Electrical Applications

Fundamental Relations
Roberto Faranda
Dipartimento di Energia,
Via La Masa, 34 (Bovisa)
+39.02.2399.3793
 2
Fundamental Relations

For the study of the operating characteristics of an arc furnace it

is convenient to represent the arc by means of the equivalent
resistance introduced in the second model previously proposed.
In the following the arc furnaces will be treated as single-phase
and symmetrical circuit.

❑ arc resistance varies with the position of the electrodes and

independent of the instantaneous values ​of the current;
❑ in a first approximation the
Re Xe
current of the furnace is I
considered sinusoidal (no Ra
V
harmonics);
❑ the supply network is infinite.

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 3
Fundamental Relations

V
Current absorbed by Furnace I=I =
(Re + Ra )2 + X e2
Power utilized by Furnace
Ra
PU = Ra  I = V 
2 2

(Re + Ra )2 + X e2
MAXIMUM USEFUL POWER ABSORBED
PU
d =0 Ra = Re2 + X e2 = Z e
dRa

Useful power absorbed by Furnace for Ra=Ze

2
Z Z V
PU _ MAX =V 2  e
= V 2
 e
=
(Re + Z e ) + X e
2 2
2  Z e + 2  Re  Z e 2  (Z e + Re )
2

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 4
Fundamental Relations

Power absorbed by Furnace

Re + Z e V2
Pa = (Re + Z e )  I 2 = V 2  =
(Re + Z e ) + Z e − Re 2  Z e
2 2 2

Efficiency PU Ra  I 2 Ra Ze
= = = =
Pa (Re + Ra )  I 2
Re + Ra Re + Z e
Power factor

Re + Ra
cos( ) =
1 1
= =
(Re + Ra )2 + X e2 1+
X e2
1+
X e2
(Re + Ra )2 (Re + Z e )2
X e2
cos( ) 
1 1
= 0,707
(Re + Z e )2
2
Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia
 5
Fundamental Relations

Power absorbed by Furnace

Re + Ra
Pa = (Re + Ra )  I = V  2 2

(Re + Ra )2 + X e2
MAXIMUM POWER ABSORBED BY FURNACE
Ra = X e − Re

Re + Ra Re + X e − Re V2
Pa _ MAX =V 2
=V 
2
=
(Re + Ra ) + X e
2 2
(Re + X e − Re ) + X e 2  X e
2 2

Useful power absorbed by Furnace for Ra=Xe – Re

X e − Re
X e − Re
PU = Ra  I = V 
2 2
=V  2

(Re + X e − Re ) + X e
2 2
2  X e2

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 6
Fundamental Relations

Efficiency
PU Ra  I 2 Ra X e − Re Re
= = = = = 1−
Pa (Re + Ra )  I 2
Re + Ra Re + X e − Re Xe

Power factor
Re + X e − Re
cos( ) =
1 Xe
= =
(Re + X e − Re ) + X e2
2
2 Xe
2
2

Short circuit current of the Furnace

V
I CC = I CC =
Re2 + X e2

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

Electrical Applications
Circle Diagram
Roberto Faranda
Dipartimento di Energia,
Via La Masa, 34 (Bovisa)
+39.02.2399.3793
 8
Circle Diagram

V(V/cm) Re V

I(A/cm)
Y(S/cm)

Im

O B

V 1

Xe Xe

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 9
Circle Diagram

V(V/cm) Re V

I(A/cm)
Y(S/cm)

Im

O A B

V 1

Xe Xe

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 10
Circle Diagram

V(V/cm) Re V Resistance axis

I(A/cm)
M

Y(S/cm)
Z(/cm) 

Im

O N A B
Xe
V 1

Xe Xe

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 11
Circle Diagram

V(V/cm) Re V Resistance axis

I(A/cm)
M

Y(S/cm)
P
Z(/cm) 

I


 Im

O N A B
Xe
V 1

Xe Xe

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 12
Fundamental Relations

The OP segment (in the scale I of the currents) represents the

corresponding value of the current absorbed by the furnace or
the admittance (in the Y scale of the admittances):

OP = OB  sin( ) 
V Xe V
 = =I
Xe Z Z

 sin( ) =
1 1 Xe 1
OP   = =Y
Xe Xe Z Z

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 13
Circle Diagram

V(V/cm) Re V Resistance axis

I(A/cm)
M

Y(S/cm)
P
Z(/cm) 

r’
G

I


Q
 Im

O N A B
Xe
V 1

Xe Xe

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 14
Circle Diagram

V(V/cm) Re V Resistance axis

I(A/cm)
M

Y(S/cm)
P
Z(/cm) T 

P=V∙I r’
G

I


Q
R
 Im

O S N A B
Xe
V 1

Xe Xe

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 15
Circle Diagram

V(V/cm) Re V Resistance axis

r"

I(A/cm)
M
P’ r
P’’

Y(S/cm)
P
Z(/cm) T 
Pa_MAX

P=V∙I PU_MAX
r’
G

I


K
Q
R
 Im

O S N A H B
Xe
V 1

Xe Xe

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 16
Fundamental Relations

In particular we can observe that:

cos( P ' ) =
2
= 0,707 V 2 V
2 I P '  OP' = OA 2  =
2 Xe 2  Xe
cos( P '' )  0,707

V2
= V  I P '  cos( P ' ) = V 
V 2
Pa _ MAX = Pa _ P '  =
2  Xe 2 2 Xe

PR MQ Ra Ra  I 2 PU
= = = = PU _ MAX  KP"
RS QN Re Re  I 2
PP

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia

 17
Principal Maximum

lim lim  PU  lim  Ra  lim  Ra 

( ) =   =   =   = 1
Ra →

Ra → Pa
 Ra →  Re + Ra  Ra →  Ra 
lim lim  Re + Ra 
cos( ) =   =1
Ra → Ra → 
 (Re + Ra )2 + X e2 

Arc
Voltage

Roberto Faranda - Dipartimento di Energia