40m) and was continued on its E section
for 37m, as far as the corridor separating house III from the
peribolos of hero6n I. The E section of the road is 1.75-3m
wide; the width of its retaining wall ranges from 0.50 to 0.90m.
Building remains of the earlier phases of habitation were
revealed beneath the R level.
The ground plan of the W section of house V was clarified
during this year's excavation; the finds collected (pottery, small
metal objects, several loom-weights and a few figurine frag-
ments) date between the 1st Ct BC and the 3rd Ct AD. Three
82 DAVID BLACKMAN
0 1 S"
main rooms lie along the W side of the house; they occupy 20
x 8.20m and they continue eastwards. The N section of the
house surrounded an open area; access to house V from the N
was achieved through an opening 1.50m wide. The E side had
a pavement of clay slabs and with a built cistern (1.60 x 0.90,
3m deep) lined with waterproof mortar, and with a clay
drainage pipe. Three stone bases were found on the W side of
the pavement, presumably forming a narrow stoa. Four narrow
niches, of uncertain function, were found along the W wall.
Sectors VI and VII. Walls of buildings reveal the dense
occupation of the area. N of peribolos II, a group of buildings
was unearthed, of as yet uncertain function. Finds date to the
1st Ct BC-2nd Ct AD. Sector VII lay at the end of the test trench
made by Ph. Petsas in 1966 (ADelt 22, 400-03), which revealed
walls, along with R and HL finds. Petsas's test trench was
broadened, revealing larger sections of the buildings.
A building of five rooms and a N-S orientation was
unearthed. The N room is 5.80 x 4.80m and its walls
0.50-0.60m wide; a cistern was found at its SW corer. S of this
room a second large area (7.70 x 6.80m) is divided into four
smaller rooms. A fragment of a clay basin was found in the SE
room; the destruction level covering these areas has not been
fully examined. Finds are dated to the 1st Ct BC-3rd Ct AD.
A wall with a W-E orientation, 0.50-0.55m wide, belongs to
the HL phase of occupation of the area. It crosses the two S
rooms and continues to the W. Building walls from this period,
with a NW-SE orientation, were traced to the N, S and E of the
building; excavation will continue. (ADelt 459-65)
Plagia. Partial pillaging and destruction of three chamber
tombs was identified by the Kilkis-Plagia road, where sherds
were scattered in situ. The tombs were built with schist slabs
along the sides, had a paved floor and were also covered with
schist slabs. Few bones and some grave goods in the tombs
indicate a large IA-A cemetery. The cemetery presumably
belongs to the settlement lying at Prophetes Elias, where LR
rubble masonry walls have been traced. IA surface finds prove
the existence of an earlier phase of the settlement. Finds have
been transferred to the Kilkis Museum. (ADelt 456-7)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
120. Palatiano: site
WESTERN MACEDONIA
A report by the 17th EPCA appeared in ADelt 513-49, but
unfortunately our resum6 did not arrive by our deadline.
EASTERN MACEDONIA
Anc. Amphipolis. A rescue excavation was carried out during
1999-2000 in the E cemetery of anc. Amphipolis, before the
widening of the Amphipolis-Mesolakkias road. An area of 170
x 80m was explored and around 660 graves were uncovered,
bringing the total discovered in the C and HL cemetery to
around 1400. Sector A contained 60 graves, mainly pit- and cist-
graves from the HL and R periods. A section of a wall with an
E-W orientation was found in the S, built with reused anc.
building materials (poros stone, ashlar blocks, plinths, etc.).
Clay pipes going in different directions and openings in the
ground are associated with this wall, and it probably belonged
to the Amphipolis aqueduct. A grave dating to the late 3rd
-early 2nd Ct BC destroyed part of the clay pipes, indicating
that the pipe predates the grave. Similar graves were found in
sector G. In sectors B, D and E, the so-called C cemetery E of
the existing road, most of the graves were pit graves covered
with tiles. In all, 438 graves were found, randomly arranged
and on many levels. A number of tomb stelae were also found,
in secondary use.
Horse burials were found in sector B, some of which were
fully preserved. Around these burials were found pit and tile-
covered graves, most of which were without any burial goods.
Those with burial goods date to the later 4th -2nd Ct BC. The
horse remains indicate that they were sacrificed in honour of
the human dead.
Another surprise was a Macedonian tomb with a dromos,
antechamber and main chamber. It had been broken into and
was partially destroyed. The fill in the dromos contained part
of a tomb stele with the inscription API;TOKAHE AIFYITOZ.
Many of the graves contained no burial offerings and many
had been broken into. There were some burials, however, with

rich remains, particularly those of women and children. Many
of the dead were found with a bronze or gold coin in their
mouths. A large number of gold and silver rings with precious
jewels and representations were also found, as well as other
valuable jewellery, including gold wreaths. Among the most
important, and earliest, finds were a group of late-5th -Ct white
lekythoi with funerary representations. (AEMTH 14, 55-70)
Rescue excavations were carried out at three sites near the
village of Nea Kerdyllia, in anticipation of work on the
Asprovalta-Strymon section of the Odos Egnatia. A HL ceme-
tery was uncovered at Modi, 500m to the N of Nea Kerdyllia,
spread out over a hill behind anc. Amphipolis. The excavation
here lasted from October to December 2000, and in all 68 buri-
als were uncovered. A layer containing only figurines, vases
and six bronze coins was also found.
In 1999 work on the road at the site of Kalamoude brought
to light the remains of a cellar, and further investigations
revealed the architectural remains of a building, most probably
a farmhouse. Archaeological excavations in July-September
2000 uncovered the remains of four walls which defined one or
perhaps two buildings. Fragments of pithoi were found in area
A; 24 bronze coins, dating from the early 4th to the early 3rd Ct
were also found. About 120m E of this area were found several
large pithoi, some made of excellent-quality clay. It is thought
that this area was used as a storage room for pithoi, whilst the
building to the W indicates the multiple use of this complex,
with the storage and trade of pithoi within a farming context.
The destruction layer dates to the late 4th-early 3rd Ct BC.
A R cemetery came to light at the site of Strobolos, on the S
slopes of Mt Kerdyllios. In an area of 570m2, 55 graves were
uncovered, the majority of which were shallow pit graves.
There were very few burial goods, although a large number of
bronze coins were found: 419 bronze coins and three silver
coins came from 43 of the 55 graves. Only two complete vases
were found, and two complete glass vessels, a bottle and a flask
dating from the 3rd Ct AD. The cemetery appears to have been
in use from the 1St to the 3rd Ct AD. (AEMTH 14, 71-85)
Anc. Argilos. A discussion of recent work at this joint Greek-
Canadian excavation can be found in AR 2000-01, 101. The
1996 campaign also further explored the sector of the port, near
the Thessalonike-Kavala national highway. Only one sector, 4
x 4m, was opened, though it covered the whole of the archaeo-
logical stratigraphy to a depth of 6.50m, im above sea level. In
earlier seasons, sherds most probably dating to the late 7th Ct
BC had been found. No architectural remains were located this
season, as the time available was severely limited. The pottery
found dates to the first years after the foundation of Argilos. Of
especial interest was the local pottery, with relief decoration.
(ADelt 567)
Large-scale work was not carried out at the site during 1998
and 1999. Instead, the main focus of attention was to complete
excavation of the three houses (A, B and E) partially uncovered
in the N sector of the city and the further investigation of the
port sector.
House B was built at the E edge of sector B 1, which was
fully uncovered, making dating possible. The first building
phase dates to the late 6th -early 5th Ct BC, although not many
finds dating to this period were made. A hearth/oven had been
found during an earlier excavation season in sector B2, and this
was now dated to the first building phase, remaining in use
throughout the whole period of habitation. It was also ascer-
tained that this hearth belonged to a complex of installations. A
small, square basin (1 x lm) was found to the right of the
hearth. A small buttress wall was located in front of the hearth
and basin, supporting these two structures. A stone had been
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 83
placed in front of the wall, functioning undoubtedly as a step. In
the NW corer was a stone base upon which a pithos, fragments
of which were found, once stood. The excavators believe that
this complex did not serve just a domestic purpose, but provid-
ed some service to the local community.
A large three-part house (A) had been found opposite build-
ing B early on in the excavations. A passageway remained to be
explored, and this was completed in 1998.
Excavation of the large building E, in the centre of the N sec-
tor, continued. It appears that the last phase of use of this build-
ing was in the 1st half of the 4th Ct. During this phase, only the
E half of the building was inhabited.
There were positive results from the port sector. A pebble
floor with holes for wooden posts was found at a depth of 5m.
Cycladic pottery from the 2nd half of the 7th Ct BC was found
trodden into the floor. This level is clear evidence of the arrival
of the Greeks in this area. (AEMTH 14, 109-115)
Kalamitsa. (anc. Antisara). Rescue excavations were carried
out on the Lagas plot adjacent to the wall of anc. Antisara,
which was already partially visible. Four sections were exca-
vated (I-IV), whilst the whole plot was mechanically excavat-
ed and the section of the wall standing at the SE edge of the plot
was cleaned.
A section of what was most probably a buttress wall was
located in section I, with a SE-NW orientation, built on the nat-
ural rock. It was comprised of a row of five large stone blocks,
the upper part of the three central blocks being visible from the
surface. Pottery found around the wall gives it a C date.
Section IV was directly adjacent to the anc. wall, and the
width and height of the surviving section of the wall could be
measured at this point (w. 2.10m, h. 1.85m). The wall was built
with large and small cut blocks with an earth and rubble fill on
natural rock, cut to take the wall. A section of another wall was
found 3.30m from this outer wall. This wall was roughly con-
structed, with a layer of earth between it and the natural rock.
The pottery found in section IV dates these walls to the 5th Ct
BC, although the outer wall is earlier.
No architectural remains were found in sections II and III,
although the pottery in these sectors dates also to the C period.
(ADelt 550-551)
Kokkinogeia. The apse of a Byz church was discovered in the
region of the Maara cave. Tombs nearby, in association with
surface pottery suggest a Byz settlement here, of unspecified
date. (ADelt 582)
Palaiochori-Branokastron. Excavations continued in the
monastery complex of Agios Georgios, Branokastro (AR
2000-01, 103). The enclosure, refectory and other ancillary
structures were investigated (Fig. 121). The enclosure walls
lack towers, and the masonry is particularly poor, lessening the
fortified aspect of the complex. The monastery gate complex
stands out against the enclosure wall, and consists of two phas-
es: a simple gate and, later on, a more complex structure built
to include a diabatikon common in monastery gates of the later
Byz period. A well was found that appears to have satisfied the
monastery's needs, given that a cistern has not yet been located.
The refectory has no openings for a door, and therefore it must
have constituted the upper storey of a two-storey structure. The
kitchen complex included a cook-house with a semi-circular
oven, and a saucer-like structure for kneading bread. The
monastery's arrangement is typical of a LByz monastic house,
and the moveable finds suggest inhabitation from the 13th to
18th Cts AD. Most finds date from the later period. Pottery finds
included ware with inscribed and painted decoration in brown-
84 DAVID BLACKMAN

121. Branokastro: Agios Georgios monastery 123. Philippi, 'House of the Deer': room C3

green hues, identified with a Serres workshop. Pottery with Thracian origin. Finds such as these may suggest that, in the 4th
green inscribed and painted decoration was also found, and is to 3rd Cts BC, Petropigi was a trading station, possibly with an
common in Samothrace, Thasos and Lemnos (15th Ct AD). Coin anchorage. Further study of coarse ware handles and bases for
finds include Byz and Latin coins (13-14th Ct AD). The main the final publication may reveal a greater proportion of Gr
phases of the monastery are identified as 11th Ct AD (founda- material than previously thought.
tion) up till the 14th, and the second from the 16th to the 17th. A All human activity on the site ceases until LByz times (late
hoard of 876 silver coins of Selim I (1512-20) was found. 12th-13th Ct AD). Apart from pottery, these later finds are dom-
Initially an autonomous monastery, the institution became a inated by iron nails, uncovered in two concentrations, at the SE
metochion of the Eikosiphoinissa Pangaiou monastery, follow- gateway and in the space between the two parts of the site. The
ing financial difficulties faced during the 2nd half of the 14th Ct nails are believed to be part of the woodwork of gates that grad-
AD. (ADelt 583-5) ually decayed upon abandonment. This would indicate that
there existed an internal gate in addition to the external one on
Petropigi. The Norwegian Institute excavation of the Byz sta- the SE. One horseshoe proved to be Med, the others of more
tio/Ott caravansaray conducted its final study season at the recent date. The bronze Turkish coins proved too badly pre-
Archaeological Museum of Kavala. The director, Prof. Siri served to provide indications of a date, but three silver coins
Sande (University of Oslo) and two students catalogued, suggest a date in the 15th and 16th Cts. Some lead, mainly raw
described, and photographed hitherto undocumented objects. material, and four pieces of bronze, one of which was identified
Having studied the glazed fine wares (including 4th-3rd Ct BC as a chain link from a set of scales, complete the metal finds. An
drinking vessels) in 2001, efforts now turned to the coarse osteologist will study the bone material in 2002.
wares. A number of LC to EHL amphora types were identified,
among them a handle with the stamped griffin ofAbdera. A base Philippi. S. Provost and a team from the French School carried
could be attributed to an amphora of a Mendian type. A griffin out an excavation in the 'House of the Deer', formerly called
also appeared on a coin from Abdera, while a further coin, bear- first the 'S bath' and then the 'building with bath', in order to
ing an as yet unidentified symbol, also appears to point to a clarify its identification. The building has a central peristyle
court (B) and two wings (A and C). A row of rooms
: ; ....-^ ^ ' (D) to the S of the W wing is composed of bath
~'^ installations (Fig. 122). This season work concen-
trated on the N and E sides of wing C. The walls of
the E side of wing C are particularly well preserved
(nearly 2m) and the stratigraphy is particularly sig-
nificant as a result of the double slope affecting the
site from N to S and from E to W.
The E third of C3 and the lower part of the cis-
tern to the W of it had not previously been excavat-
ed. Here a door found in the NE comer (Fig. 123)
confirmed the existence of a wall between this door
and door C3-C4, thus confirming the existence of a
room C10 to the N. Two floors of beaten earth were
,^^fe,, leme, found and one flagged floor. Floor 1, the latest, was
.S^.J..Fey contemporary with the hydraulic reorganization (a
conduit running from C4 towards the SE comer of
.r...ta.^ ,r the cistern but not reaching it: Fig. 124: room C3
digas en"2001 from the N). Floor 2 was connected with a conduit
: .."w... crossing the annexe of C3 and running towards the
cistern where it must have divided. Subject to con-
firmation from the numismatic material these two
122. Phillipi, 'House of the Deer': bath installation floors dated from the 4th and 5th Cts AD.

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 85

rectangular building covering at least two insulae seems to be an

ECh basilica.
In the S part of the unit (zone 8), between the excavated
areas and the rampart, the survey revealed the whole first row
of insulae S of the Diagonal Road and the road course itself.
The basic module remains ca 31 x 80m, but there are more vari-
ations that expected: two insulae occupied a double area proba-
bly corresponding to major public buildings. One such building
was defined by the survey, where air photographs had already
given an indication. The survey also defined a second main road
parallel to the Diagonal Road, and a second row of insulae
between it and the S rampart.
The topographic plan of the city was supplemented, particu-
larly by a detailed survey of a triangular fortification of MByz-
LByz date within the earlier fortification walls (Fig. 126); the
dating based on style was confirmed by the pottery.
Work on the anc. theatre of Philippi, with the purpose of
124. Philippi, 'House of the Deer': bath structures clarifying the various construction phases, took place between
1994-1999. The retaining walls, cavea and parodoi, and part of
Below floor 2 a levelling later covered a thick destruction the retaining walls and ramp of the E parodos survive from the
level of the 4th Ct. Under this floor 3 was paved with terracotta LC-HL periods. A large stage building was constructed in the
tiles covered by pink mortar possibly supporting some structure 2nd Ct AD, and in the 3rd Ct AD the theatre was converted into
linked to the C3-C 10 door. The floor corresponds to that of C6 an arena. Restoration work also continued on the theatre (see
and dates from the 3rd or 4th Ct AD. AR 2000-01, 104). (AEMTH 13, 69-110)
In the W two-thirds of C3 a floor of chalky slabs at a lower
level than floor 3 was covered with ash dated to the 6th Ct AD. Promachonas-Topolnica. In 1996, work at this joint Greek-
The E third, therefore, seems to have been ca 30cm higher than Bulgarian excavation on the W bank of the river Strymonas
the W with a different paving, and a step at its SW edge. The lasted for five weeks in October and November. Excavations
floors of C5 and C6 were also raised, suggesting that the W side continued in the E trench with the purpose of completing the
might have formed an uncovered 'atrium' while only the E side investigation of the two upper levels, the latest phase (I) and the
was roofed. This would explain the existence of a 6th-Ct house immediately preceding phase (II), in which a section of a pile
built using the cistern walls as a foundation.
In C1 under a number of top layers of fill con-
taining 4th to 6th-Ct material, a 4th-Ct floor was
found at the level of door C -C3. A door was also
found (not on the same alignment) in the N wall
leading out onto a portico (?) B3 with a raised
threshold. This may have been associated with the
second occupation phase (4th-5th Ct) when the
building may have been divided and separate access
to wing C was required.
S. Provost and M. Boyd carried out a further sea-
son of geophysical prospection for the French
School. After the particularly successful result
achieved in 2000 in the area of the 'building with ,
bath' in the SW part of the city (AR 2000-01,
103-4), the aim in 2001 was to cover the rest of the
urban area S of the Via Egnatia with resistivity sur-
vey, and test magnetometer survey in certain small-
er areas. Time did not permit complete achievement
of this aim; nevertheless the surveyed area was
extended from 5.5ha (2000) to 14.5ha, making this
the largest geophysical survey so far carried out in
Greece (Fig. 125).
Detailed interpretation of the results is at an early
stage, so the following conclusions are provisional.
In the NW sector (zone 6) at least two cardines
minores of the N grid have been identified and a large
rectangular building with two apses on its SW side.
The R grid is masked by overlying MByz and LByz
structures. In zone 7, the long strip S of the
Kavala-Drama road between the Krenides gate and
the W end of the forum, the R street grid was found
to be similar to that defined in 2000 at the gymnasi- oo
um baths: three insulae visible near the Krenides gate
correspond to the normal module. Further E a large 125. Phil lippi: survey area

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
86 DAVID BLACKMAN
&0 a
0 0
*
*a
S
a
e.
* ? ..
*~
Porte ' ** *
du Marais
*\ ' 21 . ; ?
da. " :
Prospection gophysique
Concentration de c rarni
0 ~~~0
30~ ~~~Concentration
m de cmam
126. Phillip: Byzantine fortification
dwelling had been found. Investigation of phase I, which corre-
sponds to phase III at Sitagroi, was completed in sectors I, IA
and IB. The inability to locate a clear level of this phase in sec-
tor I, where there was a large pile of stones with a W boundary
marked by upright stones, was considered significant. This indi-
cates that the settlement was possibly abandoned before the
development of phase I, during which building remains from
the earlier phase were modified and reused; hence the piles of
stones that had been found during previous excavation seasons.
An interesting feature of phase II was the floor of a house
with a hearth that was located in sector I, with a clay structure
that had either fallen or been moved and was found beneath the
pile of stones. To this same phase belong sections of floors with
broken vases in sectors IA and IB. The boundaries of the build-
ings were determined by the excavators according to the layout
of the hearths. The walls of the houses were built with clay and
reeds, often reinforced at the base with large unworked stones.
Only a few fragmentary walls survive. The exception was the
wall of the pile dwelling in sector B that was located during an
earlier excavation season. A total of five hearths/ovens had been
found up until this date.
The buildings with the subterranean areas belong to the ear-
liest phase so far identified, phase III, and the relationship of the
pile dwellings with the subterranean areas was not ascertained.
It appeared that there was continuous habitation from phase II
to phase III, which are contemporary with phase II at Sitagroi.
(ADelt 563-5)
A discussion of developments at this site during 1997-1998
can be found in AR 2000-01, 104. Work continued in 1999 at
the foot of Mt Kerkine (Beles), with the aim of completing the
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
investigation in grid squares B, I, IA, IB of the cen-
tral excavation sector and in square IE in the S sec-
tor of the E terrace. The earliest habitation layer of
each section was excavated; they were crossed by
shallow or deep trenches. The layout of the houses in
this level (III) is known from the Bulgarian side of
the excavation, and so work focused on the earth
fills. The surface of the natural earth outside of the
trenches was covered by a thin layer of hard clay and
gravel. There followed relatively thin layers pro-
duced by domestic activities, covered by a layer of
ash, signifying the end of this occupation level. The
natural earth within the trenches was also covered by
a layer of hard clay and gravel, yet the thicker layers 5
which followed signified a longer period of habita-
tion. There are at least two large trenches in square
IA, which were used as living and/or work areas.
A section of a trench was uncovered in square I
and the NW part of square IA, the shape of which is
perhaps circular with sloping side walls. They were
covered with a thin layer of green-yellow clay and
gravel, followed by successive layers of yellowish
clay and white ash. There then followed a sandy
earth fill which lacked clear traces of habitation, and
then a layer of waste material. Finds from this trench
included much pottery of already-known types,
small axes, bone tools, fragments of a marble phiale,
iatln and clay female figurines, as well as the marble head
of an figurine. (AEMTH 13, 1999, 111-16)
2001 Investigation of the circular subterranean struc-
ture continued in 2000, and two new squares (IZT
uebyzantine and IZ) were opened up to the W. Even so, it was
found that these two new squares did not cover the
whole of this large circular structure either, the
diameter of which appears to be about 15m.
Remains of buildings were found that had been built
on top of the earth fill which covered the circular structure. IZ
contained a hearth and successive habitation levels overlay a
pile building in IET. (AEMTH 14, 87-98)
Serres. Excavations on the Ath. Vlachatse site uncovered part
of the Byz city walls, with a section of a LByz outer wall built
to defend a ruined part of the earlier wall. (ADelt 583)
Thasos. Limenas. Plans to prepare the site of the anc. sanctu-
ary of Poseidon for public visits had to be modified when the
remains of various buildings were found to the NW. A LR struc-
ture, which underwent several renovations until ECh times, was
explored. Sections of three rooms were uncovered, in the cen-
tral one of which was preserved the base of a large clay pithos.
A narrow road with repeated floors of sand, gravel and sherds
and an E orientation appears, in the final phase at least, to have
led to the sanctuary. Its walls were thick, with earth used as fill-
ing material and often built reusing old marble architectural
members. A typical piece was the broken marble relief of a
woman, which has been identified as the upper part of the relief
of a woman riding a dolphin already housed in the Thasos
museum. (ADelt 551-2)
Anc. cemetery. Excavation of a group of 54 graves in the
plot of D. Soultos, begun in the 1970s, was completed. Seven
simple cist-graves on the SE side, one cist-grave with built side
walls on the S side, and one cremation in an orthogonal clay-
lined pit were uncovered. A Thasian coin dating to the 4th Ct
was found in grave LII. More burials belonging to the cemetery
were found in the nearby plot of G. and M. Doubletis, includ-
ing one cist-grave which contained two burials. (ADelt 552-3)
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 87

Molos. In 1996, architectural remains and a pot-

tery dump were uncovered in the SW comer of the
expropriated former Pavlides plot during work on
the Limenas-Prinos road. The pottery workshop has
been known since the inter-war period, although
there was little secure information about it and it
was wrongly given an HL date. A large proportion of
the stamps now found date it to at least the 4th Ct 41.4
BC. Excavations in 1933 had identified two walls to
the S of the then Limenas-Prinos road (which does 42
not follow the same path as today's road). The pot-
tery workshop was located to the E of these walls.
Work in 1996 was limited to a strip of terrace no
wider than 4m. A stairway with five steps and an SONDAGE-
E-W orientation was found in sector I, on the SW
comer of the expropriated plot. Its most northerly
point is in contact with the pottery dump. It was
cleaned to a length of 3.20m (W-E), with a maxi-
mum height of 1.50m and a width of 1.40m (N-S).
The stairway was built of unworked stones bonded
with clay directly onto the natural rock. The purpose
of the stairway has not been identified. It terminates
in a landing to the E, with a length of 3.15m and
width not determinable.
A wall with 5-6 courses and a W-E orientation
was found 1.75m N of the landing. The pottery
dump covers the whole of sector I, covering both the
stairway and the wall. Its stratigraphy was investi-
gated over a sector 2m (W-E) x 0.50m (N-S).
Sector II (ca 10 x 2.50m) is to the E of sector I.
Beneath the earth fill used for the construction of the
road was found a dark grey layer with strong traces
of charring. Immediately beneath was the brown-red
pottery-dump level. At no point was the black earth
that Haspels noted below the dump in 1933 to be o 5
found. (ADelt 553-5) THl,- EMI THASO- REMI

Y. Grandjean and Fr. Salviat (French School) con- SodagsI,M

tinued their study of the Thasos rampart, digging
two test trenches where two large blocks of masonry
jut out on the inner side of the city wall between the 127. Tha; sos: rampart
theatre and Evraiocastro (Fig. 127: location of the
trenches). The first, 20m long immediately S of the tower just
below the theatre, proved to be the base of a curtain wall stair-
way running up from the S, supported by an escarpment of
gneiss now partly destroyed by the collapse of the rock. To the
N of this, behind the tower, was an altar in antis constructed in
the inner wall face and contemporary with it (Fig. 128). There
are comparable altars in Thasos, particularly that in the passage
of the Theoroi. The second block of masonry, about OOm N of
the first and 13.65m long, also supported a stairway, running
N-S, seven steps of which are still in place (Fig. 129). In view
of the architectural and stratigraphic data all these features seem
to date to the first phase of construction ca 500BC.

Thasos island. A large (2.10m x 0.90m) family grave was

uncovered at the coastal site of Koinyra, containing the skele-
tal remains of a large number of people. Three of the adult buri-
als were in their original positions, whilst the remainder had
been moved around. The grave has a general W-E orientation,
and the skulls are located in the W. The grave is stone-lined with
thick plaster layers on all sides. It was covered with three large
limestone slabs. There were no finds, and it has been dated on
the basis of the plaster and the burial style to the LR-ECh peri-
od. (ADelt 556)
An anc. installation with an enclosure was found at the site
known as Trapezia in the vicinity of Prinos, at a height of 800m
128. Thasos: altar
on the SE side of Mt Toumbas. The enclosed area (di. ca 25m)
is believed to have been used for animal husbandry. A grave was
excavated in the NW of the installation (internal dimensions
1.90-2 x 0.55m). It was built of large unworked blocks, which
only in the NW section were replaced by a single slab. The
grave was found opened and with no grave goods. (ADelt 562)

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
88 DAVID BLACKMAN
129. Thasos: stairway
A rescue excavation on the M. Hadjiyiannis plot at Skala
Sotiros, 3m from the sea, brought to light a rubble masonry
wall. There was a small opening (h. 0.60m, w. 0.40m) with a
large limestone slab used as a lintel, over which there must have
been a second opening. The function of this wall was not clari-
fied. From the pottery remains, the wall has been dated to the
2nd half of the 4th Ct BC. Many Laconian-style roof-tiles were
found, as well as a clay slab (0.20 x 0.20 x th. 0.05m), probably
from a pier supporting a hearth. (ADelt 563)
Excavations continued at the PR settlement at Limenaria in
1995 and 1996 (see AR 2000-01, 106-7). Further details from
the excavations on the P. Markoulis plot are to be found in
ADelt 556-560 & plates 161-2.
Architectural remains belonging to a HL farm were uncov-
ered on the Taschonidou plot, a little to the W of the junior high
school of Limenaria. These included 5m of a wall with a W-E
orientation and a semi-circular structure, with larger stones
positioned upright around it. Smaller stones and pebbles consti-
tuted the 'floor.' It is not known if this was part of a fully cir-
cular structure, such as a threshing floor. (ADelt 560)
Three LByz graves were uncovered between Limenaria and
Kalybia during construction of a local road. They may have
been part of the cemetery of the Byz settlement of the Maria
valley, although this is somewhat distant. (ADelt 560-1)
Work also continued at the MN settlement of Limenaria in
2000, with 150m2 being excavated. This provided the opportu-
nity for investigation of the interior of the settlement and its lay-
out. Sections of at least two successive pile-dwellings on the
same spot were uncovered. There is a covered rectangular
extension on the exterior of the E side of the earlier building,
possibly divided into three sections. A narrow building, ca 15m
long and with the same orientation, was later built on the same
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
spot. Inside it was a clay orthogonal structure, most probably
used for domestic or food preparation activities.
To the W of this building, perhaps in front of its entrance,
was a rectangular clay bench defined by a row of stones. After
the destruction of this later building, the N section was taken
over by two open-air structures: a hearth and a cylindrical pit,
the bottom and sides of which bore traces of burning.
An earlier occupation level was ascertained in the strata
immediately above the natural earth, during which the whole of
the excavated area was open-air, with storage pits, hearths and
stone benches. The most interesting of this year's finds came
from this zone: a well (di. 2.50m) hewn out of the bedrock with
a circular parapet, today surviving to 30cm. Excavation of its
interior has so far reached a depth of 5m. Such wells are very
rare in Greece in the PR era. The density of structures in this
earlier level suggest that this zone may have had a public use,
connected with the well.
Information about the EN layers of the settlement was also
provided this year by the geoarchaeological study. This showed
that the N community settled at the SW end of a Middle or
Upper Pleistocene terrace, which was 2-3m lower than at pres-
ent. The site was chosen because it bordered on to various types
of terrain and its soil was easy to cultivate. (AEMTH 14, 25-32)
THRACE
In 1998 the Institute for Cultural and Educational Technology
(ICET) was established in Xanthi with the support of the
General Secretariat of Research and Technology of the Greek
Ministry for Development. The Institute aims to reinforce
research- and technology-related activities and to promote the
use of new technologies in the humanities, in culture and in
education. In 1999 the ICET established an Archaeometry lab-
oratory, the second in Greece. The laboratory aims to function
as a centre for the promotion of scientific research in
Archaeometry, supplementing archaeological investigations
and meeting both public and private enquiries, relying on its
specialized equipment and trained personnel.
The laboratory can also work closely with the Analytical
Chemistry Laboratory of the Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki (AUT) and the related laboratories of the
Demokritos University of Thrace (DUT), thus extending its
potential. Its equipment includes: a thermoluminescence labo-
ratory (TL), an optically stimulated luminescence laboratory
(OSL), a stereoscope with a system for studying and analysing
surfaces, equipment for producing and preparing samples, with
modem ovens, and microwave digestion appliances. These will
soon be supplemented with an autonomous closed system of
radiographic x-ray imaging and a portable x-ray fluorescence
system (XRF). At this initial stage the Laboratory has focused
on the study of ceramics and glass.
Among the first activities of the Archaeometry Laboratory
was its cooperation with the 19th EPCA and the Analytical
Chemistry Laboratory of the AUT on investigations at Abdera.
These started with clay analyses, to study the Abdera pottery
from the 7th Ct BC to the HL and even R Imperial times. The
aims are to investigate the provenance of, and identify the
workshops manufacturing the imported vases of the 7th /early
6th Ct BC found in the cemeteries; to determine the provenance
of a group of vases including banded drinking cups and
oinochoai, of the 6th-3rd Cts BC; also of a great many bg vases
of the 5th and 4th Cts which have apparently not been manufac-
tured in Attic workshops; and to determine the provenance of
other clay objects such as roof-tiles, loom-weights, cists, sar-
cophagi, cooking pots and trade amphoras. (AEMTH, 14, 9-24)

The new Archaeological Museum opened its doors in
January 2000. A full description is given in AEMTH 13, 1-14.
Exhibits span the period from the 7th Ct BC down to the 13th Ct
AD, most finds coming from the cemeteries of the city. They
have been arranged in three thematic groups: public life, private
life and burial customs, avoiding traditional chronological clas-
sification and aiming instead to show how the life of the
Abderites changed in time, and to highlight the role played by
the city not only in Thrace but also in the whole of the Greek
world.
Ladi, near Didymoteichon. In 1999 the excavation of a nearly
levelled tumulus near Ladi, which had started in 1998, was
completed. The tumulus (di. ca 50m, h. 1.75-2.00m) was raised
over a Neolithic site, causing it to be extensively destroyed.
In the NE part of the tumulus (tumulus A) scattered traces of
pyre deposits were uncovered, containing pottery offerings dat-
ing to the 1 st Ct AD. However, no cremation or other sort of bur-
ial dating to this period could be traced. Some pit burials with-
out any grave goods found in the E and S side of the tumulus
were probably of Byz or later date. Of the N site only deposits
and pits dug in the ground could be detected. These contained
vases, animal bones, stone and bone tools, parts of clay walls
and floors.
At the end of the excavation period a magnetometer survey
was carried out by the Institute of Mediterranean Studies of
Crete. The survey aimed to detect the cremations, which had not
been detected in the excavation, and to trace pits or other struc-
tures associated with the N site. It produced very useful results
for the excavation which recommenced and was completed in
2000.
The magnetic anomalies made it possible to detect and
investigate deposits, trenches and pits of the N period. No house
plans, floors, post-holes, or structures were discovered. The pits
(d. 0.30-1.43m, di. 0.80-1.50m) were dug directly into the
ground and were meant for refuse, although some may have
originally been used for storage. The total area of the site has
been estimated at 2,500m2.
The pottery of the N site mainly consists of monochrome
vases, in reddish, brown or black colours, undecorated or with
incised patterns. Some sherds belong to human-shaped vases.
The N pottery of Ladi seems to be quite different from pottery
known from other N settlements in Thrace, which belong to the
so-called Paradimi culture. Other finds include stone or bone
tools and fragments of figurines. The site is provisionally dated,
on the evidence of the ceramic and other finds, to the LN peri-
od (5,300-4,600 B.C.).
Among the N pits and on the same level were discovered
two pit burials of the R period. One belonged to a child, the
other to a horse. The rock-cut shaft of the child burial (1. 1.60m,
w. 0.59m, d. 0.25m) contained a skeleton 0.82 m long and the
nails of its wooden coffin. It has been dated, on the basis of the
grave goods, to the 1St Ct AD. The horse burial dates probably
from the same period. The pit (I. 1.37m, w. 0.55m, d.
0.19-0.25m) was too small for the horse, which had to be con-
tracted to fit. The iron reins, a bronze stirrup, nails and links
from the bridle and various ornaments were also discovered.
Most of the tumuli in the area have produced cremations or
inhumations of adults. This is the first time that a tumulus cov-
ered a sole child burial along with offering pyres. The child
must have been the offspring of a well-off family, buried with
his little horse. (AEMTH 14, 1-7)
Messembria Zone. The EMA searched the seabed, where the
only remains found were ashlar blocks fallen from the city
walls, where the land site suffers severe erosion. (ADelt 735)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 89
Paliohora near Maroneia. A chapel built on the E end of the N
aisle of an ECh basilica was investigated (see AR 2000-01,
110). Along with the chapel at Synaxis nearby, the masonry of
the chapel constitutes one of the very few known instances of
cloisonne masonry in Thrace. The chapel has a synthronon
complete with bishop's throne and built benches surround the
nave walls. An interesting piece of R spolia has an inscription
by a freed slave honouring his dead master: AIAIOX EAIIIA-
HOOPOY AHIEAEYOEPOX / TON KYPION AYTO KPATEPON
KATEXKEY / [AXEN-----------------------]. Another curious LR
funerary inscription was found reused in a 12th-Ct AD tomb: the
deceased forbids his tomb to be used by any person outside his
family, and sets monetary fines for such defilement. The site
was used as a cemetery in later centuries; the final destruction
layer (13th Ct) was uncovered undisturbed. Coin finds include:
a trachy of Theodore Komnenodoukas (1224-30), five small
Latin imitations of type A, a faithful Bulgarian imitation of type
C, twofolleis of Constantine VII (d. 959), afollis of Nikephoros
II Phokas (d. 969), a tetarteron ofAlexios I (d. 1118) and a tra-
chy of John III Vatatzes (d. 1254). (ADelt 588-90)
In 1999 excavation continued of the ECh basilica and of the
MByz buildings that occupied the area after its destruction.
Excavation was completed in the narthex and the W end of the
aisles of the basilica and in the narthex of the MByz Church.
The narthex was turned into a cemetery during the DA. In
1996 and 1999, 36 graves were excavated, built at various lev-
els into the destruction deposit of the basilica and under the
mosaic floor. The mosaic of the narthex was thus almost com-
pletely ruined except for two small parts preserved in its NW
comer. The wall dividing the narthex from the naos is also gone.
The graves, many of children, were built with materials plun-
dered from the basilica or other earlier buildings. Two MByz
residential areas occupied the N and S parts of the narthex,
while the middle part was not built over (leaving the better part
of the graves from the DA cemetery preserved) because it func-
tioned as an open space between the buildings or because the
street of the settlement passed through it.
The picture of the S and N aisles of the basilica was less
bewildering, since here parts of the mosaic floors were pre-
served. The mosaics, of high artistic quality and originality, are
stylistically related to mosaics from N Africa and the E
Mediterranean. In the central aisle four inscriptions, visible as
one entered the naos from the narthex, commemorated the
donors of the mosaics. In the N aisle all traces of the mosaic
floor are gone, along with any evidence from the ECh basilica
or the DA cemetery, since here a large and deep deposit was
built up in the MByz period. Its excavation has not yet been
completed but it has produced pottery covering all known
MByz ceramic types.
The narthex floor of the little MByz church was destroyed
by numerous burials dating probably to the 12th Ct AD, and suc-
ceeding those of the DA. Built into the walls of one of the small
buildings S of the MByz church was found a small marble base
with an inscription to Hadrian (AD 127). (AEMTH 13, 15-28)
Pherres. Triphyllones site. The excavation of the LByz ceme-
tery was completed in 1996; 75 cist graves and 20 pit graves
were uncovered. Child burials were few (17), unusual for the
period; there was also limited evidence for re-burial or double
burials. Cooking vessels were found with some of the burials,
as were fragments of 13th-Ct AD glazed cups. Metal and glass
objects were also found, but in very small quantity. One inter-
esting find consisted of a large iron spike (0.29m) in grave T.32,
which was accompanied by many rusted small iron plaques
scattered around the body and head of the deceased. Some local
ritual must be reflected here. (ADelt 590-2)
90 DAVID BLACKMAN
Samothrace. Sanctuary of the Great Gods. The 1996 season
(ADelt 578) was covered in AR 1996-97, 91. James R.
McCredie (ASCS) reports on the 2001 study and conservation
season:
'East Hill: marble blocks from the Dedication of Philip and
Alexander were drawn, photographed and studied in prepara-
tion for the final publication of the building by Professor
Wescoat. Final reconstruction drawings of that building were
prepared. The actual-state plan of the site was corrected and
inked. Context pottery from various parts of the E Hill was
examined, catalogued, and prepared for publication. Hall of
Choral Dancers (former Temenos): a detailed elevation of the
W side of the building was worked out and drawn. Corrections
were made to the N elevation drawing. Museum: a survey of
the museum and possible improvements to the exhibition was
made by Dr Mertens. Non-Samothracian coins were surveyed
and identified by Dr Arold Biucchi. Progress was made in
transferring coins to the storage case provided by the Ephoreia.
Pottery and glass on exhibition, which had been restored with
obsolete techniques, was disassembled and restored according
to present standards. Architectural restorations whose appear-
ance had deteriorated were repainted. Metal objects in the
museum and in storage were surveyed, those requiring treat-
ment were treated, and all were protected.'
NORTHEAST AEGEAN ISLANDS
Chios
Town. In odos Dionysiou during the cutting of trial trenches a
rectangular built altar was uncovered (1.02 x 1.01 x 0.65m).
The fill surrounding the altar consisted of burnt bones and ash.
Continual building activity has apparently destroyed the poor-
quality building remains likely to have existed on the site. The
fill contained a figurine fragment, a lens-shaped loom-weight,
lamp fragments and a krater sherd. (ADelt 593)
In Livadia District, Odos Letsainas, in the course of trial
trenching before the laying of foundations, a section of the HL
and R necropolis was uncovered, as well as building remains of
the 4th or 3rd Ct BC
A total of 20 burials were investigated: 12 tile-roofed graves;
4 cist graves; 2 inhumations in stone urns, a simple grave and a
grave containing cremated remains. The tile-roofed graves,
which are in relatively good condition, are between 1.25m and
2.10m in length. The cist graves are built of local 'Thymiana'
stone and are placed on ground level. The maximum dimen-
sions are 2.07m x 0.70m and two have the cover slabs intact.
In two tile-roofed graves the feet of the deceased were nailed
to the poros stone with iron nails. Twelve nails were found in
grave VIII and 31 in grave XIII. Cist grave III was founded on
a stone with the inscription: OPOI / HPAK/AEQ / TOY.
All graves contained offerings which included hydriskai,
scent bottles, small cups, a kantharoid cup, a rg amphoriskos
with pseudo-handles, bronze coins (placed in the mouths of the
deceased) and a small oinochoe. A gold olive wreath with gild-
ed clay olives was found in grave XX.
In the E section of the plot two parallel N-S walls were
uncovered, built of unworked and semi-worked stones, without
binding material (max. 1: 12.40m and 8.40m; w. 0.63m). The
pottery found in the fill is early 4th Ct BC.
W of the walls and S of grave XX the foundation course of
a monumental building was uncovered (2.34m x 0.70m). (ADelt
593-4)
In Odos Skaramanga (P. Pangalou plot) during foundation
work for house construction anc. building remains were record-
ed. The rescue excavation which followed brought to light a
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
stone-built drainage system. The drains measure 9.30 x 1.04m,
9.40 x 1.04m and 6 x 0.50m and are oriented E-W: the earliest
and latest are dated to the A and R periods, respectively.
In the S section of the site a wall oriented E-W was uncov-
ered (max. l: 13.50m, max. w. 0.70m), which marks the bound-
ary of a road, S of which are four rooms with traces of stone-
paved floors. The largest room is 3.20 x 2m and the smallest
1.60 x 1.58m. The partition walls are of unworked stones; the
earliest is dated to the A period (max. l: 1.30m, max. w. 0.50m).
At the northern boundary of the plot a rectangular room
(room B: 4.20m x 0.68m) with successive floors dated from the
A to the LC periods was uncovered. W of room B an apothetes
was found containing mostly domestic pottery. Noteworthy is
the abundance and variety of the pottery found in the fill under-
neath the floors.
The continuous use of the space along with its frequent
destructions are indicated by the stone piles covering the drains,
the road paving, the walls, the successive floors and the occu-
pation levels dated from the A to the LR periods. (ADelt 594)
Emporio. Landscaping and cleaning work was carried out in
1996 on the sanctuary of Athena.
Kato Phana. Mrs Aglaia Archontidou-Argyri (20th EPCA)
and Dr Lesley Beaumont (BSA/University of Sydney) report on
the 2001 fieldwork season at ancient Phanai:
'Excavation focused on the SW quadrant of the sanctuary of
Apollo Phanaios, continuing work of 1999 and 2000. Trenches
III and VI produced further sections of the monumental peribo-
los wall systems of the sanctuary: an early A phase constructed
from closely packed, medium-sized, semi-worked limestone
blocks, and a late A phase erected from large limestone ashlars.
Within the sacred space of the sanctuary itself excavation
concentrated on trenches II, V and VII. In trench V, located S
of the narthex of the ECh basilica, a complex of walls, partial-
ly revealed in 2000 and now further excavated, proved to
belong to a large LR/EByz structure, constructed of stone rub-
ble bound together by mortar and incorporating spolia from the
Apollo sanctuary. Walls of similar construction and alignment
excavated in trench II to the SW, and possibly others now
emerging in trench VII to the NE, may belong to the same struc-
ture, though further work is needed to clarify this matter. The
extremely close proximity of these remains to the basilica rais-
es interesting questions concerning the identity and function of
the building. Finds here included much clay tile, coarse- and
fine-ware ceramics, many fragments of glass vessels, a silver
pendant in the form of a cross, two bronze coins, a pierced clay
weight, and lead and iron fragments.
Lying directly below the R levels excavated in trench V, fur-
ther A strata came to light. In the NE quadrant of the trench
these included votive material of 6th- and 7th-Ct date lying
above a stone scatter which has yet to be removed: finds here
comprised coarse- and fine-ware ceramics, several bronze
arrowheads, a fragmentary bronze belt buckle, a bronze fibula,
a bronze ring, and animal bone burnt at very high temperatures,
presumably in sacrificial ritual. Two unexpected LH IIIB-C ter-
racotta animal figurines (bulls?) were also found here among
the A material. In the SW quadrant of the trench an eight-
stepped stone staircase came to light: measuring about lm wide,
the stairs are fashioned out of rough but flat limestone slabs
(Fig. 130: limestone staircase from W). Preliminary study of
deposits found both behind and overlying the staircase suggest
construction during the 7th Ct BC. Finds here comprised both
coarse and fine ceramic wares; several bronze items: two fibu-
lae, a decorated pin, two fragmentary plaques, two flat spirals,
a coil, several arrowheads; an iron knife or dagger blade, and
large quantities of burnt bone. Though the nature of the stair-
case is as yet uncertain, it may perhaps have formed a part of an

early entrance to the sanctuary, since walls apparently built in
terrace fashion from irregular limestone blocks appear to extend
from the staircase to the NW and SE. This may then represent
a sanctuary construction phase pre-dating the monumental A
peribolos wall systems uncovered in trenches III and VI, which
were probably constructed to define a subsequently expanded
sacred space.
To the N of the staircase, in the NW quadrant of trench V,
was excavated what appears to be an anc. sanctuary dump
deposited during the A period, and consisting of field stones,
burnt bone, decorated ceramics, three bronze arrowheads, a
bronze fibula, worked bone, a fragmentary iron axe head, and a
third LH IIIB bull figurine. In cleaning behind the very small
section so far revealed of the wall extending on the NW side of
the staircase, an LH II-III sword pommel in white marble was
recovered, together with a few sherds of LH III decorated pot-
tery. These imported Myc artefacts are of a character quite dis-
tinct from the locally made BA ceramics found during our pre-
vious field survey seasons lying atop a PR settlement site NE of
the cult centre, and raise questions concerning the early use of
the Apollo Phanaios sanctuary site and the survival of the Myc
material and its treatment or use by worshippers of the A peri-
od. (To these Myc finds from Kato Phana can be added a fur-
ther krater rim and a second marble sword/dagger pommel from
the earlier excavations at the site by K. Kourouniotis and W.
Lamb: S. Hood, Prehistoric Emporio and Agio Gala I, BSA
Supplementary Volume 15 [1981], 6.)
Viki, church of Agioi Apostoloi. During the illegal cutting
of a road leading to the church a large section of the foundations
of a monumental building, earlier recorded as a temple by Hunt
130. Chios, Kato Phana: staircase
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 91
(BSA 40-41, 29-52), was destroyed. The rescue excavation that
followed brought to light the architectural remains of a large
building which was founded on a levelled area on the peak of
the Agioi Apostoloi hill.
W of the site and 16.35m away from the NW comer of the
church, wall 1 was uncovered, oriented NE-SW and built of
large ashlar blocks. The two foundation courses are intact (max.
1: 10.04m, max. w. 0.90m). Wall 3 (max. 1. 9.80m and max. w.
1.40m) was found 9.30m from the NW comer of the church and
survives in two courses, built in the emplekton technique. N of
the wall a stone-built grave (4) was uncovered (1.90m x 0.45m)
which uses wall 3 for its S side. Grave goods included two
bronze earrings.
In the course of cleaning work on the plateau (15.50m from
the NW comer of the church) a section of wall 2 was uncovered,
built of irregular blocks (NE-SW orientation, max. 1: 5.30m,
max. w. 0.50m). The fill of the wall, which was disturbed by
bulldozer, contained unpainted domestic pottery and a large
number of bg HL vessels.
On the W slope of the hill a group of four graves of different
type was found: a sarcophagus; two stone-built cist graves; and
a simple grave. (ADelt 594-5)
Lemnos
Hephaisteia, necropolis. The investigation which began in
1995 following illegal excavation at the isolated site of Bounda,
was continued. A total of 28 graves which were exposed by
heavy rainfall during the winter months, were investigated in
the Ran District (8 looted LC graves); at the country chapel of
Panaghia (6 looted HL graves) and on the dirt road between the
archaeological site and the Christodoulou enclosure (15 unloot-
ed HL-C graves).
Almost all the graves were oriented E-W with a slight incli-
nation towards the N. The graves are built cist graves of
unworked stones. Other burials included monolithic sarcophagi
and one tile-roofed grave.
The unlooted graves contained a leaf-shaped iron spearhead,
a bronze needle, a hemispherical bronze knob, an iron strigil,
bronze links, mirrors, earrings, nails, bg and unpainted scent
bottles, domestic pottery vessels, rg and bg cups, a pot with
traces of burnt remains, a lamp, a bg askos, a gold danake, gilt
clay and bronze button-shaped jewellery. (ADelt 603)
Baths. In 1996 the conservation of the HL baths was carried
out by G. Messineo (Italian School). The site had been excavat-
ed in 1926 by Laurenzi and in 1995 when a second room was
uncovered. Two shelters were built: one above the water cis-
terns of these baths and the other above the 'tower' in the wall
which was excavated by Adriani in 1930 and was uncovered in
1995. (ADelt 606)
Work at Hephaisteia was restarted in 2001 by the Italian
School under the direction of E. Greco, who reports:
'Work concentrated on areas excavated by the School in the
past: in particular the HL baths (sector I: Fig. 131) excavated by
Laurenzi in 1927 and G. Becatti in 1938, and conserved by G.
Messineo in 1996. All structures were carefully cleaned.
Clearing the fill of Becatti's deep trench in room E revealed the
collapse of an EByz structure; it had been left in a baulk, which
had since collapsed. In room A the bathtubs of the HL baths
were carefully restored (Fig. 132).
On the E side excavation of surface levels revealed the walls
of a large EByz building with a broad open-air area in front
(courtyard or garden) and facing on a street oriented NE-SW.
Other old trenches were reopened revealing a poros altar and
other structures already investigated; and SW of room E,
beyond the wall of the HL baths, wall plans and stratigraphy
were recovered.
92 DAVID BLACKMAN
131. Lemnos, Hephaisteia: Hellenistic baths
132. Lemnos, Hephaisteia: restored bathtubs
In sector II to the S, where Becatti had uncovered the 'house
of the columns', the floors of the building were rediscovered, at
a different level from sector I. Removal of the surface level
between the two areas revealed the SE side of an insula of the
EByz period, a road aligned NE/SW, and the SW side of the
insula opposite.
In the area of the A settlement, surface cleaning was carried
out and the old plans checked. The visible antiquities were
planned over the whole site, and in particular in the area around
sectors I-II, where future excavation is planned.'
Koukkonisi. In 1996 the collaborative excavation between
the 20th EPCA and archaeologist-researcher H. Bouliotis con-
tinued at the PR settlement at Koukkonisi. (AR 2000-01,113)
The focal point of the investigation was the peak of the hill.
The trenches which had been cut in 1995 revealed three archi-
tectural phases: two were dated to the MBA and the third to the
end of the EBA ( the Yellow Period of Poliochni). A deeper
investigation of the trenches this year uncovered the building
remains of an earlier phase. The pottery found here dates the
phase to the Red Period of Poliochni. Noteworthy among the
finds is the horseshoe-shaped hearth which was uncovered
under the wall of an apsidal building.
In addition three new trenches were cut parallel to the exist-
ing ones which uncovered building remains belonging to the
upper architectural phase of site: sections of at least four rec-
tangular rooms dated to the late phases of the MBA. Excavation
in depth was carried out in one of the rooms which has two
entrances and three storage pithoi. The pithoi are situated on
one side of the room, in the centre and the two comers. A fourth
pithos was found fallen in situ on the floor of the room. The in-
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
depth investigation revealed an earlier architectural phase
which is dated to the early phase of the MBA and Troy V. This
phase was sealed by a destruction layer which contained traces
of burnt deposits and collapsed unworked stones. (ADelt 603-5)
Myrina. The Bourdou plot is located in the district where
an earlier excavation brought to light a HL and R necropolis as
well as a HL pottery workshop (AR 1996-97, 92; 1997-98,
101f.; 1998-99, 100). During a trial investigation, the continu-
ation of the workshop was found: six rectangular rooms with
walls oriented N-S, built of irregular stones and earth. On the
W boundary of the plot were found two pottery kilns (max.
diam. 1.18m and 1.50m) which belong to an earlier architectur-
al phase. When the workshop was no longer in use, the space
was used for three built cist graves, a pithos burial and a rec-
tangular sarcophagus. The fill contained abundant HL and A
pottery, Megarian bowl moulds, figurines, coins, etc.
Of the 12 burials which were investigated, 3 were built cist
tombs, 2 tile-roofed tombs, 3 child pithos burials, 3 amphora
burials and 1 small sarcophagus. Grave goods included scent bot-
tles, a lamp, strigils, glass beads and a gold earring. (ADelt 602)
During trial trenching in the Papamali plot, the continuation
of a pottery workshop and a road (oriented E-W) were uncov-
ered. The road in the N sector of the plot is lined by two walls
oriented E-W (max. 1: 10m, max. w. 0.80m).
S of the road the workshop building remains were uncov-
ered: seven rooms oriented N-S and E-W, with walls of irreg-
ular local stone and earth. Following the closure of the work-
shop the area was occupied by a HL and R cemetery (as was the
case on the Bourdou plot),. Forty graves were investigated: 8
graves built of unworked and semi-worked stones or of vertical
slabs with cover slabs (max. 1: 2m, max. w. 0.80m); 15 small
rectangular tile-roofed burials, varying in size from 0.65 x
0.35m to 0.90 x 0.57m; 17 amphora enchytrismoi (the amphoras
sealed with a shallow disk).
The rectangular graves are HL. The fill of the graves con-
tained A and HL sherds as well as relief skyphos moulds. In
many instances grave goods were placed outside the burials.
The tile-roofed graves which were built on the rectangular
stone-built grave, contained child burials and are dated to the R
period. The grave goods included figurines, scent bottles,
lamps, strigils, iron and bronze nails, pyxides, plates, beads,
bronze links, a gold pin, bronze mirrors, glass scent bottles,
gold wreath leaves, cups, a bronze ring and a small bronze bell.
(ADelt 602 & fig. 4)
Palaeokastro (rural agricultural district ofAgios Dimitrios).
The walls and foundations of anc. structures occupy a large area
along the hill parallel to the road Myrina-Moudros. Surface
sherds collected from the site are dated to the HL and (mainly)
R periods. (ADelt 606)
Lesbos
Antissa (Agia Varvara District). During the sinking of a well at
the site of the necropolis of Antissa, a clay sarcophagus of the
Clazomenian type was destroyed. A rescue excavation around
the well brought to light 20 burials: 4 sarcophagi, 1 built grave,
2 pithos enchytrismoi, 1 simple burial and 12 enchytrismoi in
urns of grey clay of the well-known Lesbian A workshop. All
the graves contained 6th-Ct BC A pottery from local and Attic
workshops. Among the most significant finds were kylikes,
loom-weights, bf lekythoi and amphoriskoi. The fill contained
many bfAttic pottery sherds. (ADelt 602 and PI. 183)
Eressos. Tsichlionda. Anc. remains were recorded at a shep-
herd's enclosure. The foundations of a building are visible,
material from which was used for the construction of the enclo-
sure. Re-used material included two large stone phalloi, evi-
dently votive offerings from a nearby sanctuary. (ADelt 605)

Meso, the sanctuary. Cleaning work was started at the site:
the dry walls which had been built by shepherds and farmers in
the 19th-20th Cts were cleared from the N sector of the temple
foundations, as was the dense vegetation surrounding the tem-
ple. It was observed that the foundation of the N toichobate is
7.95m wider than previously recorded. In the N sector of the
temple a field drainage system was uncovered, and in the W
sector kilns where architectural members were burnt for lime.
Both are dated to the Ott period. (ADelt, 601 & P1. 182 oa-P)
Methymna. Demotiko Scholeio. During a rescue excava-
tion in the yard of the school, a group of graves was uncovered.
The school is on the site which the town of Methymna occupied
from the 8th to the 5th Ct BC (ADelt 42, 481) and was later used
as a HL and R necropolis. Six cist graves were investigated. The
graves were built of irregular dressed stones with the exception
of grave II which was tile-roofed and tile-walled. All burials are
oriented E-W except one (N-S) (max. dimensions 2 x 1.30m
and 2.50 x Im). Grave goods included scent bottles. In the E
part of the area a curvilinear wall was found (w. 0.70m, 1: 14m).
The fill contained bg sherds and unpainted domestic pottery
sherds. (ADelt 601)
A trial excavation in Paraliaki Odos Poseidonos before con-
struction of an OTE building uncovered a group of 28 graves
belonging to the Turkish cemetery of the town. Walls of earlier
architectural phases were used in the construction of some
graves. Following the removal of the graves, semi-ruined LHL
and R building remains were uncovered. Nine rooms are pre-
served, defined by walls (max. w. 0.64m, max. I. 6m) built on
the natural rock. A rock-carved drainage system which con-
veyed rainwater to the neighbouring coast, was also found.
On the N slope of the plot a well-preserved, high quality A
analemma wall was uncovered, built in the Lesbian technique.
The wall uses the rock in part, and survives to h. 2.14m and 1.
4.66m; in front of it a well with a rectangular cross-section was
uncovered (w. 1.50m, I. 3.80m, d. 3.30m). Built in the Lesbian
construction technique, the well was probably in use up to the
Ott period, as indicated by the rubbish with which it was filled,
along with bones, pottery and sherds. E of the analemma wall a
smaller one built in the Lesbian technique was uncovered (/:
3.30m, h: 0.50m). The fill of the wall contained bg sherds, grey
pottery sherds, a bg sherd with a relief animal representation,
figurine fragments and terra sigillata sherds. (ADelt 601-2 &
fig. 3, P1. 182y)
Mytilene. 8th Demotiko Scholeio. The rescue excavation
which began in 1996, and continued with the financial support
of the Municipality, brought to light a building complex belong-
ing to the R period. The central courtyard of the most signifi-
cant building on the site is rectangular (11 x 5m); its floor is
paved with irregular stone slabs at the edges and clay slabs in
the middle. On the S side is a small rectangular cistern (1.30 x
1.26m). The rooms of the house are situated around the court-
yard, the most important on the W and the auxiliary rooms on
the E and S. Two rooms on the W side were investigated, the N
one a 'cubiculum' with a mosaic floor representing the four sea-
sons within a rectangular panel and wall paintings with floral
decorations and imitation marble designs. The passage leading
from the courtyard to the W rooms is a narrow rectangular
space with a mosaic floor with repeated daisy motifs. The floor
of the S room is destroyed.
The auxiliary rooms S of the courtyard are bounded to the S
by wall 3, built with a pseudo-isodomic technique and covered
with plaster and wall paintings which imitate marble tiles. S of
wall 3, specially formed terraces were uncovered on which four
rooms were built; 8m away from analemma wall 3, mosaic floor
fragments with bird representations and geometric designs were
uncovered.
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 93
Apart from plaster remains, the fill contained rg and bg pot-
tery sherds, figurine fragments, lamps, a relief glass vessel,
bronze plaques, plaster and wall painting fragments, an intact
pithos, bronze coins, bf pottery sherds and a grey-coloured pot-
tery sherd bearing the name MINOKPITOY. (ADelt 595 & fig. 1)
In Odos Agias Sophias, prior to the construction of a nurs-
ery centre, mod. architectural remains found in 1990 (ADelt 45,
395) were removed. Despite the danger of collapse of a neigh-
bouring dwelling, the property was thoroughly investigated.
Nothing but mud and water were found, however, which sup-
ports the view that the site is located within the so-called
'Euripos' channel. (ADelt 595)
At Agios loannis Kalivitis, Odos P. Maniati, during con-
struction of foundations, four cist tombs dated to the HL period
were uncovered and investigated. The tomb cover slabs were
found in situ. All four graves were placed on the white poros
limestone, oriented N-S, and measured max. 1: 1.95m and max.
w. 0.65m. Grave goods included bg scent bottles, a lead pyxis
with lid, a rg pyxis with brown decorative bands, a bg one-han-
dled cup, a small bg kyathos, an iron strigil, a poorly-preserved
oxidized dagger and a bone alabastron. (ADelt 597)
Synoikismos District, Odos Charitos and Kratinou.
Following the demolition of the early 20th-Ct building and dur-
ing the laying of foundations, architectural remains of houses
dating to the 3rd Ct AD and the 1st Ct BC-1st Ct AD were inves-
tigated. The property is situated on the slopes of Aghia Kiriaki
hill where terraces have been specially formed and are support-
ed by analemma walls. Wall 8 extends through the whole prop-
erty from N to S and constitutes the E boundary of the rooms.
On the lower terrace, between walls 8 and 12, there existed
a narrow rectangular courtyard (10m x 5.50m) which was
investigated in at least two successive phases, and probably
belongs to the final architectural phase of the house. Under the
semi-ruined floors of the courtyard clay and stone-built water
and drainage pipes were uncovered. On the S side of the prop-
erty, where a road has been documented, a large drain was
found covered with large dressed stone slabs.
On the highest terrace, W of wall 8, four rooms belong to the
richest apartments of the house. The N room (6.70 x 6.30m) has
a well-preserved mosaic floor, wall paintings on its W and S
walls and a niche with polychrome marble tiles on the W wall.
The main scene of the mosaic, in a medallion, clearly depicts
the arrival of Telephos on the Asia Minor coast opposite Lesbos.
Arranged in semi-circles around the medallion are maritime
subjects, such as Nereids, Tritons and fish. The central scenes
are framed within a rectangular panel around which are ivy and
vegetation sprouting from kraters, with birds. At the main
entrance of the room two antithetical panthers guard the
dwelling.
The opening in the S wall of the room leads to a paved space
with a mosaic floor decorated with polychrome geometric
designs. The wall paintings imitate marble tiles and depict bees
sucking the nectar from flowers. In the S section of the house
two rooms with ruined floors were investigated. The abundance
of plaster and mosaic fragments found in the fill indicates with
certainty the presence of mosaic floors here as well.
A sherds found around a rock-cut well indicate an earlier use
of the area. The fill of the site contained finds which included:
plaster, mainly cooking vessel fragments, open bg and rg pot-
tery sherds, figurine fragments, lamps, an amphoriskos, 11
bronze coins, loom-weights and bone pins. (ADelt 597 & fig. 2)
Previously, in the same district were found the house of
Menander, the Euripos mosaic (Odos Aginoros) (ADelt 46, 363;
49, 648), the building complex at the 8th Demotiko Scholeio
(see above and ADelt 49, 643; 50, 688) and the mosaic floors at
Odos Agrafiotou (ADelt 47, 529; 48, 413).
94 DAVID BLACKMAN
In Epano Skala during construction of the foundations of a
house, architectural remains of two phases of the R period were
investigated. These phases rest on HL remains, founded on an
A fill whose removal revealed a wall ca. 1.25m long and 0.50m
wide.
A building belonging to the later R phase I had two rooms
preserved at the N end of the property (max. dimensions: 3.30
x 1.34m and 4 x 1.54m). The floor of the S room is preserved,
built of irregular rectangular stone slabs. The N room commu-
nicates with another room to the E which is beneath the adjoin-
ing building. The later building phase was probably destroyed
by fire as indicated by the burnt remains found inside the
rooms; the stone piles, roof-tiles and sherds dated to the 4th and
5th Cts AD. The most significant finds of this phase include a
hoard of 48 bronze coins and figurine fragments.
Beneath phase I, an earlier R phase II was uncovered of
which there survives a room (3.30 x 3m) with an E and W
entrance leading to rooms situated under the neighbouring
buildings. The floor is constructed of stamped earth and stone
slabs of which in many areas only the make-up is preserved.
Traces of white plaster were found on the walls. The fill con-
tained some cooking vessel fragments and terra sigillata sherds.
The most significant finds included bronze coins, bone pins, a
small open unpainted vessel and a large marble mortar which
was found in situ.
Beneath the foundations of this R phase II, a HL (phase III)
building was uncovered, with two walls of a room with a yel-
low clay floor (3 x 2.14m). Below the foundations of the HL
building only one wall (phase IV) from the A building phase is
preserved. It is oriented N-S (max. 1: 1.25m, max. w. 0.20m)
and built of irregular stones.
An inscription in honour of Trajan was found in the fill of
the property. Among the other finds were rg sherds, many pithos
fragments and loom-weights, 5 bronze coins, bronze pins and
needles. In the fill above and beside the A wall (phase IV) ash-
grey and dark Lesbian pottery was found. (ADelt 599)
EIOM site. Before a permit was issued for the extension of
the establishment and the cutting of a road, a trial and rescue
excavation was carried out during which sections of two dam-
aged clay sarcophagi were found. The tombs were looted but
had belonged to children. An earlier excavation on the same site
brought to light the 4th-Ct BC necropolis (ADelt 29, 507-509).
Traces of a peribolos wall of unworked stones were also found.
(ADelt 599)
Sourada District, Odos El. Venizelou. During trial trench-
ing on the G. Tsamoura property before the issue of a building
permit, a stone-built cist tomb was uncovered (2.10 x lm); its
grave goods included 17 unpainted and bg R scent bottles and
sea shells. Apart from mainly coarseware R sherds, the fill con-
tained a LR coin. During trial trenching on the I. Hatzaki prop-
erty anc. remains were found only in the E sector near the sea.
The presence of HL terrace walls indicates that the area was
probably terraced. The fill contained LHL sherds and figurine
fragments.
A network of walls was found (w. 0.63m-0.85m, I. 3.65m)
which dated to the EBA and corresponds to 'cities' II and III of
Thermi. These walls define rooms with pebble and clay floors,
and hearths. The fill contained grey pottery of the EBA I phase,
and an accumulation of flint products such as flakes, cores and
blades. (ADelt 599-600)
Akrotiri (Tz. and Ath. Valakou property). During the laying
foundations, a LR rectangular pottery kiln was uncovered (3.10
x 2.45m), built of unworked stones bonded with clay; the
entrance on the NW is 1.17m wide and was blocked by the
remains of the brick superstructure. Inside the kiln are pre-
served six stone bases (three on each side). The fill of the kiln
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
contained earth and LR pottery sherds (mainly amphora frag-
ments) which were probably in the kiln when it was destroyed.
The furnace grate was unfortunately destroyed by the collapse
of the superstructure.
A peribolos wall (h. 0.75m x w. 0.75m) was found 9.50m
SW of the kiln, built of small and medium-sized unworked
stones and clay; it was investigated only for a length of 12.45m.
In stone piles within the fill of the property were found LR
sherds which date the kiln and the wall to the same period.
(ADelt 600)
Perama. Chalatses District. The rescue excavation (AR
1999-2000, 114) was continued on the site and involved the
clearing of stone piles. Following the removal of the first
stones, a thick layer of burnt deposit was uncovered which con-
tained an abundance of A and G pottery. (ADelt 600)
Thermi. Loutropoli. Agios Konstantinos District. During
trial trenching an ECh wall was uncovered for 2.20m, oriented
SW-NE. The fill contained tiles and glazed ECh sherds with
incised decoration. (ADelt 600)
CYCLADES AND SAMOS
Andros
A modem workshop for the conservation of metal artifacts was
established in 1996 at the Archaeological Museum. Artifacts
from all over the 21st EPCA district are conserved here (ADelt
607).
Palaiopolis. Scattered in the vicinity of the church of
Panaghia Eleousa, ca lkm N of Palaiopolis, are marble archi-
tectural members and rock-cut graves.
A rescue excavation (the first in the area) found architectur-
al remains situated 0.30m-2.40m below ground level; in the W
sector of the plot the graves were completely ruined by cultiva-
tion work and no remains were found in the N sector. In the cen-
tral sector, however, within a 100m2 area well-preserved graves
were found, and a section of a cemetery was uncovered, defined
on the E by a roughly-built peribolos wall in different phases.
The peribolos, built to protect the cemetery from flooding by
rainwater due to the sharp slope, does not continue northwards
but appears to continue southwards into the unexcavated sector
of the plot. The graves which are well preserved are: 1, 2,
6-8. Grave 1 is rock-cut and rectangular (2m x 0.70-0.80m),
lined and covered with schist slabs; no grave goods or skeletal
remains were found.
Grave 2 the largest (3.15 x 2.20m), is a rectangular built
grave with walls ca 0.65m thick; no cover slab was found.
Slight traces of skeletal remains were found in a rich layer of
earth and the finds, which are few in number, were damaged by
humidity: a metal object (probably strigil), two pottery vessels
and a bronze nail which perhaps belonged to a wooden box.
Grave 6 is a small, rectangular rock-cut grave lined with
schist slabs (max. w. 1.40m x 0.50m) with one of its narrow
sides curved and covered by a row of stone slabs. Grave offer-
ings included two Attic bg vessels of the last quarter of the 5th
Ct BC, a lekythio and a footless kylix.
Grave 7 (2m x 0.90m) is rock-cut with built inner walls lined
with schist slabs; it was also covered with schist slabs. No
skeletal remains were found. Grave goods included two Attic bg
vessels and a girl's doll dated to the last quarter of the 5th Ct BC.
Grave 8 is very poorly preserved, with its inner sides lined
with schist slabs. No skeletal remains were found and of grave
goods only pottery sherds were found.
The excavation of the cemetery at Aghia Eleousa is signifi-
cant for archaeological research in the wider area of Palaiopolis,
where the ruins of the anc. town of Andros are located. The
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 95

unsophisticated grave structures, as well as the

scarcity of grave goods in each burial, are evidence
of a poor cemetery in a small agricultural settlement
situated not far from the town. Dated to the 5th Ct
BC, the cemetery indicates the early settlement of
the area parallel to the development of the town of
Andros. Finally, these finds are the first C artifacts
to be excavated on Andros (ADelt 607-8).
Tourlos. The I. Komi farm lies in the area of the
E cemetery, outside the walls of the anc. town.
There is a small old farm building built almost
entirely of anc. construction material (AR 2000-01,
116). The owner of the property dug a pit without 133. & 134. Delos, Sarapieion: west terrace with shops
permission SE of the construction, and antiquities
were found. A small rescue excavation was carried
out.

S of the illegal excavation and immediately

below ground surface a rectangular stone-built
grave was found without a cover slab (2 x 0.80m).
Though relatively small in size, the grave contained
at least eight burials of different periods, as indicat-
ed by the skeletal remains and in particular the
skulls, which were piled together at the N narrow
end of the grave. Among the interesting grave goods
were a lamp, a bowl, a vessel with plastic bands, a
pair of gold earrings, a gold disk with a relief repre-
sentation of Dionysos (?) which was probably
stitched onto the clothes of the deceased, bone pins
and needles, a bronze bracelet, a bronze coin, a sil-
ver-plated bronze coin, bronze disk-shaped danakia
and numerous iron nails, obviously from the wood-
en coffin. The pottery and coins found date the final u
grave to the R period. The state of the grave indicates tl
bers of the same family were buried there. Skeletal
were piled at the side of the graves for the intermei
newly deceased, while the skulls were carefully plac
narrow end of the grave.
The second trench (4.20 x 2.50m), cut further W, u]
remains of a structure possibly dated earlier than the g
Finally, the wall remains of another grave were ui
but were ruined by the illegal excavation. Fragments
monuments were collected from the dry walls on the
(ADelt 608 & P1. 188).
Delos
In 2001 F. Muller (French School) continued to dran
detailed plan of Sarapieion C and to make drawing
blocks belonging to the Ionic portico of the N court. '
the N court were arranged to facilitate access to frag
the architrave and frieze. In the process, two unrecorn
ments of the architrave of the N portico were found. A
restoration of this portico was outlined but much remaii
tain. Similarly a restoration of the small tholos was
computer, but unknown factors make the restoration ir
no vestige of foundation has been found. It measures
diameter and may have been the base of a statue. A pai
sion of the catalogue of blocks from the sanctuary c
with votive monuments (altar and statue bases) was
carried out and work was done on the typology of thes
ments. Blocks in the area of the House of the School X
catalogued and subsequently taken to the museum.
H. Siard and a team from the French School ope
trenches in the S part of the site in the 'area of the dron
first (Fig. 133: S1; Fig. 134), in one of a row of sh
against the retaining wall of the W terrace of the s
revealed that the construction of the shops was conte
with that of the retaining wall because the party walls between
the shops bonded with the retaining wall. Sherds found under
the beaten earth floor of the shop, though not very significant,
indicated a date later than 150 BC for the construction.
In the upper layers of the fill were found granite blocks, col-
umn drums and a Doric capital. The Doric capital, but not the
column drums, came from a Doric portico of the sanctuary and
therefore did not fall from the retaining wall but must have been
thrown in deliberately. The fragments of pottery and glass
found in the next layer indicate a glass workshop nearby, and a
date of the late 2nd/early 1st Ct BC for the fill. The shops, there-
fore, must have been abandoned soon after construction, if they
were completed at all. It was concluded that the different layers
of destruction indicated that the shops were the ground floor of
a portico opening on to the terrace of the Sanctuary and not, as
previously suggested by P. Roussel, filled in at one time to cre-
ate a platform for a later portico.
A second trench (Fig. 135: S2) was excavated in order to dis-
cover the relationship between temple C and the E/W wall,
clear in outline to the E but lost against the SE comer of the
temple. The wall was found to be contemporary with the tem-
ple because a stone projecting from the latter was incorporated
in the wall, and it was concluded from the pottery fragments
found in the thick layer around the foundations of both wall and
temple, that both dated to a period after 150BC and not, as pre-
viously suggested by many scholars, to the C period. Courses of
the wall were not found behind the temple, but only survived in
the W part of the trench. No explanation was found for the pur-
pose of this wall or its partial demolition.
A third trench (Fig. 135: S3) was excavated to discover the
date and identification of the H-shaped building between the E
terrace wall and temple C (Fig. 135 before, and Fig. 136 after
excavation). A deep layer of ash found immediately beneath the
topsoil contained charred and splintered bones (mostly birds
and fish), sherds, coins and clay seal impressions. Under this on

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
96 DAVID BLACKMAN
135. & 136 Delos, Sarapieion: lI-shaped building
the N side was a compact layer of yellowish earth and granitic
sand designed to level up the ground before construction. This
same fill was found between the N/S wall of the structure and
the E terrace wall. A further brown fill on top of this seemed to
have been intended to support the terrace wall which was built
on it. The E terrace wall, therefore, had been built after the n-
shaped structure, but not long after, since the ceramic material
in both fills dates from the same period. The Il-shaped struc-
ture, sunk deep into the gently sloping ground, is tentatively
identified as a sacrificial pit or altar of the Chthonian type.
Vallois had suggested that these two buildings were part of
an earlier phase of the sanctuary before the building of the
Sarapieion C and had been destroyed when the latter was con-
structed (R. Vallois, AHHD, 1, 89-92). With the discovery,
however, that the building resembled an altar rather than an
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
137. & 138. Delos, Sarapieion: propylaea
:::;..XMi.R-.X..e^ -
oikos, this identification has become unlikely. Moreover, most
of the ceramic material found in the hearth dates to the 2nd half
of the 2nd Ct and fragments of relief bowls from the Dionysios
workshop found in the deepest fill to the W of the trench dated
to the end-2nd/beginning-1St Ct BC. The building could not,
therefore, have been earlier than the rest of Sarapieion C.
Among the 54 coins found was an Attic new style silver
drachma issued under Themisto-Theopompos. Alternative dates
for this are l49/8 (M. Thomson) and 117/6 (D.M. Lewis and
Chr. Habicht). The latter date is now usually accepted.
Because of the epigraphic evidence the theory of a connec-
tion with the escharon and the archives of the Sarapieion seems
attractive. The 38 clay seal impressions found include those
with a motif connected with the goddess Isis. They could have
been attached to archives or documents connected with the
sanctuary, but they were found at all levels and in all parts of the
ash deposit, so that it looked as though they were burnt deliber-
ately and at different times. It was concluded that the monument
was more likely to have been a cult altar to the Egyptian gods.
A fourth trench was excavated at the NW end of the E terrace
(Fig. 135: S4), in order to shed light on the complex walls of that
area. It was found that the N-S wall parallel to the Heraion wall
did not extend S into the area of the trench. Moreover, in earlier
excavations a trench had been dug the length of the W wall of
the terrace, preventing any elucidation of the N and W walls.
The fill from these early excavations covered the entire terrace
and the walls S and E of this were merely modern walls built on
top of the modern Elll. A beaten earth floor was, however, found
under this f1ll in the E part of the trench, extending N under the
terrace wall and at the same level as the beaten earth floor under
 ARCHAEOLOGY SN GREECE 2001-2002 97

139. & 140. Delos, Sarapieion: trench 1-2

the dromos. This floor contained pottery of the HL period mixed

with some A sherds. So far none of the buildings investigated
can be dated before the mid-2nd Ct BC.
R. Etienne and M. Wurch-Kozelj for the French School car-
ried out test trenching in the N part (S 1-2) and in the S part (S3)
of the propylaea. All this area (Fig. 137: trenches l-3) except
for lm along the W wall had been excavated previously. R
Vallois and G. Gruben had concluded that there were two phas-
es of the building before the 2nd-Ct propylaea of the Athenians
(R. Vallois, L'architecture a Delos I [1944] 238-242; G.
Gruben, 'Naxos und Delos', Jahrbuch 112 [1997] 350-372). As
a result of the 2001 excavations along the narrow W strip these
conclusions have been radically challenged. In particular, the
internal face of the W wall (except possibly for three blocks of
the first course) was entirely composed of re-used material.
This re-used material came from an A building or buildings (but
not necessarily A propylaea).
In trench 3 (Fig. 138) three stratified levels were found. The 141. & 142. Delos, Sarapieion: re-used column base
top level consisted of a loose layer of stone chips in which the
granite blocks along the W wall were set (therefore belonging
to proylaea phase II: 2nd Ct BC). The second level consisted of
a hard floor beneath which a thick layer of chips overlay a series
of large granite blocks set in a layer of soft earth (level 3) full
of carbonized wood and pottery of the 6th Ct BC, beneath which
was bedrock.
Trench 1-2 covered the area between the E-W partition wall
and the N krepis (Figs. 139-40, from W and E). A re-used marble
disk column base was found under a block with an egg and dart
moulding, among re-used material in the W wall (Figs. 141-2).
The E-W partition wall had gneiss foundations set in a cut in
the bedrock. These foundations were 2.80m wide and very
irregular in appearance. The first course of the wall is made of
slabs arranged obliquely on the same orientation as the paving
slabs between the oikos of the Naxians and the propylaea.

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
98 DAVID BLACKMAN
143. Delos, Sarapieion: oikos of the Naxians, steps
Thus, the E and W walls are not A in date but are composed
of re-used material from the A period which might have been
from previous propylaea; there must have been something
between the oikos of the Naxians and the stoa of the Naxians.
The only possible remains on the ground of the A propylaea
would be the first course of the E-W partition wall. The first
course of the E wall (inside face) which is roughly perpendicu-
lar may date from what the excavators call the pre-A I period.
The visible remains (phase I) are clearly of a hastily construct-
ed building.
Whether phase I of the building had columns on the N side
is unclear. There is no trace of a stylobate before the 2nd Ct BC.
This might have been re-used, but the phase I foundations are
identical to the foundations of the krepis of phase II (visible in
the SW comer). Moreover, the foundations of the N krepis stop
against the steps of the oikos of the Naxians (Fig. 143), indi-
cating that the steps were built against the internal face of the E
wall of the propylaea and therefore predate it. With the steps of
the oikos extending inside the building, it seems unlikely that it
would have had columns in antis in phase I.
It was not possible to draw conclusions from the data about
the date of phase I. There is epigraphic evidence that the propy-
laea were repaired extensively in 279 BC as a result of the col-
lapse of a column. The rebuilt walls might date from this recon-
struction.
The French team also excavated a series of trenches in the
NE of the sanctuary, in order to define the use of this part of
the sanctuary and throw more light on two structures already
excavated. It was found that the structures consisted of a few
aligned stones on a hard yellow layer containing a few 6th-Ct
sherds. There was no trace of the apse which had previously
been recorded. It was impossible to discover anything further as
the area had already been thoroughly excavated.
Further research was done in the 'Water on Delos' pro-
gramme led by M. Brunet (French School). Cl. Hasenohr
looked at wells, cisterns, and shore lines, examined underwater
remains and excavated a sondage beside the quay E of the
Sacred Port. The excavation had to be halted because of high
ground water level.
A team led by B. Bourgeois and P. Jockey (French School)
continued their study of polychrome paint on Delian Statues of
the HL period. They used a video-microscope, ultraviolet fluo-
rescence, photography and graphic restoration to study the ves-
tiges of paint on some twenty statues. They demonstrated the
wide range of colours achieved by mixing and superimposing
colours, e.g. Egyptian blue on pink (probably madder) on a
white ground to achieve the lilac blue border of the robe of a
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Tyche (A 4129). They recorded the subtle refinement of the
painted decoration with its eye for detail e.g. the group of
Artemis Huntress (A 449), and the play of light and shade with
darker colouring to emphasise the fold of a garment e.g. the
male draped statue (A 4136) and the draped Aphrodite (A
4200). Research will continue on the techne of the painter-
sculptor.
The results of previous research were the subject of a paper
given at the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in
March 2001 which will be published in CRAI 2001.
F. Alabe with N. Sigalas (French School) completed the
colour restorations of the painted plaster ceilings of the two
upper floor rooms in the House of the Seals, using gouache
paints and comparing the restorations directly with the frag-
ments in the Museum. F. Alabe completed her study of these
ceilings with a view to writing an article on the ceilings of HL
houses on Delos which is due to appear in BCH 125. They are
the first examples of decorated ceilings recorded anywhere in
the HL world.
The ceiling in the larger room had symmetrical decoration of
fifteen bands with geometric motifs framing an all-red panel. It
seemed similar to the ceiling of a first floor room in the House
of the Sword, to judge by fragments found in the destruction
level of the latter. The ceiling of the smaller room in the SE cor-
ner of the House of the Seals had a panel to be viewed from one
direction with three concentric bands with geometric motifs
round a quadrangular central field completed on one axis only
by three and eight parallel bands all with geometric motifs
except for one band depicting two swans facing each other on
each side of a metallic amphora. The colour restorations have
been fixed to panels for research and display purposes.
Ios
Recent excavations in the town of Ios, which is largely coex-
tensive with the anc. town and its necropoleis, shed light upon
the topography, planning and architectural form of the anc.
town, as well as the course and date of its fortification wall
(ADelt 37, 359; 43, 510-13).
A significant number of architectural members, inscriptions,
statue bases and sculptures were collected during the supervi-
sion of repair and building work and from dry stone boundary
walls. Photography and cleaning of the finds began in 1996 in
preparation for the planned Archaeological Museum.
The most significant find is the upper part of a LA tomb
stele, placed face down and used as a step at the main entrance
of the Evangelismos church. It was probably taken from the W
necropolis of the anc. town, which was probably situated W of
the town (Kastro Hill). The stele depicts the upper body of a
warrior in profile, turned to the right and holding his helmet in
his right hand, and in the other hand the sheath of his sword.
Despite the damage, the quality of the work is impressive; so
too is the subject, which is very rare and a first from the
Cyclades. Part of another LA stele with a similar theme and
treatment was found earlier on los (BCH 28, 310-11) showing
the legs of a male figure turned to the left.
The highly artistic tomb stelai are creations of a Cycladic
workshop yet to be determined, but which indicate a rich sculp-
tural tradition. Other sculptures found in the area of the anc.
town were probably made on los from local marble: the grey
marble of Plakoto and the white marble of Palaiokastro where a
quarry was in operation from the 18th Ct until a few decades
ago. Significant samples of the decorative stone sculptures of
the 18th Ct derive from Ios. The quarrying of marble in
Palaiokastro during the EBA (for the making of Cycladic fig-
urines) and during historical times is possible. (ADelt 612-13)

Kimolos
An anc. settlement was found S of the island, in up to 3m depth,
and completely destroyed; date: HL-R. (ADelt 723)
Kythnos
Loutra. The Maroula site was noted 20 years ago (AJA 79, 277)
and dated to a pre-N phase. An urgent rescue excavation fol-
lowed the discovery of human skull fragments close to the sea,
unearthed by wind and marine erosion.
A trench was cut (60m x 30m) and in various places five
intact skeletons were uncovered, placed in the cut rock or pits
lined with slabs or stones, and covered with large stone slabs.
As was commonly practised at the time, the deceased were
interred in a cross-legged position.
Finds collected during the clearing of tomb 1 included small
amorphous obsidian fragments, oyster and snail shells and a
fishbone. During the removal of the skeleton the area around
the burial was dug deeper and the remains of a child burial were
uncovered to the W (grave 5). The remains included skull frag-
ments and a few bones. Other burials apparently existed on the
site but were eroded by the sea. Skull fragments found in the
third grave (6) are preserved.
At the E end of the site grave 2 was partly preserved, defined
on the N and W by a series of vertical stone slabs, but with noth-
ing surviving of the rest. Skeletal remains include bone frag-
ments and a row of vertebrae. The position of the bones indi-
cates that the deceased was placed in a contracted postion.
An oval rock-cut burial (grave 3) was found at the S limit of
the settlement (square A12). A stone slab covered the chest of
the deceased but was found fragmented due to marine erosion.
The tibia bones found indicate that the deceased was placed in
a highly contracted position, while the head was turned side-
ways facing the SE.
Grave 4, which was found in a natural rock cavity, revealed
part of a spinal column, vertebrae and a few long bones. From
the same space were collected obsidian fragments, snails,
limpets and fishbones. E of grave 4 was a rock-cut grave (7),
whose state indicates the extent of the destruction suffered by
the PR site which stretched over a large area to the E.
Apart from the burials, built structures were also observed
all over the site. In square B7 a partly-preserved circular struc-
ture (2.50m x 2m). is built of numerous stone slabs with small-
er stones inserted between them, clearly the paved floor of a
hut or other makeshift building. The stones are bedded on orig-
inal ground surface over the schist bedrock. In the same space
some shells were found, mainly limpets and land molluscs.
Another structure (K1) in square F5 is defined by a circle of
large and small stone slabs. A human bone was found in the cen-
tre of the structure together with an abundance of snails. In
squares A9-B9 elliptically placed stone slabs formed structure
K3. During the cleaning of the structure, obsidian and quartz
stones were found, as well as land molluscs and sea shells.
In square B8 large and small stone slabs form an elliptical
structure (K4) the floor of which extends into square B7 and
approaches structure 2 (K2). Scattered on and around the stones
were snails and obsidian fragments. Two more elliptical to
irregular asymmetrical structures (K5, K6) were uncovered in
squares A10 and A 1. K6 was built on the schist bedrock.
There was an abundance of Melian obsidian on the site,
much of it heavily worn: fragments of cores, worked flakes,
points and blades which had been pressured, not struck. Very
few microlithic tools were found, but flint flakes were quite
common. Although the stone technology exhibits pre-N fea-
tures, no representative tools of the period have been found so
far. This has also been observed on other Mes sites in Greece,
namely at Yioura on Alonnisos and at Theopetra.
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 99
Throughout the settlement there was an abundance of land
molluscs (snails), and a smaller quantity of sea shells and fish-
bones. The total absence of pottery, food remains and other
objects indicates the early date of the site, which the C14 dating
of a bone sample has placed in the 8th millennium BC.
However, more samples have been taken for further dating pro-
cedures and it is planned to continue the excavation. Current
evidence dates the site to the LMes period which begins slight-
ly before the mid-8th mill. BC.
It is the first time since the excavation of Mes levels in the
Cyclops Cave at Yioura on Alonnisos (see above, under
Southern Thessaly), that the existence of a Mes site is recorded
in the Aegean. Kythnos is 60 miles from Piraeus but much near-
er to Sounion and is one of the Cycladic islands closest to main-
land Greece. The nearest island is Kea which is closer to Attica.
During the period when sea level had reached its lowest point
(i.e. 120-140m lower than at present) 18,000-16,000 BP, a nar-
row channel existed between Kythnos and Kea which (like the
channel between Alonnisos and Kyra Panaghia) was not diffi-
cult to sail through.
During the UPal period most of the Cycladic islands (with
the exception of Kythnos, Melos and a few others) formed a
vast island covering an area equal to two-thirds that of Cyprus,
with a rich flora and fauna for Pal hunters and foodgatherers.
The distances from mainland Greece were short and relatively
easy to traverse even with primitive sailing vessels. Already by
the end of the UPal period, obsidian was present at Franchthi
and it is most probable that it was transported to the Argolid not
directly from Melos but from island to island and via Attica.
Later, in the LMes period, there is an abundance of obsidian in
Franchthi, the supply of which followed the same route. An
equally long route was followed by the Melian obsidian trans-
ported to the N Aegean from the 8th millennium BC. (ADelt
608-10)
Melos
Adamas harbour. Walls were found by the EMA running out
from shore to a depth of 7m. The dimensions of rooms were
defined, probably of monumental HL-R buildings; sherds and
architectural members were scattered on the sea bed. (ADelt
723)
Mykonos
Phtelia. Excavation at the site continued in 1996 and the exist-
ing trenches were deepened, reaching the natural poros
bedrock. On the floor of a room in trench B4 obsidian cores,
tools and flakes were found which indicates the presence of a
working area. Well-preserved pithos-like vessels were also
found in another room.
Found within the structures were sherds and many intact
vessels of various shapes and surface quality. Most of the finds
consist of large domestic coarseware vessels. However, many
have smoothed, highly polished surfaces, and many have red
and white decoration painted on the black polished surface,
added after the vessel was fired. This type of pottery is similar
to the well-known 'crusted ware' of the Rachmani phase and is
dated to the LN II period.
Apart from the pottery, an impressive abundance of obsidian
tools was found which included many excellent quality arrow-
heads and spearheads, indicating specialized hunting skills.
Similar arrowheads were found at Saliagos offAntiparos and at
the site of Mavri Spilia which is not far from Phtelia. The large
number of flakes and a smaller number of cores which were
found on the ground surface as well as in the stratified levels of
the excavation clearly indicate that the obsidian was processed
upon arrival from Melos.
100 DAVID BLACKMAN
144. Amorgos, Katapola: mosaic floor
Numerous stone tools used for the processing of cereals
(mortars and millstones) were also found. Of particular signifi-
cance are the bronze filings and tool fragments found in differ-
ent trenches, which indicate the very early appearance of bronze
at the site (end of 5th-mid 4th mill. BC) as has been confirmed
at other N sites in the Aegean.
Impressive among the finds were two clay female figurines
(found close to the surface). One is small and steatopygous in
type, a characteristic feature of N figurines of Greece. The
other, at least 0.30m high, is more unusual, having a long, cylin-
drical neck with an oval head tilted backwards; the body is tri-
angular, with two knob-shaped protuberances for breasts, a faint
hollow at the navel and fat steatopygous thighs.
Also found in the excavation were bones of goats, sheep,
oxen and birds. The absence of fish bones was noteworthy, and
odd, considering the proximity of the settlement to the sea. In
addition, relatively few sea-shells were found. This suggests
that the inhabitants were oriented towards land cultivation, ani-
mal herding and hunting rather than fishing. The wider area of
Phtelia has large deposits of water and even nowadays this area
supplies the island with water.
N remains were found on hills E of Phtelia and in other
areas, which indicates a densely populated area from an early
period. Following the excavation of the N settlement at Phtelia
it is apparent that the so-called barren and infertile island of
Mykonos had developed a remarkable culture ever since the N
period. The tholos tomb recently found close to the town of
Mykonos also indicates a floruit during the Myc period. The
excavation is to continue. (ADelt 610-12 & P1. 189)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
DODEKANESE AND AMORGOS
Amorgos
Prof. L. Marangou has published Archaeological Collection of
Amorgos, I: Marble Sculptures, Athens 2000 (Eng/Gr).
Katapola. Rescue excavation of the 2nd-3rd Ct house con-
tinued in 1996. Of unknown size and purpose, it had at least
three rooms and a courtyard, partly excavated. Room A had
mosaic floors well preserved (Fig. 144). A destruction level
dates from the late 3rd/early 4th Ct; there is evidence of 4th-7th
Ct repairs and alterations. (ADelt 700-01)
Astypalaia
Chora. Katsalos. Excavation of the Kale plot continued,
revealing five cremations in pots and one in a larax, one bur-
ial and five probable enchytrismoi. There was evidence of burnt
offerings as well as burial cremation; the pottery was A
(pinakia, aryballoi, kylikes). (ADelt 699)
Kalymnos
In March 2001 local inhabitants handed in to the museum a
large number of marble statues of very fine quality, mostly HL.
Being informed of the find-spot, the 22nd EPCA carried out a
limited excavation near the archaeological site of the ECh basil-
ica of Christ of Jerusalem, built in the ruins of the temple of
Apollo. In an anc. drainage well, as if in an apothetes, were
found a large number of marble statues covering a large span of
time from the HL to R period. Particularly impressive is a
clothed LA kouros with a dedicatotry inscription to Apollo.
(Greek press, March 2001)
In Damos the rescue excavations of 1995 were continued
and completed. Two buildings were defined with a narrow
paved stepped street between. They had well-dressed outer
walls of stone quarried on site. Building I (17 x 10.5m) to the
SE of the street was entered from a court on its SE side; built in
the late 3rd Ct, it had seven rooms, of which the core contained
an altar in situ and had a tiled roof sloping SE (tiles of Cor type,
all stamped ArHOAAQNIOY). In the next room pots found com-
plete in the floor by the thresholds indicate foundation ritual.
The next room, clearly an andron, was split into three store-
rooms in the late st/2nd Ct AD. Building II, partly uncovered,
opened onto the street from the NW, and had evidence of pot-
tery and metal working activities. (ADelt 697-8)
Karpathos
Pegadia. At Makeli, where an unrobbed Myc chamber tomb
was found in the 1940s, test trenches produced only disturbed
deposits; notable finds were sherds from an LM IIIA1/A2
closed vessel and two LH IIIA2 pithoid amphoras.
Kos
City. The EMA opposed the construction of a new harbour as
an extension of the anc. harbour, below the Nerantzia castle.
The position of the E breakwater of the anc. harbour is
unknown, while on the Akte Koundouriotou the W breakwater
of the 4th Ct BC was located where the old ASTRON cinema
stood, and a LR breakwater farther E. (ADelt 729)
Serayia. On the N slope of the hill (Odos Krekouki) build-
ing remains were found of a series of phases from LHL to ECh;
in the S part of the site isolated A and C walls were found, and
below them remains of LMI structures, a cremation ellipsoidal
in plan with many conical cup fragments, a large crater with
light on dark decoration, many stone tools and a stone mould,
probably for making jewellery. On E. Venizelou a limited test
trench discovered HL pottery but no structures; dry stone walls
of Myc date forming a corer, a beaten earth floor and a proba-
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 101

C' e)-1 " _ 1 * Suburbs. At Psalidi in Erakles district important

remains were found of a cult site of the A period. A
solid wall 3.20m wide ran E/W for at least 32m and
another for at least 18m; a level containing objects
of dedicatory type, including iron swords and dag-
_ gers, standing female figurines holding birds or seat-
ed goddesses, aryballoi (Fig. 146), faience beads,
etc. was defined; to the SW was a stepped wall and
group of rooms where several building phases were
distinguished, and to the SE, under a level with G
pottery and figurines, were found remains of Myc
buildings; BA remains were also found in test
trenches in the N of the site. The plan of the site is
not yet clear; it went out of use in the 5th Ct BC.
(ADelt 689-90)
Cemeteries. At Kretika-Platani, five HL and
one R tomb, mainly cists, and a R funerary building
were investigated. At the 3rd km of the rural road
INiZ I ] from Kos, where groups of HL tombs and a Myc
chamber tomb had been found in the past, six rec-
145. Kos: early Christian mosaic floor tangular cist tombs (4th-2nd Ct) and a sarcophagus
were discovered; a HL cistern with a later R tile
grave; and a Myc tholos tomb (Fig. 147) founded on
bedrock, di. 4.14m, with entrance from N. The
chamber is best preserved on the E (h. 2.10m). The
dromos is 4.30m long, slopes N/S and widens S/N
from 1.14 to 1.42m; the entrance jambs are pre-
served and the entrance is blocked 1.5Gm to the N.
Rich finds came from the lower part of the fill of the
chamber and a shallow pit in its floor, including
sherds from 39 pots of the LM IIIA2 and LH
t IIIC:mid periods (Fig. 148), showing two main peri-
ods of use. This is a unique find for the Dodekanese

146. Kos, Psalidi: aryballoi ....

ble hearth; and beneath, in levels with M sherds, another comer,
this time with one well-built wall, another wall which went
beyond the trench and traces of workshop activity. (ADelt 685)
West sector of city. On Herodotou (Kardoulia site) on the W
side of the harbour baths archaeological site, building phases
from the Tourkokratia to HL times were revealed. Ott structures
had caused deep disturbance. On the E side was found the W
part of a R building which is a continuation of the bath com-
plex; also remains of stone-built drains and road surfaces
against the R buildings. Overlying part of this area were frag-
mentary LR walls and a well filled in with ECh material. In
deeper levels, under the R buildings, a 2.55m stretch of the bot-
tom course of an ashlar wall was found running N/S, and set in
a level of sand; behind it was a stone fill. This probably is part
of the N fortification wall of the anc. city, part of which was
found earlier just SW on Herodotou. To the S on Verriopoulou
remains of large buildings were found, surrounding on N, W and
S a rectangular area at least 13 x 5.40m. The S and W buildings
are HL and the wall on the N is a later addition. On Kleovoulou
excavation continued of the house with mosaic floors, W of the
anc. gymnasium. Two rooms were excavated with mosaic floors
of the ECh period, the best preserved section depicting a kan-
tharos, two vine branches and partridges (in blue and green glass
tesserae) pecking the bunches of grapes (Fig. 145). These
mosaics were lifted and test trenches confirmed their ECh date
and revealed earlier, mainly HL, building phases. Well outside k _
the anc. city wall a HL building of uncertain use and a ER tile ' : 4
grave were found on Philinou, and on Ethnikis Antistaseos a tm
well whose upper fill contained HL and R sherds. (ADelt 686-9) 147. Kos, Kretika-Platani: Mycenaean tholos tomb

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
102 DAVID BLACKMAN
and the number of chamber tombs in the Aegean is very limit-
ed (Tenos, Panaztepe, Kolophon).
At the 4th km of the rural road a R cistern was found, with
two phases of use and a R building connected with irrigation.
(ADelt 690-2)
At Lampe, north of Kos city, the EMA investigated an area
50-70m offshore in 5-8m depth, where a marble statue had
been found; many stone architectural members were found part-
ly buried in the sand, some datable to the 6th-7th Cts AD, possi-
bly from a wreck of a ship bringing material for the construc-
tion of the ECh basilica excavated in 1935 at Kumburu, N of
Kos city at Point Skandario. (ADelt 729)
Kos Island. Kardamaina. W of the HL temple and part of
a ECh settlement excavated in the past (ADelt 37, 396), a small
test excavation to establish the extent and date of building
remains found ECh walls and destruction level and, farther N,
HL buildings at a deeper level. (ADelt 692)
Mastichari. Remains of ECh walls and destruction level
were confirmed. (ADelt 693)
Leipsoi
Inspection by the EMA of excavation work carried out in the
harbour without Service permission produced a few glazed Byz
shards. (ADelt 726)
Leros
Agia Marina (anc. Leros). The EMA studied the site of a pro-
posed refuge harbour for pleasure boats, down to 1lm depth,
and found in the W part of the bay anc. and mod. sherds, and
submerged walls of ECh or more mod. date; remains were bet-
ter preserved in the E part of the bay, including remains of a
ECh settlement with reused anc. building material. The sea bed
off the mod. settlement has many sherds and architectural mem-
bers, probably from the same ECh settlement. This bay was the
harbour of anc. Leros: for earlier excavations see ADelt 34,
461-2. (ADelt 727-8)
Nisyros
Mandraki. Excavation of the LR cistern, started in 1995, was
completed in 1996; it was surrounded by rooms with plastered
floors which suffered a destruction by fire. (ADelt 697)
Rhodes
Town. In Rhodes excavation on the 'mole of the windmills' on
the E side of the commercial harbour has revealed since 1999
important remains of the anc. wall or breakwater, built of large
poros blocks in about the same position and orientation as its
Med successor. (Epyov YIlHO 3, 203, omitted last year)
N sector. At 28 October and Phanouraki in the NW part of
the anc. city an anc. insula was found, defined by street P2oa on
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
148. Kos, Kretika-Platani: pottery from tholos tomb
the N, P38 on the E, P26 on the S and P28 on the W. The N/S
length of the insula was 32m, more than the normal 26.10m.
Remains of buildings of four phases were found from the 2nd
half of the 4th Ct BC with a fine andron and court. The second
phase is LHL, the third is 1st Ct BC/AD, and the fourth R. On
Ammochostou and Phanouraki remains of LHL buildings were
found at foundation level. (ADelt 672-5)
In the old city excavation of part of a large anc. building on
Ippodamou was started in 1994-5 by the 4th EBA, and contin-
ued in 1996 by the 22nd EPCA. (ADelt 675)
S sector. On Odos Venetokleion work continued in the area
of the 'lower gymnasium' and revealed the levelling of the rock
for its central court. (ADelt 675)
W Cemetery. On Odos Kamirou 12 pit graves were found
and two coffins; only one contained grave goods (late 4th Ct)
but all must date from the same period since anc. quarrying
removed all but the lowest part of the walls. One had traces of
primary cremation. The clay surfaces were found which may be
of a LHL cemetery road.
On the extension of Peiraios excavation of the site was com-
pleted with five more rock-cut pit graves and four coffins, cir-
cular in section (EHL); one grave contained an unpainted
hydria with a cremation burial. (ADelt 675-6)
Central cemetery. On Athenon and Lardou three rock-cut
pit graves were found disturbed and robbed, with a little 3rd-Ct
pottery; also the remains of eight rectangular and seven circular
coffins, mostly robbed. On Athenon (Tzoyia plot) 32 pit graves
were found, 12 coffins and two burial pits cut in the bedrock
containing cinerary urns. Few retained their cover slabs and
most were robbed. The grave goods were the usual ones for the
HL period (3rd Ct). On Papandreou and Volou 10 rectangular
rock-cut pit graves were located, six with cover slabs but only
three with grave goods relatively intact (1st half of 3rd Ct). On
Embonas and Ap. Pavlou three long rock-cut burial pits were
found, with traces of cremation. At Mytilenes seven rectangular
built tombs contained 3rd-Ct material. On Konst. Ydreou one
circular coffin and three rock-cut pit graves were found, badly
robbed; probably 1st half of the 1st Ct BC. (ADelt 676-9)
E cemetery. On Dendrinou near the HL fortifications a line
of five built chamber tombs was found oriented E/W, some with
plastered walls; all were robbed and cannot be certainly dated.
On Philerimou (Hatzisavva plot) another part was found of the
HL burial complex investigated in 1989 and 1991, with the
same stepped formation from W to E and rock-cut or built
tombs. Some funerary monuments (altars, stelae, large marble
vessels) had fallen from a rock-cut platform into the area of the
burials below. In the N part were six built and four rock-cut
tombs, LHL; some inscribed osteothekes of Lartian stone indi-
cate that this was a burial area for foreigners. In the SW part a
large built subterranean tomb still preserved part of the monu-

149-152. Rhodes, Pylona: pottery from the Aspropelia cemetary (not to standard scale)
2)
149. 'Zygouries' kylix 150. hydria
ment or altar above. In the central area (each grave group was
clearly defined by rock-cut and built walls) were four rock-cut
graves with Hadra type funerary hydriai (early 3rd Ct) and five
with osteothekes (3rd-Ct grave goods). Further grave goods at a
lower level to the E all contained 3rd-Ct material. (ADelt
679-83 & fig. 4)
Rhodes Island
Kamiros Skala. The ECh basilica and settlement, already erod-
ed by the sea, continue to be threatened by plans for major har-
bour development. (ADelt 731-2)
Kanamat. (S of Rodini). Three graves and 22 rectangular
and circular coffins were investigated, of HL date. (ADelt 683)
A semi-submerged quarry lies ca 1km S of the anc. cemetery
at Karakonero, discovered when illegal harbour construction
was interrupted by the EMA, which will continue investigation.
(ADelt 732)
Lindos. Restoration work continued in 1996 on the HL stoa
on the acropolis. Two further columns were re-erected, and
those columns previously re-erected in the E wing were taken
down. (ADelt 701-3)
Pylona. Search for further tombs in the Myc cemetery at
Aspropelia continued to the N and NE; NE of tomb 2 and 6m
from the E side of its dromos the dromos of another tomb was
found on the same N/S orientation, and serving two chambers,
5A and 5B. The main chamber 5B was badly damaged, but not
robbed. Chamber 5A was rock-cut on the W side of the dromos;
its door was still blocked but it was robbed through the roof in
the late 1st/early 2nd Ct when a tile-covered burial was made on
the N side of the chamber. The dromos is 10.80-90m long and
1.70m wide, narrowing to 1.55m at the tomb entrance; it slopes
down from 0.40-0.60m to 2.20-2.50m below the road surface;
the floor of tomb 5B was only 1.40m below and must have been
approached up a ramp from the dromos. Many sherds of LH
IIIA-C pottery were found in the dromos. Chamber 5A (2.50 x
2m) is earlier than 5B: the Myc sherds left against its S side are
LH III2A-IIIB or LH IIIA2: late. Chamber 5B (2.60m x
2.20m) was badly preserved, but three LH IIIB pots were found
intact on the floor in the E part, including a 'Zygouries' kylix
(Fig. 149); 19 in the N and central part, from late LH IIIA2
(Fig. 150: small hydria) to early IIIC (Fig. 151: small 3-handled
jug). Many bones from early burials were found heaped among
the pottery. The latest burial lay undisturbed along the W side
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 103
151. 3-handled jug
152. amphoriskos
with 3 pots ofLH IIIC: mid/late (Fig. 152: an amphoriskos) and
a bronze knife. A further Myc chamber tomb (6) was found on
the SW side of the hill, damaged and robbed in R times; the
chamber measured 3.80 x 2.65m; two LH IIIA2 late pots were
recovered. Tests on the NW and NE sides of the hill found no
further tombs. The surviving tombs are in line from SW to NE
and further tombs N and NE of tomb 5 must have been
destroyed by agricultural terracing. (ADelt 684-5)
Theologos. Excavation continued at the sanctuary of Apollo
Erethimios. (AR 1998/99, 112) The apothetes of amphoras and
overlying LHL everyday wares was defined and excavated. A
new area was opened to the N and W revealing a building of
stoa type, running E/W, with six rooms, two containing fallen
roof-tiles and one a burnt wooden column; date: LHL/ER. A
section cut between this building and the theatre revealed early
3rd-Ct building remains and a change of grid between stoa and
theatre. (ADelt 683-4)
Telendos
At the Porto Rotha hotel no clear remains were found underwa-
ter of any continuation of the ECh walls found on shore. S of
the hotel, below the basilica of Agios Vasileios, remains were
found on shore, and more in the water. (ADelt 728)
Telos
Leivadia Bay. Anc. remains seem to be concentrated in the S
part of the bay below Kastello hill, which bears remains of the
C fort and PR remains. SW of Agios Stephanos harbour are
remains of a bank of stones which may be anc., and NE of it
fragments of Rhodian amphoras of the 1st Ct BC have been
found concreted into the rocky seabed in depths up to 4m
104 DAVID BLACKMAN

(remains of a wreck?). At Agios Antonios the mod. harbour

tL 4L' ":' mole may have an anc. mole as its foundations. (ADelt 730-1)
Megalo Chorio. The anc. settlement was surveyed for the
\ zr:t~ - ? tb?t(, 8@,^ .9>>1 1> >first time by Prof. W. H6pfner and M. Philemonos of the 22nd
'--?cr t:, '-,,fi:~y,~:f~.}~;.}::' ; .::>/:.::~:!.::'EPCA (Fig. 153; see W. H6pfner, Geschichte des Wohnens
1[1999] 170-89). Remains of some 30 houses were defined,
~, ',. / *A>..12..w.. .. I and massive terrace walls. A test trench behind the terrace wall
,- . FI c' , , f SR! ' ' '/i ,2 >f!l' ' / Xof house 1 dates the house to the 6th Ct BC, with indications of
?.;@ iNR41\@ 1 . : . . .. .. '. i ' / / occupation of the hill from Myc times. Remains of the anc. for-
. ...:.:' > : .::;'' ! , ". .. ,. 'i /::' / tification walls were traced; little survived on the acropolis
* - .. m -,i- ..' /- . under the later Kastro (Fig. 154: SE comer of a tower), but the
': / ' .... ._tI:'. ': ..... ,' ,!'/ ,/;,: . .' N wall of the settlement was traced for 150-160m descending
/ ' W/E, and parts of the E wall within the mod. village (Fig. 155);

._? :::4?.: .. /'"5 J2' ' /';, , ,/// side of the hill is so sheer that little reinforcement was neces-
"- >; r 9v? ;f--Ji *'' ... j /, / i sary. The difference in construction on the steep slopes (polyg-
5ii1 -A .' t /.- / / / / onal) and at the foot of the hill (pseudo-isodomic trapeziform)
ii - -; J '//, I, does not necessarily indicate a difference in date; the combina-
ii . / /, /., ,;.W.: / / ~'/// t/ tion may be dated to the 4th or 3rd Ct. The wall was destroyed
..$---~._: t, / ! /,/ /' ~., by the earthquake of 227/6 BC and its reconstruction is epi-
___ ,/;-t.N-uJ,}/v/2,/ ,.K}Zz'/',.v3/zot ./ / /graphically attested (after Telos came under Rhodian control,
..... ~.~:.. ,'..-.~ -_J // mid/later 3rd Ct). It is suggested that the anc. settlement must
:..'...;-:-.:. . ...have been fortified well before the HL period. (ADelt 693-7)

CENTRAL CRETE
~- ; > ' i::, .,::
'.-.. ~9 <\/'' X' ' / m^ 1Agia Triada. The 1996 season (ADelt 647-8) was summarized
inAR 1996-97, 103.
153. Telos, Megalo Chorio: settlement area
Chersonesos. S. Mandalaki reports on the excavations con-
ducted at the site of Palatia, Apostolakis plot: a massive cistern
(58 x 22m, d. 5.50m) was probably the terminating point for the
R aqueduct which brought water from the spring of Agios
Panteleimonas to the anc. town of Chersonesos. The cistern was
built during the 2nd Ct AD and destroyed during the 4th Ct AD.
(ADelt 633-5)
N. Demopoulou reports on the handing over of a clay bull
figurine from Ano Chersonesos and of an important LHL
inscribed stele found built into a semi-destroyed building in the
area of Roussa Limni at Limin Chersonisou. (ADelt 645)

154. Telos, Megalo Chorio: fortifications, SE comer of a tower 155. Telos, Megalo Chorio: E wall of settlement

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 105

Galatas. G. Rethemiotakis reports on the 1996

excavation season, which has already been pub-
lished in Kritiki Estia 7 (1999) 224-41, summarized
inAR 1999-2000, 129-30. (ADelt, 635-8 and fig. 9:
Fig. 156: plan of the M palace)
G. Rethemiotakis reports on the 2001 excavation
season:

'The area in front of the NW entrance of the

palace was investigated, excavation of building 4
was completed and building 3 was dug including the
space between buildings 2 and 3. Building 4 con-
22
sists of two small rooms with entrances to the N fac-
ing the area of the great court. They date to LM
IIIA2-B according to the associated sparse pottery.
A large pithos was found in room A, which has par-
allels with the pithoi from the storage rooms in the
W wing of the Knossos Palace. The enclosed yard
was used for domestic outdoor activities around a e
central hearth. A chlorite sealstone depicting a
female dancer was also found.
NW court and streets: under the foundation of
building 4 sections of the paved court and street
leading to the NW wing of the palace were uncov-
ered. A raised walkway (w. 1.20m) was traced for
10m. The same street turns at 90? along the N facade
of building 3 leading towards the palace. The func-
tion of a circular feature constructed out of pithos
sherds located in the floor in front of the W facade
of the N wing remains uncertain. L-.
Building 3 is at least 230m2, but its NW part is
not preserved higher than bedrock. The central sec-
tion dates to MM IB (rooms 2, 3 and corridors 5, 6),
kvdxTOQO ralaid
but was re-used and expanded in MM IIIB and LM M.vd Al
IB. The original MM IB walls are strongly built with ,
roughly faced blocks. The walls of room 2 were, " MmUlm - YMUA

faced with small stones, possibly benches or bases - i'mu

for objects. The partly preserved floor was covered -

17dm - vmii

by two layers of plaster: the earlier orange coloured

plaster with a bright red surface, whereas the later
plaster floor was white. Immediately to the right of 156. Gals atas: Minoan palace
the entrance three small animal figurines were
placed one on top of the other within a shallow
depression. Along the E side of the room and on the floor MM
IB 'red fabric' vessels of the Kastelli workshop were found and
included carinated cups, a cylindrical cup and cups with a
'metallic' finish (walls thin in section). The nearby room 3 pre-
served a section of its paved floor, which continued into corri-
dor 5 underneath its blocked entrance. It was associated with
MM IB pottery. A large built 'kasella' along the N side con-
tained a few Neopalatial conical cups and a juglet.
Corridor 5 was paved in the old palace period but had sub-
sequently been cleaned and re-used during the Neopalatial peri-
od. A large stone serpentine lamp with foot was found within
the fill of the corridor.
Corridor 6 dates to the Neopalatial period whereas in MM IB
the area had a different appearance: across the centre of the
room were two balustrades set very close to each other. The area
was approached from the W exterior wall but only sections of
this were found. The entrance was equipped with F-shaped
limestone doorjambs; only the left one was found in situ.
Opposite the entrance there was a niche with a raised paving,
equipped with a bench. This feature can be interpreted as an old
palace period version of the balustrade shrine. The absence of
any finds is due to the re-use of the space within the Neopalatial
period. During this later phase the narrow gap between the
balustrades was eliminated and the space was used for storage.
Three pithoi, small vases, a fragmentary knife, two bronze
tweezers, a lead disc-shaped weight and chlorite sealstone
depicting a lion were found within a LM IB destruction deposit
which contained carbonized organic matter and disintegrated
mud-brick which formed the make-up of the roof. Apart from
the partial re-use of this MM IB building new sections were
added in MM IIIB along the N, E and W sides. The added walls
are of different construction, thinner with ashlar blocks along
their exterior face.
Rooms 1 and 4 (a and b) formed a complex of rooms con-
sisting of an anteroom and two interior rooms. The anteroom
was the largest and was possibly equipped with a central sup-
port for the ceiling founded on three slab-like stones positioned
in the centre of the room. The wide exterior door, located along
the W wall, was found blocked by a drystone wall, constructed
in LM IB when the function of the complex changed. The
destruction deposit, which was similar in nature to that of cor-
ridor 6, was traced only in sections: amongst the pottery found
was a large stirrup jar.
The threshold leading to room 4b was found in situ and bore
traces of the dowel holes for the doorway. The associated white
plaster floor was only partially preserved and associated with a
double doorway in MM IIIB. During LM IB this complex
changed function, when the double doorway was eliminated

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
106 DAVID BLACKMAN
157. Gortyn: stadium
andthe unified room 4 became a storage room. The floor was
slightly raised (and its fill contained exclusively MM IIIB pot-
tery) and was equipped with a large stand. The destruction
deposit of room 4 contained large quantities of high quality LM
IB pottery, two pithoi, a large rectangular serpentine offering
table, fragmentary stone vases, a potter's wheel and two thin
sheets of gold.
In conclusion, it seems that during LM IB the most impor-
tant parts of the building were abolished (such as rooms 4a and
4b) and emphasis was given to storage of goods and vessels. A
raised stand was possibly the base for an exterior staircase,
located E of the old palace period facade, which led to the upper
floor. There is a direct link between the palace and the extension
of the pre-existing house during MM IIIB; the latter probably
had an auxiliary function to the palace building if not as an
annexe to its N wing.
The paved court with the raised walkway described above is
defined by the W exterior wall of building 3 N wing. To the
west a room was added in MM IIIB. The fill contained large
quantities of badly preserved MM III pottery and included large
quantities of fragmentary conical cups, cups with a raised foot,
tripod cooking pots, shallow dishes and many animal bones.
The room seems to have been used for feasting ceremonies,
whereas the raised stand could have been used by individuals or
groups for display. The excavation record supports the argu-
ment that the organisation of ritual feasting ceremonies was an
important aspect of the palace and other large urban buildings
158. Gortyn: aerial view
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
such as building 3. It has been observed that assemblages of
cooking, eating and drinking vessels together with quantities of
animal and fish bones are found near or within rooms of the
palace or building 3. Such are the 'column hall', the 'pillar hall'
in relation to the kitchen along the E wing of the palace and
room 22 in the W wing of the palace and the Minoan Hall with
its supporting rooms in the N wing.
Area between buildings 2 and 3: a series of zig-zag walls
were discovered, running under the LM IB building 2 and fol-
lowing the W facade of building 3. The loose fill contained
Neopalatial pottery. At a lower level building remains dating to
MM IB were traced. EM I pottery including a sherd of the
Agios Onouphrios style was found. Scored ware pottery was
found in a sounding under the floor of building 3 corridor 6.'
Galeni. E. Banou and I. Serpetsidaki report on the discovery of
a large and impressive building at Petrokopio on the anc. route
connecting the area of Knossos with the Messara. The ashlar
masonry of the building bore three different mason's marks (A,
T, III). A large number of pithoi and pottery have good
Knossian parallels and date to MM IIIB-LM IA. (ADelt 623-4)
Gortyn. The 1996 season (ADelt 645-7) was summarized in
AR 1996-97, 104-5. A report on the joint excavation of the
Italian School and the 23- EPCA at the anc. agora, praetorium
and metropolis has been reported in Kritiki Estia 7 (1999)
284-95 and summarized in AR 1997-98, 112-3.
A. Di Vita (Italian School) reports on the 2001 season:
'Continuing from the 1999-2000 seasons, work in the stadi-
um (Fig. 157). proceeded in the area just inside the N analem-
ma wall, to define the stratigraphic sequence down to the levels
of the first phase of the monument. The occupation levels of the
first phase were defined, with the projection of the euthynteria
course and the W comer of the door-chamber.
The square of the altar: the area immediately W of the altar
was investigated, between it and the adjoining open room S of
the temple, which was excavated in 1999. Remains were found
of a wall preserved only at its foundation course, parallel to and
partly covered by the S wall of the room, and providing evi-
dence of an earlier arrangement of the area than we had hither-
to found. The complete demolition of earlier structures and lev-
elling up of the area attest precisely the time of construction of
the temple: passages were left at the side of the building and a
broad square behind it where the altar of OEe6s 'YjWtrTc6 still
functioned and where it was still possible to enter the stadium
which was then still functioning.
Investigation of the E road produced an impres-
sive stratigraphy with at least 10 surfaces. A large
number of blocks were recovered at the SW comer
of the 'temple of the Augustan Gods', enabling a
reconstruction of the architectural sequence.
D. Manacorda and E. Zanini carried out a mag-
netometer survey (FM36 fluxgate gradiometer) in
the area between the temple of Apollo Pythios and
the 'praetorium' complex (Fig. 158). Traces were
found of the grid of a LR and Byz domestic and
industrial quarter. The area chosen is crucial for the
study of the settlement plan of the C city and its later
transformation.
F. Ghedini and J. Bonetto carried out a magne-
tometer survey, with similar equipment, in the area
of the 'little theatre' beside the temple of Apollo;
anomalies were found the orientation of which sug-
gests structures related to the theatre, its stage build-
ing and a stoa connected with the theatre.'

Gournes (Apodoulou). The joint excavation of L. Godart
(University of Naples) and J. Tzedakis (Ministry of Culture)
continued in 2001. On the W side of the hill four rooms of the
early palace period were revealed, contemporary with structures
excavated in previous years on the S side of the hill; early
palace period pottery included 'barbotine' sherds. Above these
levels were found structures of the late palace period (LM IA
pottery), contemporary with those excavated by Sp. Marinatos
in the 1930s. On the S side of the hill was revealed another
storeroom for products brought in from the fields to the little
palace. The new room is clearly dated to MM IIB like all the
other storerooms on the S side of the hill.
While the hypothesis of destruction by earthquake followed
by fire is confirmed for the Early Palace Period, the destruction
of the Later Palace Period was caused by fire, but for reasons
not yet known.
Herakleion. Agios Ioannis. E. Banou reports on excavation at
the Apostolakis plot of a square cistern associated with R pot-
tery, including terra sigillata B of the 1st Ct AD. (ADelt 633)
A. Karetsou reports on the excavation at the archaeological
museum plot located 6m N of the museum, in the centre of
Herakleion. Architectural remains dating to the Ott period
included a well-preserved teke. Architectural remains dating to
the Venetian period were extensive, and included three built
wells. LR (3rd-4th Ct AD) building remains were discovered but
also extensive sections of a late st-mid 2nd Ct AD R villa. Five
of its rooms had mosaic floors, another had clay floor-tiles. The
mosaics belong to the group of mosaics from Knossos, such as
those from Apollinari and Villa Dionysos. Two R pottery kilns
were also discovered. An important ceramic sequence was dis-
covered for the 7th-1 8th Cts AD. (ADelt 621-3)
Mt Iouktas. N. Demopoulou reports on the handing over of EM
and old palace period pottery from the Stravomiti cave. From
the peak sanctuary site (Psili Korphi) a small clay animal fig-
urine was found as surface find. (ADelt 645)
Kaloi Limenes, Martsalos. A. Vasilakis reports on rescue
excavation at the coastal site of Martsalos, following illegal
excavation activities. A 150m2 seashore building was discov-
ered with walls preserved in places up to 1.20m high. Interior
walls had plaster with bands in red and blue colour. Pottery
from Phaistos dates to MM IIB (18th Ct BC). (ADelt 643-4)
Kastelliana. S. Mandalaki reports on the discovery of a much-
destroyed MM IIIB-LM IA building, possibly a farmstead,
located at the top of a natural elevation in the landscape
(Androulaki plot). (ADelt 640-1)
Kastri, Chondros (Viannou). B. Marsellou reports the discov-
ery of HL building remains associated with domestic pottery
(Mundelein Karla plot). (ADelt 644)
Keratokambos Viannou. G. Rethemiotakis reports the hand-
ing over of fragmentary animal and human figurines together
with fragmentary MM IIIB-LM IA, SM, G and A pottery. One
of the human figurines dates to LM IIIB, all others to SM and
PG. This important assemblage, presumably deriving from
some sanctuary, possibly came from illegal excavation at the
nearby hotel site. (ADelt 644-5)
Knossos, Venizelio Hospital. E. Grammatikaki reports on an
extensive rescue excavation programme conducted in the
immediate vicinity of the Venizelio Hospital, located in the out-
skirts of the R town of Knossos in the area of the N cemetery.
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 107
Finds include: a partly destroyed chamber tomb used during the
HL period as a rubbish dump; two LM IIIC-SM chamber
tombs; a monumental funerary building (mausoleum) of the 1st
Ct BC-1st Ct AD; a R cistern; remains of a large R building; a
complex of LR kilns; a 3.90m-wide paved road running
SW-NE which was traced for 17m, and was probably the main
approach to the cemetery; an LM II chamber tomb; HL and R
house remains; two wells used as rubbish dumps containing G
to R pottery; and a series of tombs of the 1st and 2nd Cts AD.
(ADelt 624-30)
Villa Dionysos. In 2000, Dr E. Hatzaki (BSA Knossos
Curator) conducted a test at the Villa Dionysos Viridarium (AR
2000-01, 130). In 2001, Prof. N. Coldstream processed the pot-
tery from the Gr and R levels; Mrs N. Coldsteam was draftsper-
son. Dr E. Hatzaki has completed the section on stratigraphy of
the M, Gr and R levels and is currently processing the M pot-
tery (one massive LM I fill). Dr A. Sarpaki supervised the pro-
cessing of the bio-archaeological samples collected during the
2000 excavation season. Mrs V. Isaakidou (UCL) is processing
the faunal material and Mrs A. Livarda (Sheffield University)
the seeds. Publication of the M, Gr and R levels is planned for
the 2003 BSA Annual.
Dr E. Hatzaki reports on the 2002 excavation season at the
Little Palace north section:
'The research objective is to place the Little Palace and
Unexplored Mansion sites within their urban contexts from the
M to the R period by employing a detailed recording and recov-
ery strategy. An area measuring 20m E/W x 3.5m N/S was exca-
vated in three trenches with one metre wide baulks between
them. The LP old metal fence formed the northern border of the
excavated area. Special emphasis was placed on recovery pro-
cedures, context recording, architectural and archaeological
section drawing, and intensive bio- and geo-archaeological
sampling. A complex architectural and stratigraphic sequence
was revealed of particular importance for the LM III period. G
occupation phases, although badly preserved due to subsequent
activities, are significant in their rarity, whereas the succeeding
R architectural remains and stratigraphic sequence will con-
tribute to our understanding of the town's later history. All
ancient remains are buried under thick layers of post-1900 soils
deriving from the Evans Little Palace, German 1942, but also
the Sackett and Popham Unexplored Mansion spoil heaps:
M levels: a branch of the Little Palace drain was found run-
ning NNW-SSE, also traces of paving associated with the main
part of the drain. The paving had been cut in mature LM IA by
the construction of an ashlar wall, founded on bedrock. The
nature and purpose of this ashlar wall remain obscure as its con-
struction seems to have been abandoned prior to its completion.
The Little Palace drain seems to have been eliminated when an
ashlar wall running N-S was constructed. This wall enclosed on
the west a white plastered courtyard opening to the north of the
Little Palace and dating to LM IIIA1/2. A succession of six
open-air surfaces dating at least up to LM IIIA2:late were
revealed, associated at a certain time with a drain outlet and
subsequently with two terrace walls. Preliminary dating of the
pottery confirms a ceramic sequence from LM II, LM IIIA1 to
LM IIIA2, although further study is necessary in order to define
whether the (elusive at Knossos) LM IIIB phase is present.
Parts of a substantial late LM IIIB (or early LM IIIC) house
were uncovered, partially built on top of the destroyed Little
Palace. Its foundation must be contemporary with the establish-
ment of the new houses at the Stratigraphical Museum exten-
sion site. At some time, a LM IIIC destruction debris seems to
have been re-deposited outside of the house. There are indica-
tions that the house's walls were visible and possibly used well
into the Iron Age.
108 DAVID BLACKMAN
G levels: as usual at Knossos G levels were severely dis-
turbed by later building phases. Nevertheless some occupation
surfaces have survived dating to the G period. Evidence for met-
allurgical activity in the form of a small fire pit dates to the O
period. Pits date to G, O and C periods. The upper fill in a well,
partially excavated by Evans, revealed a 1st Ct BC L HL deposit,
possibly related to a nearby contemporary paved surface.
R levels: remains of a R house, with at least two major build-
ing phases, were uncovered. The earliest phase is associated
with a paved area (impluvium?) and drain, the latest phase asso-
ciated with abandonment dating to 2nd Ct AD (roof tile collapse,
followed by wall collapse). Subsequently the house was severe-
ly robbed of its walls and other architectural fittings, sometimes
even of its deep foundations; robbing pits date to 2nd/3rd Ct AD.
Other contemporary pits probably reflect a variety of activities
in the area since they contain substantial quantities of butchered
bone, metal and glass slag. The continuation of a R road found
during the 1967 Unexplored Mansion excavations was traced
along the west edge of the excavated area. It predates the foun-
dation of the R aqueduct still visible along the north edge of the
Unexplored Mansion excavation'.
Kommos. Joseph and Maria Shaw (ASCS) report on the 26th
season (2001):
'We cleaned the site, also renewed its perimeter fence and
supported a high scarp that threatened to collapse. Toward the
end of the season, architect/archaeologist Clairy Palyvou began
a study of conservation for the site (scarps, cement work, joints)
that we plan to initiate next year (see below). Sifis Fasoulakis,
foreman and guard, continued his year-around work of planting
trees, bushes and vines near the perimeter fence and above
modern supporting walls. This year we had our first success in
rooting tamarisk trees NW of building T, thanks partly to water
supplied by the Pitsidia community. If these trees flourish they
will prevent sand from drifting onto the site as it has in the past.
At the study center/storeroom in Pitsidia our chief aim has
been to complete the fieldwork for vol. V on the monumental
Minoan buildings (the 'civic center') that partly underlie the
Greek sanctuary. By December we hope to have ready for our
editor Cy Strom the relevant chapters on architecture (J. Shaw),
pottery (A. Van de Moortel [ASCS] and J. Rutter [Dartmouth
College]), plasters (M. Shaw), as well as the concluding chapter
(J. Shaw and others). At the same time we are planning ahead
()
\^~sc plot and the Christophorakis plot building remains
A A
CCLcJ? "L-
159. Magarikari: Middle Minoan buildings
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
for a monograph on LM House X, rich in architecture and small
finds, that lies N of the civic center. Van de Moortel is also
working on an article on an unusually definitive MM IIB pot-
tery group. Deborah Ruscillo (University of Manitoba) has
done the fieldwork for a study of murex and purple dye.
Highlights in the past year have occurred in our on-going
publication series. In November, after years of effort in a com-
plex joint enterprise, volume IV, The Greek Sanctuary, emerged
in two parts, text and illustrations. This interdisciplinary work
encompasses the sanctuary's history from the time it was found-
ed ca 1,020 BC above the Minoan Palatial remains, through its
abandonment ca 170 AD, over a millennium of ritual activity.
Separate chapters detail the architecture and stratigraphy (J.
Shaw), graffiti and inscriptions (Csapo, Geagan, Johnston), the
pottery (Callaghan, Johnston, Hayes, Bikai), sculpture (M.
Shaw), miscellany (various), fauna (Reese, Rose) and flora (T.
and J. Shay), with a final chapter of synthesis (J. Shaw).
A second Kommos monograph, emerging as Hesperia
Supplement 30 as this report is written, is the analysis of the
LM IA Ceramic Kiln found in the S stoa of Palatial building
T. The kiln is the first of its type found of which the contents
and the rich ceramic dumps prove its function. Chapters on its
form and function (J. Shaw), pottery (Van de Moortel) and
ceramic analysis (Day, Kilikoglou) detail all aspects.
Now the Gr Sanctuary and the M kiln have been published,
and the way for the monumental M buildings and house X
seems clear, more of our major effort can be devoted to the
preparation of the site so that it can be opened to the public.
This entails simple conservation (above) but also the building
of an entranceway/guardhouse, sanitary and parking facilities,
paths, bridges and platforms, as proposed by James Stratis in
1998. We ourselves will take care of the walls and scarps, while
we are hoping that the Ephorate and the Archaeological Service,
with the help of EC funds, can complete the remainder. If this
cooperative effort is successful, the site will take its place along
with Aghia Triada, Gortyn and Phaistos as a main archaeologi-
cal attraction of Southern Crete.'
Lendas. A. Vasilakis reports on rescue excavations conducted
at the R settlement which included the following: at the
Apostolakis plot cisterns and building remains were associated
with domestic pottery, lamps, glass and iron fragments and bone
pins. At the Kotsiphakis plot part of a large R building dating to
the 2nd-3rd Ct AD was discovered. At the Papadakis
plot, two monolithic columns were discovered asso-
ciated with 2nd-3rd Ct AD pottery. At the Petrakis
were uncovered, associated with domestic pottery.
"0>t&?i At the Sphiridakis plot building remains associated
with domestic pottery of the 3rd4th Ct AD were
found. At the Tsapakis plot 5th-6th Ct AD domestic
A O pottery was collected. Six monolithic columns of a
grey-white marble were discovered fallen in an
E-W direction at the Palieraki plot. Excavation will
continue in the following year. (ADelt 642-3)
Magarikari. E. Andonakaki reports the discovery of
two MM buildings with apsidal room and ante-cham-
ber (Fig. 159) at Kokkinichoma (Kougioumtsakis
plot). Further excavation revealed that the use of
these was not funerary as they contained large quan-
tities of ash and very fragmentary and sparse MM IA
to MM III pottery. The two buildings, judging from
the mountainous location, were possibly associated
with pastoral activities. (ADelt 641)

Malia. A team from the French School led by A. Faroux and
J. Driessen completed their study of the stratigraphy of area Nu
concentrating on material from pit 1 excavated in 1965 by A.
Dessenne, in 1977 by J.-C. Poursat and in the campaigns of
1988 and 1989. The pottery ranged from LM III A2-B1 with a
few MM and LMI sherds. The LM III material (mostly eating
and drinking vessels) was of exceptional quality and included:
stirrup jars (large and small), cups (conical and otherwise),
bowls (shallow and deep), kylikes, kalathoi, ladles, pyxides,
kraters, tripods (and other ceramic vessel supports), and frag-
ments of terracotta tiles. There were also the hieroglyphic
tablets already published and fragments of bronze objects and
pots imported from Chania.
The number of pots from pit 1 was estimated at ca 530, far
more than from pits 2 and 3 (ca 50 and 25 respectively). Few
could be entirely restored, suggesting that they were broken
before being thrown away. Some joins were found between
sherds from pit 1 and sherds found beneath the last occupation
level and it was concluded that pit 1 contained remains of a
destruction level before the last occupation, possibly a ritual
deposit (e.g. after a festival?); a large number of joins were
made within the pit itself, indicating that it was the result, main-
ly, of a single event. It was observed that digging pits round
habitations seems to have been typical of Crete in LM III, but
was not a Minoan custom.
Different members of the team were involved in: the
descriptions of pots; drawings; conservation work (50 complete
pots restored); taking pottery samples for analysis in the
Demokritos laboratory; completing the pottery catalogue (550
complete pots); checking descriptions and drawings; studying
motifs, small finds, ceramic tiles and obsidian objects.
The human remains were re-studied and a second victim
(female) of the earthquake which destroyed the complex was
found. These bones (unlike those of the 25-year-old man) were
dispersed and had been previously recorded as animal bones.
The architectural study was continued and comparisons
made with other LM III sites. The description of individual
rooms and objects from past excavations were integrated into
the stratigraphical study.
P. Darque, A. van de Moortel and a team from the French
School continued their study of the area NE of the palace. All
the Neopalatial pottery was examined and the working docu-
ments on the main Neopalatial deposits were edited. The exca-
vation day-books were entered on a Filemaker data base, mak-
ing the 936 stratigraphic units of the excavation accessible to
the whole team. Further study was carried out on the stone
vases and on the architectural and stratigraphic records. 250
pots were drawn and of these nearly 100 have reached a final
form with the help of the Adobe Illustrator programme. All the
photographic records were digitized at the French School in
preparation for the final publication.
A paper entitled 'Late Minoan I architectural phases and
ceramic chronology of Malia' was read by P. Darcque and A.
van de Moortel at the Cretological Congress in October, com-
paring the three Neopalatial architectural phases of the site with
the four stages of ceramic development during LM I. Their con-
clusions confirmed that the palace ceased to function at the end
of LM IB.
Meleses. G. Rethemiotakis reports the discovery of masonry,
brought to light by deep ploughing, which is associated with HL
pottery. Finds include a pithos and pottery dating to the 3rd Ct
BC. Report published in Kritiki Estia 7 (1999) 241 and summa-
rized in AR 1999-2000, 139. (ADelt 638)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 109
160. Phaistos: area south of 'house south of the ramp'
Phaistos. V. La Rosa (Italian School) reports on the 2001 season:
'Re-examination of the stratification of the Levi excavation
continued with a test excavation in the area of the North Road.
S of the 'House S of the Ramp' we investigated a limited area
between the side of the 'G road' on the E and wall M/49
(already excavated by Levi) on the S. The considerable deposit
(up to 4m) preserved a long sequence covering at least 4 mil-
lennia, from the R imperial period to the Neolithic (Fig. 160).
The most important find was probably the remains, with many
gaps, of a monumental structure, with a long, slightly rhomboid
plan, which can be dated to the Neopalatial period. Inside the
building on the E side was a staircase leading to a paved area
(also of LM IB); we have here probably a basement (ca 8 x
3.50m) approached by the staircase. This structure, lying fairly
close to the W court and substantially contemporary with the
reconstruction of the palace, is an unexpected element in the
city grid of the Neopalatial period, but difficult to assess
because we cannot define its function.
For the first time at Phaistos we have a sequence of four
rooms preserved (o/1, 2, 3, 4) from the N period to the end of
the Prepalatial period, with different wall constructions but the
same orientation as the great wall of the EM II house found last
year.
Of room -c/ the SW comer is preserved and a rich destruc-
tion level dating to a transitional phase EM III/MM IA. Such a
phase, completely distinguished only this year, is characterized
by three ceramic shapes, related to sherds of the 'white style':
bell-shaped small bowls (all polished, with or without spout),
handle-less cups with low walls and strong finger-marks of the
potter on the base, and small plates with discoid foot, also with
clear finger-marks.
Of room oa/2 we can only reconstruct the outer face of the W
wall, below the E wall of the 'basement', with EM III sherds
from the overlying level.
Of room (/3 we have only the SW comer, dated to EM II
and sealed under a layer of nodular concrete; this technique of
back-filling and arranging earlier remains was identified by
Levi in the quarter SW of the First Palace, and must be dated at
least a millennium earlier.'
Poros, Katsambas. E. Banou reports on the discovery of
remains of a M building at the Liounis plot associated with LM
IB and LM IIIA pottery. LM II and LM IIIB pottery was also
found, but not necessarily associated with building remains. A
thick destruction deposit contained LM IIIA1 pottery. A LM IB
destruction deposit, rich in pottery, was found at a lower level.
(ADelt 630-2)
N. Demopoulou reports on the M remains at Odos Nisyrou:
a 2 x 1.30 x 0.60m pit, which was cut into bedrock, contained
110 DAVID BLACKMAN
pottery dating to MM IA, MM IB-IIA, MM III/IIIB-LM IA. A
complete bronze ingot was found 20m to the S. (ADelt 632-3)
N. Demopoulou also reports the discovery of M remains at
Odos Nidas: a natural cavity in the bedrock was used as a rub-
bish dump predominantly in the Neopalatial period and con-
tained MM III/IIIB-LM IA pottery but also MM IB-II. The
existence of a series of rubbish pits along the outskirts of the M
settlement of Poros containing a variety of material from differ-
ent contexts (workshops, houses) implies well organized clean-
ing operations during the late Neopalatial or early Postpalatial
period. (ADelt 633)
Protoria. S. Mandalaki reports the discovery of a small Byz
cistern at Lenika (Papadakis plot). (ADelt 641)
Rotasi. S. Mandalaki reports the discovery at Xerokambos of a
R cistern associated with pithos fragments and small concentra-
tions of R pottery (Kablentaki plot). (ADelt 641)
Skinias. S. Mandalaki reports the discovery at a site called
Kolokithi (Galanaki plot) of a M building associated with
ample LM I pottery including conical cups but also loom-
weights. The building was much destroyed by illegal excava-
tion. (ADelt 641)
Smari. D. Hatzi-Vallianou (Archaeological Institute of Crete)
reports on the continued excavations at the acropolis of Smari.
In room El, on the S side of the acropolis, a M destruction
deposit was found dating to MM IB-II. Excavation continued in
the central room of megaron A. Along the W wall and below the
level of the EG foundation the cranium of a bull was discovered
placed on a stone construction, possibly a M wall. The cranium
was associated with stone querns, carbonized seeds and conical
cup sherds, bones and horns. In the opisthodomos of megaron A
two architectural phases are represented by distinct architectur-
al features, such as the two superimposed stone thresholds dat-
ing to the LG-O and EG periods but also associated deposits.
The opisthodomos of megaron B is associated with paving
dated by the associated pottery to the LG-O period. Along the
N side of the acropolis between megaron A and the N peribolos
was found much disturbed G-O paving associated with pottery
deriving from large vessels such as pithoi. Within the Athena
sanctuary a small sounding was made down to M levels; outside
of the N wall a complete female bust of Athena was found sim-
ilar to those found in the interior of the sanctuary during the
1995 excavation season (cf. ADelt 50, 784-6 fig. 4). The area
outside the W peribolos was also investigated; the M walls must
have been visible during the G-O periods. Furthermore, no but-
tresses were discovered. (ADelt 665-70)
Trypete. A. Vasilakis reports on the excavation at Phylakas of
a three-roomed HL house associated with 2nd and 1st Ct BC pot-
tery and fair quantities of animal bones and shells. (ADelt 644)
Tsoutsouros. S. Mandalaki reports on the excavation of the R
cemetery of the anc. town at the Mavromati-Papadatou plot;
107 tombs were excavated dating from the 2nd to the 4th Ct AD.
Tombs are of either the shaft grave or the hut grave type. (ADelt
638-40)
B. Marselou reports on the excavation of two tombs dating
to the HL-R period, located NE of the nearby Eileithyia cave at
the Petrougaki-Christaki plot. (ADelt 640)
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
EASTERN CRETE
Agios Charalambos. Th. Iliopoulos reports on the rescue exca-
vation conducted at Gerontomouri Lasithiou: a large section of
an MM IIIB-LM IA burial pithos was discovered, similar in
type to those from the contemporary cemeteries of Pachia
Ammos and Sphoungaras. This discovery indicates that the site
of Pervoli might be the location of the cemetery for the nearby
M settlement. (ADelt 654)
Philip P. Betancourt (ASCS) and Costis Davaras (University
of Athens) report on the 2001 study season:
'The Agios Charalambos Project worked in Crete in
July-August, 2001. Sherds from the excavations of 1976-1983
were moved from the Agios Nikolaos Museum to the INSTAP
Study Center where they were studied in detail. Plans were also
made for the beginning of excavations in 2002.
Sherds from excavations of 1976, 1982 and 1983 (cf. AR
1990-91, 70) had all been saved, so that good results were
obtained from their detailed examination. The fragments were
divided first by fabric, then by shape and date, and finally by the
portion of the vessel preserved (rim sherds, body sherds, han-
dles, spouts, etc.). All sherds were recorded on statistical tables
that presented a detailed statistical division of the pottery. The
total (over 18,000 sherds) was large enough for good statistics.
Individual examples of each class were drawn, measured, and
described individually. The results of the study provide sub-
stantial amounts of new information about the pottery of the site
of Agios Charalambos itself as well as the history of the Lasithi
Plain in general.
The pottery provides a good basis for the chronology of the
burial cave. The earliest material, as noted by the excavator at
the time of the excavation, consists of coarse, heavily bur-
nished, handmade pottery from the FN period to EM IA period.
Vessel shapes from this phase include open cups and bowls,
flat-based bowls on high bases, and only a few closed vessels.
Also present are sherds from EM and MM, including dis-
tinctive pieces from EM I, EM IIA, EM IIB, and EM III, as well
as from MM I and II. The cave must represent a community
with a continuous habitation from FN to MM IIB. Sherds from
later periods include pieces from LM III and R Imperial times,
but they are too few to suggest anything other than a casual
presence. The main period of the cave's use is EM III to MM II.
In addition to the local production of ceramics, several class-
es of imported pieces could be recognized. These imported
sherds demonstrate that the Lasithi Plain was in close contact
with other parts of Crete as early as EM I, and that a widespread
trade in clay vessels was already in place at this early period.'
Agios Nikolaos. V. Zographaki reports on the excavation at the
junction of Odos Lasthenous, 25th March and Sfakianakis.
Further evidence for the HL-R town of Lato pros Kamara
included the discovery of at least five buildings. (ADelt 657-8)
Anginaras. Th. Iliopoulos reports on the discovery of an exten-
sive M and HL/R settlement SW of the coastal plain of Milatos.
Surface finds include Neopalatial pottery. HL tombs were also
identified. (ADelt 658)
Chalasmenos. The 1996 season (ADelt 662-3) was covered in
AR 1996-97, 113.
Chrysokamino. The 1996 season (ADelt 663-4) was covered
inAR 1996-97, 113-4.
Gournia. The 1996 season (ADelt 663) was covered in AR
1996-97, 114.

Itanos. Didier Viviers (French School) reports on the 2001 sea-
son:
'The EFA with the Institute of Mediterranean Studies
(Rethymnon) and the 24th EPCA surveyed part of the territory
of the ancient city, and finished the cartography and description
of sites previously found. Some 30 extra areas of occupation
were identified, bringing the number of documented sites to 120
in the immediate vicinity of the city centre.
Each site has been mapped by the GPS and the numerisation
of the 1:5000 geographical map of the Military Institute of
Geography on an Auto CAD file has provided an efficient,
adaptable cartographic tool. All points recorded by the GPS
were transferred onto the digital map.
Surface collection of sherds on known sites has provided a
relatively precise chronology for most settlements. There were
three major occupation phases: FN and EM settlements lay high
up on rocky spurs without dense occupation and with associat-
ed funerary monuments; Neopalatial (LM IA) settlements
densely covered the whole area, especially the plains, with large
ramshackle buildings every 300m or so, often surrounded by an
enclosure wall; after a period of almost complete desertion the
territory was resettled in the HL and R periods with buildings
sometimes superimposed on M structures. The only trace of C
occupation so far is limited to the urban and suburban areas
including the sanctuary of Demeter at Vamies.'
Kalamafka Ierapetras. B. Apostolakou reports on the discov-
ery of anc. building remains, possibly associated with anc.
Larisa. (ADelt 654-5)
Kavousi. The 1996 season (ADelt 661-2) was covered in AR
1996-97, 114. Geraldine C. Gesell (ASCS) reports on the 2001
study season:
'The emphasis was on coordination of the Vronda and
Kastro teams in preparation for publication of both sites as well
as the individual study of material.
Work at Vronda concentrated on the final study of material
from the LM IIIC settlement for publication. This included the
inking and digitising of architectural and stratigraphic sections
to accompany the previously completed plans of the site and
individual buildings, as well as the completion of the catalogues
of pottery and objects by deposit, room, and building for all the
buildings on the site. Analysis of the animal bones (Lynn
Snyder) continued for the whole settlement and by context. The
discussion of the architecture, stratigraphy, and finds from indi-
vidual buildings, along with a functional analysis of the rooms
and buildings and a statistical analysis of the pottery, was com-
pleted for buildings A/B, E, L/M, Q (Leslie Day), C (Nancy
Klein) and J/K (Lee Ann Turner). The discussion of buildings D
(Klein) and I-O-N (Kevin Glowacki) progressed. Of particular
importance was the restudy of buildings J and K to re-evaluate
the extent to which these had been disturbed by the later graves,
which were particularly thick in the area. Specialist studies con-
tinued off site; the analysis of the botanical remains (Kimberly,
Flint-Hamilton) is nearly finished, and an appendix of the mag-
netic studies of the kiln has been submitted by M.E. Evans. The
radiocarbon dating of carbon samples has been completed.
Once the individual units have been fully analysed, it will be
possible for other specialists to complete their analyses of the
stone tools (Heidi Dierckx), figurines (Geraldine Gesell), archi-
tecture (Klein), and pottery (Day). A completed text on the LM
IIIC Settlement is expected in 2002.
The work on the material from the LM IIIC shrine at Vronda
continued as well (Gesell). All the drawings of the cult materi-
al (including the figurines from other buildings) have now been
checked. Some corrections were made during the 2001 season
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 111
and final inking and scanning will be completed during the win-
ter. Fragments that could not be identified as going with the
numbered goddesses and snake tubes were studied again last
summer and final write-ups of these have been completed. The
discussion of the shrine analysis with Klein (architecture) and
Glowacki (pottery) continued.
A display case of six objects from the Vronda shrine has
been on exhibit in the Ierapetra Museum for two years. The
exhibits of the Vronda window frame and the reconstruction of
grave 26, a Vronda cremation burial, are being completed in
time for a visit by Cretological Congress participants. Artifacts
from the Vronda and Kastro settlements have been chosen for a
second display case of Kavousi material.'
Kritsa Merabelou. M. Tsipopoulou & L. Vagnetti report on the
cleaning of two small LM IIIC-PG tholoi at Lakki, which are
preserved in fairly good condition. (ADelt 659)
Lasithi mountains. Th. Iliopoulos reports on the following dis-
coveries: in the small Kloros valley, S of Kaminaki, there is a
large 47x27m building; on the hill of Aphendis Christos
Kaminakiou (known EM-MM site) fragments of a burial pithos
were found; on Mt Entihtis, S of the Mari plateau, N or EM I
sherds were located together with obsidian flakes; at Seli a new
building was discovered, and MM burials are located within a
small cave and rock clefts; above Krasi a recently robbed G-A
tomb was found. (ADelt 658)
Milatos Merambellou, Chalases. Th. Iliopoulos reports on the
discovery of sparse remains of coarse M pottery, deriving from
anc. buildings destroyed by a nearby torrent. (ADelt 654)
Mochlos. J. Soles (ASCS) and C. Davaras (Univ. of Athens)
report on the 2001 season:
'We spent the 2001 field season conserving and studying
finds from the excavations carried out in 1989-1994. We con-
centrated on the preparation of the second volume in the
Mochlos Series, Mochlos Period IV: The Mycenaean Settlement
and Cemetery, which we are publishing in a synergasia with
Nikos Papadakis. We also continued our pottery studies for the
third volume. We completed and submitted our first volume,
Mochlos Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast, The
Artisans' Quarter and the Chalinomouri Farmhouse, to the
publisher.'
Palaikastro. The Palaikastro team (BSA) continued their year-
round study and conservation programme in 2001, concentrat-
ing on the final reports of their 1986-96 excavations at
Roussolakkos.
A limited geological survey was carried out on shore, partic-
ularly in Ta Skaria quarry; some work remains to be done on the
harbour area when a permit is available for work in the water.
A team from the Fitch Laboratory (BSA) conducted suc-
cessful magnetic and resistivity surveys, after the autumn rains
of 2000, in the fields E of Block X and the site of the temple of
Diktaian Zeus. They found evidence for extensive architectural
remains. These cover approximately 8,000-9,000m2, and are
consistently on an alignment E of N, which would be consistent
with an interpretation as the major central building. Test trench-
es are needed to confirm the findings. Palaikastro was listed as
an endangered site by the World Monument Find, in view of the
growing threats of development.
Petras Siteias. M. Tsipopoulou reports on the finds of the 1996
excavation, which were published in Kritiki Estia 7 (1999) 298-
310 and summarized in AR 1999-2000, 144. (ADelt 649-51)
112 DAVID BLACKMAN
Praisos. N. Papadakis reports on the discovery of a robbed
tomb located near the peak of Praisos acropolis A. The funerary
chamber was dug into the soft bedrock; it had an entrance to the
NW and this was approached by a downward sloping 2.15m-
long dromos. The presence of ample roof-tiles suggests that the
dromos had a tiled roof supported by wooden beams. The bur-
ial chamber bore badly-preserved traces of a red plaster surface.
Three rock-cut cavities along the burial chamber's walls and a
series of iron nails attached to the plastered wall and ceiling
suggest religious activities. The small amounts of bg pottery
date the tomb to the HL period. (ADelt 652-3)
Dr James Whitley (BSA) reports on the sixth study season in
2001:
'Work concentrated on tracts surveyed in 1994 and 1998
around the ancient city itself. The reference collection of A to
HL sherds established in the 1999 and 2000 study seasons was
used to date the finds. The majority of the finds were of A to HL
date, with an overlay of Venetian and Turkish pottery in the S
tracts. Med settlement in this area seems to begin earlier than
we had anticipated. The discovery of at least two 1 Ith-Ct sgraf-
fito sherds pushes back the earliest confirmed date of the Med
settlement of Praisos. Whether or not this occupation developed
continuously from the R 'villa rustica' in this location (see
below) cannot be confirmed, in view of our poor understanding
of EByz and Arab pottery.
The impression formed in the 1998 survey season, that the
city did not extend very far down the E or N slopes of the first
acropolis, was confirmed. Occupation seems to have been
densest on the lower W slopes of the first and second acrop-
oleis. Though relatively little material of IA date could be noted,
relatively high levels of BA material appeared on the lower
slopes. Rarely does this material resolve itself into concentra-
tions we could call sites, and nowhere is it associated with any
architecture. Much of this BA material appears to be substan-
tially earlier than LM IIIC. More striking was the high number
of R sherds from the same area as the later Venetian village.
These consisted of R cooking wares, some terra sigillata and
even some African red slipped. This is the only concentration of
R finewares that has been encountered in the survey, and sug-
gests that something like a 'villa rustica' was established on the
S slopes of Praisos sometime in the 1st Ct AD.
Whether or not this R occupation might merely have been
the continuation of occupation from earlier times remains an
161. Vasilike Ierapetras, Kephala: building E
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
open question. In the last report (AR 2000-01, 138-9) we noted
that our survey had found nothing to contradict the traditional
view that Praisos, which, as Strabo recounts, 'the Hierapytnians
destroyed', ceased to be occupied after ca 140 BC. But the find
of at least one flaring rim bowl, together with some other mate-
rial of LHL date, may force us to revise this view.'
Schisma Eloundas. V. Zographaki reports on the excavation of
two robbed pit graves containing badly-preserved human bones
and amphora fragments (Agapoulaki plot). Four robbed graves
contained finds such as a fragmentary glass vessel, gold foil and
bronze coin (Alykes, Petrakis plot). Th. Iliopoulos reports on
the cleaning operation on the peak of a low hill at the Pirgos
Pinon site, previously identified by Van Effenterre. A large
(9.80 x 7.30m) building is dated by the associated pottery to the
3rd Ct BC. Several of the interior and exterior blocks of this
building bore inscriptions dating also to the 3rd Ct BC. SW of
this building, a horos was found carved on bedrock bearing the
following inscription YTAAIA EK HOAIOS AAFIII; a graffito
shows a female figure hunting with a bow an agrimi; above the
woman's head is preserved:APTEMIA. (ADelt 657)
Traostalos, Zakros. S. Chrysoulaki reports on the excavation
at the Peak Sanctuary of Traostalos, which has been published
in Kritiki Estia 7 (1999) 310-17 and summarised in AR
1999-2000, 145-6. (ADelt 660-1)
Trypetos Siteias. N. Papadakis reports on the continuing exca-
vation at the Plakaki-Drakaki plot (see AR 1999-2000, 146).
More HL buildings came to light; in one a bronze coin of Argos
dating to the late 3rd-mid 2nd Ct BC was found. In 'sector B' a
paved room, equipped with a stone bench and a small bothros
was found associated with domestic pottery (loom-weights and
many amphora fragments). Among the most interesting rooms
in terms of finds was room B 13 which produced much domes-
tic pottery including cooking pots, lekanai, oinochoai, a crater,
pithoi, loomweights, bronze and iron nails. (ADelt 651-2)
Vasilike Ierapetras. Th. Iliopoulos reports on continued exca-
vation at the important LM IIIC settlement at Kephala (see AR
1999-2000, 146 with references). Excavation concentrated on
building E, which contributes to our knowledge of LM IIIC-PG
sanctuaries. The building consists of eight rooms
(Fig. 161) divided into three wings. The main wing
consists of rooms related to the organization of cult
practices; room E6 had two column-bases posi-
tioned on either side of a clay-plastered hearth; a cir-
cular construction, possibly a bothros, was found in
the NW comer of the room. E7 was a small room
containing tripod cooking pots and small pithoi. The
N wing was probably the area devoted to ritual:
room E3 had a low bench surrounding its walls
whereas a low altar resembles the LM IIIC 'altar' in
the sanctuary at Kea. Statues of goddesses with
raised hands, small vessels and a mass of pebbles
were found in E4 (5x4m). (ADelt 653-4)
Viglia Ierapetras. B. Apostolakou reports the dis-
covery of a badly-preserved LR building (Malliotaki
plot). A 40m2 room had a mosaic floor with geo-
metrical and floral patterns. Unfortunately the cen-
tral panel was not well preserved, but it included the
following inscription in black tesserae EICILLIN.
Remains of a R wall and drain were discovered at
the Modatsou plot. (ADelt 655)

Vrokastro. The 1996 season (ADelt 663) was covered in AR
1996-97, 118. Barbara Hayden (ASCS) reports on the 2001
Vrokastro Pottery Study:
'The purpose of this study was to reexamine pottery system-
atically collected from sites of LM IIIC to 7th-Ct date in the N
half of the Vrokastro survey area, now in storage at the INSTAP
research facility in E Crete, in order to prepare a synopsis or
description of pottery from these periods, which will be includ-
ed in an article that is being written on the LM IIIC-LG settle-
ment within the Vrokastro area. A catalogue of pottery shapes
may not be included in the LM IIIC-EIA article, since a repre-
sentative number of these shapes, especially from Vrokastro,
will be included in volumes 1 and 2 of the Vrokastro reports.
However, fabrics can be described, with other data concerning
percentages of wares (coarse to fine) and shapes recovered.
The Vrokastro pottery, which was collected along transects
that extended from N to S over the peak, was strewn and exam-
ined in September 2001. From this assemblage a study collec-
tion of Vrokastro pottery was selected which was divided into
coarse wares, that is, cooking and storage shapes; medium-
coarse wares-this included cooking, storage, and a few other
shapes, such as large bowls, lekanes, pitchers, and kalathoi; and
fine wares, including cups, bowls, small jars, pitchers, kalathoi,
stirrup jars, and kylikes.
These basic ware groups were also subdivided by chronolo-
gy, into LM IIIC, PR, and G subgroups. These in turn were sep-
arated, where possible, by dominant inclusion into four basic
groups: quartz/feldspar; limestone; phyllite; or granodiorite.
This last subdivision, by dominant inclusion, was not always
possible for the medium-coarse and fine-ware groups, since
inclusions were often mixed or not visible.
Sherds in the Vrokastro survey collection were described,
measured, and Munselled, and some sherds were drawn. The
Vrokastro group was then used for comparative purposes as
pottery of LM IIIC-G date, collected from other sites in the
region, was examined. This was just the second opportunity
afforded since the survey pottery was collected to strew by
chronological period (the first attempt to do this was with the
FN-EM IIA material for the Hayden/Strasser article).
The sample from Vrokastro, which consists of two boxes in
the study collection, is 15-20% LM IIIC and approximately
15% PG. The PG period is recognizable primarily in small
stemmed cups with everted rims and raised conical bases of
larger vessels, and occasionally in a fine to medium-coarse jar
body sherd with a PG motif. It is quite probable that more PG
body sherds within the collection were not recognized. This
sample collection taken from transects walked from N to S over
the Vrokastro summit is evidence, therefore, of PG occupation
on the summit and N slope of the mountain. The remaining per-
centage, at least 60%, appears to date to the G period, and pri-
marily late in that period. Within this last group, however, some
few sherds could be as early as PGB.
In terms of the LM III coarse wares, some of the cooking
ware, with bright orange clay, no surface, not particularly hard-
fired, and containing primarily large quartz/feldspar inclusions,
is also found at Neopalatial sites within the survey area. This
fabric may therefore continue from MM III to LM III.
Primarily, however, LM III Vrokastro cooking fabrics consist of
a red to red-brown clay with large white inclusions
(quartz/feldspar), and where surface is preserved, it consists of
a thick red slip. Tripod legs are round, sometimes deeply
incised, with finger or thumb impressions at the base.
Sometimes the core reveals that an extra layer of clay has been
wrapped around the leg, perhaps during attachment. This clay
wall forms the edge of the deep cleft, or incision, on the front of
the leg. Cooking pot rims can be everted, or rounded above a
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 113
convex, inturing wall; the latter continues a LM I-III local
shape. The dominant inclusions in the local cooking fabrics are
quartz/feldspar, limestone or calcareous, mica, granodiorite,
with occasional chert. Some of the legless cooking pots are in a
fabric that resembles the earlier Mirabello cooking fabric, but
this later fabric is harder-fired, with a better-preserved surface.
This is testament to how long this fabric tradition continues in
the Vrokastro area. Indeed, the manufacture of granodiorite-
tempered jars continues well into the Gr period within this area.
In the coarse-ware group, about one third of the cooking
wares are phyllite-tempered. This hard inclusion is not part of
the local geology; thus some shapes must have been imported
or brought to the site by families moving into the area. These
shapes are probably imports from farther east, possibly from
sites beyond the Isthmus of Hierapetra.
Two thirds of the LM IIIC storage wares again contain
quartz/feldspar, granodiorite, and plant temper; one third con-
tains phyllite as the main temper, and rare fabrics contain some
granodiorite and phyllite (these from the Gournia area?). Thick
slip preserved on these granodiorite-tempered sherds is pink to
tan, cream, or yellow colored and always impressed with bits of
plant temper. This fabric type probably continues into PG, and
a related, later fabric type can be seen in pithoi and jars of the
Gr period from the Meseleroi (Oleros) area (these manufactured
to the 5th Ct or later). There may be a tendency for this or a sim-
ilar fabric to be harder-fired in periods after LM IIIC; this
equates to a heavier, denser fabric with an orange to red core
and less visible plant temper. The slipped surface, where pre-
served, is identical to earlier examples.
The LM IIIC medium-coarse jar wares consist of a white to
yellow clay tempered primarily with quartz, and sometimes with
granodiorite and mica. The LM IIIC fine ware can probably be
dated early and late in this period, based on kylix shapes. Little
change in these IIIC fine fabrics could be identified or described
from sherds collected from the surface, but IIIC: late may be
represented by coarser, harder-fired fabrics in this group.
In the coarse-ware category, Vrokastro PG and G pithoid jars
are more extensively tempered with quartz and limestone, and
there appears to be a higher proportion of jars with phyllite or
quartz/phyllite temper. Since it is difficult to distinguish undec-
orated PG from G in jar body sherds, proportions of fabric types
cannot be assessed without stratified material. One fabric is a
hard-fired gritty orange with quartz, mica, limestone, and a few
pieces of phyllite, and another pink to red/orange fabric is
densely tempered with brown-red phyllite Phyllite tempers are
also evident in the medium-coarse group, especially in the
everted rims of fairly thin-walled cooking-ware jars that must
belong to the PG or G periods. During these later periods, cook-
ing wares in the study collection appear to be primarily tem-
pered with phyllite and quartz, which again suggests an exter-
nal origin. LM IIIC/PG jar or hydria sherds with motifs that
establish their chronology are tempered with quartz, limestone,
and occasionally with some gold mica and granodiorite. These
frequently have buff to pink slipped surfaces and pink cores, in
a high-quality local fabric. This fabric can also be seen in the
larger open shapes, kraters and kalathoi. A finer version of this
same fabric is evident in footed bowls, possible askoi, small
kraters, and tiny cups of PG date. The paint is often brown to
black, worn to washy.
Phyllites continue to be seen in the fabrics of the hard-fired
G jars of the coarse-ware category, but many very hard-fired jars
and pitchers of G date in the medium-coarse division are very
pure for their size, and the most visible inclusion is calcareous
(limestone). These sherds often have a bright yellow deposit on
a hard tan clay surface; this may be residue from soil or paint,
and it is common on the LG medium-coarse body sherds.
 114 DAVID BLACKMAN
The fine wares in this late group are coarser and heavier than
in the preceding period. The dominant inclusion is calcareous.
Skyphoi or bowls are dominant in the fine wares, along with
cups and some of the smaller jars.
One interesting facet of this study was the discovery of a few
bits of FN -EM I pottery from Vrokastro, including two sherds
of 'hearthware' (defined by J. Moody), which is a
claystone/mudstone fabric in the phyllite range. This is one of
the earliest fabrics from within the Vrokastro area. This fits with
the discovery of a greenstone celt in the lower settlement area
by Hall in 1912, and other early sites on the mid to upper range
of Kopranes (KP6, KP10, etc.). This material (ca 10 sherds)
comprises far less than 1% of total, but is still significant. Now
that these periods can be recognized in the pottery record, it
might be possible to return to the site and identify the area of
earliest settlement or activity (this may be somewhere on the
long N slope, where Hall found the celt, opposite Vouno or
KP6, where another early site was identified).
Other periods represented at the site include A, Gr, R, and
Venetian-Ott. Shapes include jars or hydriae, and cups (R) and
bg cups (C-EHL). The site of Vrokastro was therefore never
truly abandoned, probably because it often functioned as a
watch-station or citadel, in probable conjunction with other
high sites along the Mirabello coast, from Vathi (Ioannimiti), on
the W, to Phrouzi, near the Gouria plain.
In terms of the other sites examined, results are as follows:
Elias to Nisi (EN2), the fortified probable port of Vrokastro,
produces pottery of LM I-IIIA/B date under the fortification
wall, and sherds of EIA and later Gr date from within the set-
tlement area above the cove of this promontory. Pottery from
below the wall is well-preserved, with several shapes represent-
ed. Sherds from the surface were identified primarily on fabrics,
as few shapes survive. The pithos fragments belong to the LM
IIIC-G periods, and have precise parallels in fabric and decora-
tion to sherds from Vrokastro. Many are probably LM IIIC on
fabric and firing. This very damaged site appears to continue
from LM III to the Gr period.
Farther W, the Xivouni site (KK2) on the summit of the
highest hill in the S extent of the Istron or Kalo Chorio Valley
is exclusively late LM IIIC, and may be a fairly good parallel
for such sites as Khalasmenos and the recently excavated LM
III settlement at Vasilike. The few sherds that were tentatively
identified as G from this settlement on second examination
appear by fabric to be IIIC; thus there is no evidence for later
activity. A small bull figurine recovered in a LM IIIC fabric
suggests the presence of a shrine.
Phanourios 3: this has been described as the possible lower
settlement of Vrokastro, on a long N-facing slope below the
Vrokastro summit, directly E. The Chavga ravine separates the
summit of Vrokastro from this area. Sherds appear to be over-
whelmingly LM I-III, with some PG and G present. The A peri-
od is also a major phase at this site, more important than the pre-
ceding PG-G periods.
Therefore nucleation at Vrokastro also affected this settle-
ment, at least during PG-G. The lack ofLM IIIC (early-middle)
tombs near Vrokastro may be due to the fact that the population
continued to bury their dead, at least during this period, near
this lower site in Phanourios and at VK5, a LM III settlement W
of Vrokastro (see below).
The Phanourios site also contains a large cyclopean E-W
wall with other contiguous walls extending above and below it.
Previous descriptions of the site included this structure as a pos-
sible farmstead of Neopalatial date, with evidence for extensive
reoccupation and later activity. This accords with other similar-
ly constructed buildings in eastern Crete. Other massive walls
on the same Phanourios slope function as terraces. Recent bull-
This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
dozing below one of these massive terraces has revealed a
smaller wall of BA date. Thus it is conceivable that the large
walls, terraces or structural, may actually belong to the impor-
tant A phase of settlement here.
DL1, or Duo Lagadia, south of the spring at Kavousanos,
1.5km S of the Vrokastro summit. The assemblage from this site
parallels the main periods represented at Phanourios 3: LM
I-IIIC, A. There may also be PG-G. Most of this is represented
by cooking and storage fabrics; this is a small rural settlement.
VK5 is in Mazikhortia, W of Vrokastro. It is on an exten-
sion of the Karakovilia ridge that tops Kopranes, just E of the
Pesa pass. This small bulldozed settlement on the strategic ridge
top may actually extend to the S, beyond the ridge, and to the E,
where MM III pottery was found (this at VK3). Pottery is pri-
marily LM IIIA-C, with some LM I. The site does not contin-
ue into PG.
VK3 produces orange cooking ware with large quartz that is
MM III/LM I; this site overlaps the eastern edge of nearby VK5.
Other profiles, amphoriskoi, skyphoi, are PG-G. The large
house here, with ground stone tools, is probably G.
KM2: close to the eastern edge of the survey area,
Kendromouri 2 is a ridge-top site flanking a feeder channel of
the Xeropotamos River. This site contains many PR and histor-
ical phases, with one round slashed tripod leg identified in a
phyllite and quartz fabric that is LM IIIC-PG. There are two
large sacks of coarse and medium-coarse body sherds that are
early Gr, and fabrics indicate that some of these might be as
early as LG. There is no evidence from identifiable shapes,
however, that the settlement includes the G period. This site
may have been abandoned in LM IIIC/EPG, and there are also
no recognizable PG shapes with the exception of the tripod leg
in a distinctive IIIC/PG fabric. Although the evidence is not
altogether clear, it would appear possible that the Kendromouri
area was abandoned after LM IIIC/EPG, and not reoccupied
until the 7th or 6th Cts BC. Phyllite fabrics from this location
look to the Isthmus and E Crete, and are outside the local gran-
odiorite tradition, which extends locally from Phanourios to the
Lato area.
These descriptions of Vrokastro pottery, and pottery from
contemporary sites, will be incorporated into an article con-
cerning the settlement history of the Vrokastro area from LM
IIIC-EIA. The time-frame for completion is within the next
year. The article may be sent to Hesperia.'
Minoan Roads Research Programme. S. Chrysoulaki reports
on the excavations at Kokkino Phroudi, at Choiromandres and
at the peak sanctuary of Korakomouri Zakrou, which have been
published in Kritiki Estia 7 (1999) 317-26 and summarized in
AR 1999-2000, 147. (ADelt 660-1)
WESTERN CRETE
Sybritos, Amariou. In 2001 the Greek-Italian team (N.
Karamaliki and A.L. D'Agata) had a study season on material
from building 1, near which pit 57 has produced exceptionally
interesting material, including bones of a dog, the lower shell of
a tortoise and human bones with traces of removal of flesh.
DAVID BLACKMAN
British School at Athens
 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2001-2002 115

SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS

American School of Classical Studies 1-9, 30-39

Archaeological Receipts Fund (TAP) 10-13,22,47,53-55,58,61-62,66,70-75,

79-83, 88-106, 110-15, 120-1, 144-56, 159, 161

Archaeological Receipts Fund (TAP)/ 109,116

University of Thessalonike

German Archaeological Institute (DAI) 14-20, 77-78

National Archaeological Museum 21 & cover illustration

Y.G. Lolos 23, 27

BSA 28-29, 59-60, 63, 117-19, 130

Canadian Institute 40-42

French School 43-46, 122-29, 133-43

K. Demakopoulou 48-50

Swedish Institute 51

Austrian Archaeological Institute 52, 64-65

Netherlands Institute 56-57

D. Katsonopoulou 67-69

Danish Institute 76

Swiss School of Archaeology 84-87

Finnish Archaeological Institute 107-8

Italian School of Archaeology 131-2, 157-8, 160

This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Sat, 07 May 2016 08:28:08 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms