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Univalent harmonic functions

Article  in  Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics · January 2007

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 Volume 8 (2007), Issue 2, Article 59, 8 pp.

UNIVALENT HARMONIC FUNCTIONS

H.A. AL-KHARSANI AND R.A. AL-KHAL
D EPARTMENT OF M ATHEMATICS
FACULTY OF S CIENCE , G IRLS C OLLEGE
P.O. B OX 838, DAMMAM , S AUDI A RABIA
hakh73@hotmail.com

ranaab@hotmail.com

Received 26 February, 2007; accepted 20 April, 2007

Communicated by H. Silverman

A BSTRACT. A necessary and sufficient coefficient is given for functions in a class of complex-
valued harmonic univalent functions using the Dziok-Srivastava operator. Distortion bounds,
extreme points, an integral operator, and a neighborhood of such functions are considered.

Key words and phrases: Harmonic functions, Dziok-Srivastava operator, Convolution, Integral operator, Distortion bounds,
Neighborhood.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 30C45, 30C50.

1. I NTRODUCTION
Let U denote the open unit disc and SH denote the class of functions which are complex-
valued, harmonic, univalent, sense-preserving in U normalized by f (0) = fz (0) − 1 = 0. Each
f ∈ SH can be expressed as f = h + g, where h and g are analytic in U . We call h the
analytic part and g the co-analytic part of f . A necessary and sufficient condition for f to be
locally univalent and sense-preserving in U is that |h0 (z)| > |g 0 (z)| in U (see [3]). Thus for
f = h + g ∈ SH , we may write
X∞ X∞
k
(1.1) h(z) = z + ak z , g(z) = bk z k (0 ≤ b1 < 1).
k=2 k=1

Note that SH reduces to S, the class of normalized analytic univalent functions if the co-analytic
part of f = h + g is identically zero.
For αj ∈ C (j = 1, 2, . . . , q) and βj ∈ C −{0, −1, −2, . . .} (j = 1, 2, . . . , s), the generalized
hypergeometric function is defined by
∞
X (α1 )k · · · (αq )k z k
F
q s (α1 , . . . , α q ; β1 , . . . , β s ; z) = ,
(β1 )k · · · (βs )k k!
k=0
(q ≤ s + 1; q, s ∈ N0 = {0, 1, 2, . . .}),

069-07
2 H.A. A L -K HARSANI AND R.A. A L -K HAL

where (a)n is the Pochhammer symbol defined by

Γ(a + n)
(a)n = = a(a + 1) · · · (a + n − 1)
Γ(a)
for n ∈ N = {1, 2, . . .} and 1 when n = 0. Corresponding to the function
h(α1 , . . . , αq ; β1 , . . . , βs ; z) = zq Fs (α1 , . . . , αq ; β1 , . . . , βs ; z).
The Dziok-Srivastava operator [4], Hq,s (α1 , . . . , αq ; β1 , . . . , βs ) is defined by
Hq,s (α1 , . . . , αq ; β1 , . . . , βs )f (z) = h(α1 , . . . , αq ; β1 , . . . , βs ; z) ∗ f (z)
∞
X (α1 )k−1 · · · (αq )k−1 ak z k
=z+ ,
(β 1 )k−1 · · · (βs )k−1 (k − 1)!
k=2
where “∗” stands for convolution.
To make the notation simple, we write
Hq,s [α1 ]f (z) = Hq,s (α1 , . . . , αq ; β1 , . . . , βs )f (z).
We define the Dziok-Srivastava operator of the harmonic function f = h + g given by (1.1)
as
(1.2) Hq,s [α1 ]f = Hq,s [α1 ]h + Hq,s [α1 ]g.
∗
Let SH (α1 , β) denote the family of harmonic functions of the form (1.1) such that
∂
(1.3) (arg Hq,s [α1 ]f ) ≥ β, 0 ≤ β < 1, |z| = r < 1.
∂θ
∗
For q = s + 1, α2 = β1 , . . . , αq = βs , SH (1, β) = SH(β) [6] is the class of orientation-
∂
preserving harmonic univalent functions f which are starlike of order β in U , that is, ∂θ (arg f (reiθ ) >
β.
∗
Also, SH (n + 1, β) = RH (n, β) [7], is the class of harmonic univalent functions with
∂ n
∂θ
(arg D f (z)) ≥ β, where D is the Ruscheweyh derivative (see [9]).
∗
We also let VH (α1 , β) = SH (α1 , β) ∩ VH , where VH [5], the class of harmonic functions f
of the form (1.1) and there exists φ so that, mod 2π,
(1.4) arg(ak ) + (k − 1)φ = π, arg(bk ) + (k − 1)φ = 0 k ≥ 2.
Jahangiri and Silverman [5] gave the sufficient and necessary conditions for functions of the
form (1.1) to be in VH (β), where 0 ≤ β < 1.
Note for q = s + 1, α1 = 1, α2 = β1 , . . . , αq = βs and the co-analytic part of f = h + g
being zero, the class VH (α1 , β) reduces to the class studied in [10].
In this paper, we will give a sufficient condition for f = h + g given by (1.1) to be in
∗
SH (α1 , β) and it is shown that this condition is also necessary for functions in VH (α1 , β). Dis-
tortion theorems, extreme points, integral operators and neighborhoods of such functions are
considered.

2. M AIN R ESULTS
In our first theorem, we introduce a sufficient coefficient bound for harmonic functions in
∗
SH (α1 , β).
Theorem 2.1. Let f = h + g be given by (1.1). If
∞  
X 1 k−β k+β 1+β
(2.1) |ak | + |bk | Γ(α1 , k) ≤ 1 − |b1 |,
k=2
(k − 1)! 1 − β 1−β 1−β

J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 8(2) (2007), Art. 59, 8 pp. http://jipam.vu.edu.au/
 U NIVALENT H ARMONIC F UNCTIONS 3

 
 1 )k−1 ···(αq )k−1 
where a1 = 1, 0 ≤ β < 1 and Γ(α1 , k) =  (α
(β1 )k−1 ···(βs )k−1 
∗
, then f ∈ SH (α1 , β).
∗
Proof. To prove that f ∈ SH (α1 , β), we only need to show that if (2.1) holds, then the required
condition (1.3) is satisfied. For (1.3), we can write
( )
∂ z(Hq,s [α1 ]h(z))0 − z(Hq,s [α1 ]g(z))0
(arg Hq,s [α1 ]f (z)) = Re
∂θ Hq,s [α1 ]h + Hq,s [α1 ]g
A(z)
= Re .
B(z)
Using the fact that Re ω ≥ β if and only if |1 − β + ω| ≥ |1 + β − ω|, it suffices to show that
(2.2) |A(z) + (1 − β)B(z)| − |A(z) − (1 + β)B(z)| ≥ 0.
Substituting for A(z) and B(z) in (2.1) yields
(2.3) |A(z) + (1 − β)B(z)| − |A(z) − (1 + β)B(z)|
∞
X k+1−β
≥ (2 − β)|z| − Γ(α1 , k)|ak ||z|k
k=2
(k − 1)!
∞
X k−1+β
− Γ(α1 , k)|bk ||z|k − β|z|
k=1
(k − 1)!
∞ ∞
X k−1−β k
X k+1+β
− Γ(α1 , k)|ak ||z| − Γ(α1 , k)|bk ||z|k
k=2
(k − 1)! k=1
(k − 1)!
(
Xk−β
≥ 2(1 − β)|z| 1 − Γ(α1 , k)|ak |
k=2
(1 − β)(k − 1)!
∞
)
X k+β
− Γ(α1 , k)|bk |
k=1
(1 − β)(k − 1)!
(
1+β
= 2(1 − β)|z| 1 − |b1 |
1−β
"∞   #)
X 1 k−β k+β
− |ak | + |bk | Γ(α1 , k) .
k=2
(k − 1)! 1 − β 1−β
∗
The last expression is non-negative by (2.1) and so f ∈ SH (α1 , β). 

Now, we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for f = h + g given by (1.4).
Theorem 2.2. Let f = h + g be given by (1.4). Then f ∈ VH (α1 , β) if and only if
∞  
X 1 k−β k+β 1+β
(2.4) |ak | + |bk | Γ(α1 , k) ≤ 1 − |b1 |,
k=2
(k − 1)! 1 − β 1−β 1−β
 
 1 )k−1 ···(αq )k−1 
where a1 = 1, 0 ≤ β < 1 and Γ(α1 , k) =  (α
(β1 )k−1 ···(βs )k−1 
.
∗
Proof. Since VH (α1 , β) ⊂ SH (α1 , β), we only need to prove the “only if” part of the theorem.
∂
To this end, for functions f ∈ VH (α1 , β), we notice that the condition ∂θ (arg Hq,s [α1 ]f (z)) ≥ β

J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 8(2) (2007), Art. 59, 8 pp. http://jipam.vu.edu.au/
4 H.A. A L -K HARSANI AND R.A. A L -K HAL

is equivalent to
( )
∂ z(Hq,s [α1 ]h(z))0 − z(Hq,s [α1 ]g(z))0
(arg Hq,s [α1 ]f (z)) − β = Re −β ≥ 0.
∂θ Hq,s [α1 ]h(z) + Hq,s [α1 ]g(z)
That is,
" P∞ k−β k
P∞ k+β k
#
(1 − β)z + k=2 (k−1)! Γ(α1 , k)|ak |z − k=1 (k−1)! Γ(α1 , k)|bk |z
(2.5) Re P∞ P∞ k
≥ 0.
|z k +
z+ k=2 Γ(α 1 , k)|ak k=1 Γ(α1 , k)|bk |z
The above condition must hold for all values of z in U . Upon choosing φ according to (1.4), we
must have
P  k−β 
(1 − β) − (1 + β)|b1 | − ∞ k=2 (k−1)! |a k | + k+β
(k−1)!
|b k | Γ(α1 , k)rk−1
(2.6) ≥ 0.
1 + |b1 | + ∞
P k−1
k=2 (|ak | + |bk |) Γ(α1 , k)r
If condition (2.4) does not hold then the numerator in (2.6) is negative for r sufficiently close to
1. Hence there exist z0 = r0 in (0, 1) for which the quotient of (2.6) is negative. This contradicts
the fact that f ∈ VH (α1 , β) and so the proof is complete. 
The following theorem gives the distortion bounds for functions in VH (α1 , β) which yields a
covering result for this class.
Theorem 2.3. If f ∈ VH (α1 , β), then
 
1 1−β 1+β
|f (z)| ≤ (1 + |b1 |)r + − |b1 | r2 |z| = r < 1
Γ(α1 , 2) 2−β 2−β
and  
1 1−β 1+β
|f (z)| ≥ (1 + |b1 |)r − − |b1 | r2 |z| = r < 1.
Γ(α1 , 2) 2−β 2+β
Proof. We will only prove the right hand inequality. The proof for the left hand inequality is
similar.
Let f ∈ VH (α1 , β). Taking the absolute value of f , we obtain
∞
X ∞
X
|f (z)| ≤ (1 + |b1 |)r + (|ak | + |bk |)rk ≤ (1 + |b1 |)r + (|ak | + |bk |)r2 .
k=2 k=2
That is,
∞  
1−β X 2−β 2−β
|f (z)| ≤ (1 + |b1 |)r + |ak | + |bk | Γ(α1 , 2)r2
Γ(α1 , 2)(2 − β) k=2 1 − β 1−β
 
1−β 1+β
≤ (1 + |b1 |)r + 1− |b1 | r2
Γ(α1 , 2)(2 − β) 1−β
 
1 1−β 1+β
≤ (1 + |b1 |)r + − |b1 | r2 .
Γ(α1 , 2) 2 − β 2 − β

Corollary 2.4. Let f be of the form (1.1) so that f ∈ VH (α1 , β). Then
n 2Γ(α1 , 2) − 1 − (Γ(α1 , 2) − 1)β
(2.7) ω : |ω| <
(2 − β)Γ(α1 , 2)
2Γ(α1 , 2) − 1 − (Γ(α1 , 2) − 1)β o
− |b1 | ⊂ f (U ).
(2 + β)Γ(α1 , 2)

J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 8(2) (2007), Art. 59, 8 pp. http://jipam.vu.edu.au/
 U NIVALENT H ARMONIC F UNCTIONS 5

Next, we examine the extreme points for VH (α1 , β) and determine extreme points of VH (α1 , β).
Theorem 2.5. Set
(1 − β)(k − 1)! (1 − β)(k − 1)!
λk = and µk = .
(k − β)Γ(α1 , k) (k + β)Γ(α1 , k)
For b1 fixed, the extreme points for VH (α1 , β) are
n o
z + λk xz k + b1 z ∪ z + b1 z + µk xz k ,

(2.8)
where k ≥ 2 and |x| = 1 − |b1 |.
Proof. Any function f ∈ VH (α1 , β) may be expressed as
X∞ X
f (z) = z + |ak |eiγk |z k + b1 z + |bk |eiδk z k ,
k=2 k=2
where the coefficients satisfy the inequality (2.1). Set
h1 (z) = z, g1 (z) = b1 z, hk (z) = z + λk eiγk z k
gk = b1 z + µk eiδk z k , for k = 2, 3, . . .
|ak | |bk |
Writing Xk = λk
, Yk = µk
, k = 2, 3, . . . and
∞
X ∞
X
X1 = 1 − Xk ; Y1 = 1 − Yk ,
k=2 k=2
we have ∞
X
f (z) = (Xk hk (z) + Yk gk (z)).
k=1
In particular, setting
f1 (z) = z + b1 z and fk (z) = z + λk xz k + b1 z + µk yz k
(k ≥ 2, |x| + |y| = 1 − |b1 |),
we see that the extreme points of VH (α1 , β) are contained in {fk (z)}.
To see that f1 is not an extreme point, note that f1 may be written as
1 1
f1 (z) = {f1 (z) + λ2 (1 − |b1 |)z 2 } + {f1 (z) − λ2 (1 − |b1 |)z 2 },
2 2
a convex linear combination of functions in VH (α1 , β). If both |x| 6= 0 and |y| 6= 0, we will
show that it can also be expressed as a convex linear combination of functions in VH (α1 , β).
Without loss of generality, assume |x| ≥ |y|. Choose  > 0 small enough so that  < |x| |y|
. Set
 
 x 
A = 1 +  and B = 1 −  y . We then see that both

t1 (z) = z + λk Axz k + b1 z + µk yBz k

and
t2 (z) = z + λk (2 − A)xz k + b1 z + µk y(2 − B)z k
are in VH (α1 , β) and note that
1
fn (z) = {t1 (z) + t2 (z)}.
2
The extremal coefficient bound shows that the functions of the form (2.8) are the extreme points
for VH (α1 , β) and so the proof is complete. 

J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 8(2) (2007), Art. 59, 8 pp. http://jipam.vu.edu.au/
6 H.A. A L -K HARSANI AND R.A. A L -K HAL

For q = s + 1, α2 = β1 , . . . , αq = βs , α1 = n + 1, Theorems 2.1 to 2.5 give Theorems 1, 2,

3 and 4 in [7].
Now, we will examine the closure properties of the class VH (α1 , β) under the generalized
Bernardi-Libera-Livingston integral operator Lc (f ) which is defined by
c + 1 z c−1
Z
Lc (f (z)) = t f (t)dt, c > −1.
zc 0
Theorem 2.6. Let f ∈ VH (α1 , β). Then Lc (f (z)) belongs to the class VH (α1 , β).
Proof. From the representation of Lc (f (z)), it follows that
c + 1 z c−1
Z
Lc (f (z)) = t {h(t) + g(t)}dt
zc 0
 ! 
∞
! ∞
c + 1  z c−1
Z X Z z X
k
= t t+ ak t dt + tc−1 bk tk dt
zc 0 k=2 0 k=1
∞
X ∞
X
=z+ Ak z k + Bk z k ,
k=2 k=1

where
c+1 c+1
Ak = ak , Bk = bk .
c+k c+k
Therefore,
∞  
X 1 (k − β)(c + 1) (k + β)(c + 1)
|ak | + |bk | Γ(α1 , k)
k=2
(k − 1)! (1 − β)(c + k) (1 − β)(c + k)
∞  
X 1 k−β k+β
≤ |ak | + |bk | Γ(α1 , k)
k=2
(k − 1)! 1 − β 1 − β
1+β
≤1− b1 .
1−β
Since f ∈ VH (α1 , β), therefore by Theorem 2.2, Lc (f (z)) ∈ VH (α1 , β). 
The next theorem gives a sufficient coefficient bound for functions in S ∗ (α1 , β).
∗
Theorem 2.7. f ∈ SH (α1 , β) if and only if

2(1 − β)z + (ξ − 1 + 2β)z 2

 
Hq,s [α1 ]h(z) ∗
(1 − z)2
2(ξ + β)z − (ξ − 1 + 2β)z 2
 
+ Hq,s [α1 ]g ∗ 6= 0, |ξ| = 1, z ∈ U.
(1 − z)2
∗
Proof. From (1.3), f ∈ SH (α1 , β) if and only if for z = reiθ in U , we have
∂ ∂ h  i
(arg(Hq,s [α1 ]f (reiθ )) = arg Hq,s [α1 ]h(reiθ ) + Hq,s [α1 ]g(reiθ ) ≥ β.
∂θ ∂θ
Therefore, we must have
( " #)
1 z(Hq,s [α1 ]h(z))0 − z(Hq,s [α1 ]g(z))0
Re −β ≥ 0.
1−β Hq,s [α1 ]h(z) + Hq,s [α1 ]g(z)

J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 8(2) (2007), Art. 59, 8 pp. http://jipam.vu.edu.au/
 U NIVALENT H ARMONIC F UNCTIONS 7

Since " #
1 z(Hq,s [α1 ]h(z))0 − z(Hq,s [α1 ]g(z))0
− β = 1 at z = 0,
1−β Hq,s [α1 ]h(z) + Hq,s [α1 ]g(z)
the above required condition is equivalent to
" #
1 z(Hq,s [α1 ]h(z))0 − z(Hq,s [α1 ]g(z))0 ξ−1
(2.9) − β 6= ,
1−β Hq,s [α1 ]h(z) + Hq,s [α1 ]g(z) ξ+1
|ξ| = 1, ξ 6= −1, 0 < |z| < 1.
By a simple algebraic manipulation, inequality (2.9) yields
0 6= (ξ + 1)[z(Hq,s [α1 ]h(z))0 − z(Hq,s [α1 ]g(z))0 ]
− (ξ − 1 + 2β)[Hq,s [α1 ]h(z) + Hq,s [α1 ]g(z)]
 
(ξ + 1)z ξ − 1 + 2β
= Hq,s [α1 ]h(z) ∗ −
(1 − z)2 1−z
" #
(ξ + 1)z (ξ − 1 + 2β)z
− Hq,s [α1 ]g(z) ∗ +
(1 − z)2 1−z
2(1 − β)z + (ξ − 1 + 2β)z 2
 
= Hq,s [α1 ]h(z) ∗
(1 − z)2
" #
2(ξ + β)z − (ξ − 1 + 2β)z 2
+ Hq,s [α1 ]g(z) ∗ ,
(1 − z)2
which is the condition required by Theorem 2.7. 
Finally, for f given by (1.1), the δ-neighborhood of f is the set
( ∞ ∞
X X
Nδ (f ) = F = z + Ak z k + Bk z k :
k=2 k=1
∞
)
X
k(|ak − Ak | + |bk − Bk |) + |b1 − B1 | ≤ δ
k=2
(see [1] [8]). In our case, let us define the generalized δ-neighborhood of f to be the set
( ∞
X Γ(α1 , k)
N (f ) = F : [(k − β)|ak − Ak | + (k + β)|bk − Bk |]
k=2
(k − 1)!
)
+ (1 + β)|b1 − B1 | ≤ (1 − β)δ .

Theorem 2.8. Let f be given by (1.1). If f satisfies the conditions

∞ ∞
X k(k − β) X k(k + β)
(2.10) |ak |Γ(α1 , k) + |bk |Γ(α1 , k) ≤ 1 − β, 0 ≤ β < 1
k=2
(k − 1)! k=1
(k − 1)!
and  
1−β 1+β
δ≤ 1− |b1 | ,
2−β 1−β
∗
then N (f ) ⊂ SH (α1 , β).

J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 8(2) (2007), Art. 59, 8 pp. http://jipam.vu.edu.au/
8 H.A. A L -K HARSANI AND R.A. A L -K HAL

Proof. Let f satisfy (2.10) and

∞ 
X 
F (z) = z + B1 z + Ak z k + Bk z k
k=2

belong to N (f ). We have
∞
X Γ(α1 , k)
(1 + β)|B1 | + ((k − β)|Ak | + (k + β)|Bk |)
k=2
(k − 1)!
∞
X Γ(α1 , k)
≤ (1 + β)|B1 − b1 | + (1 + β)|b1 | + [(k − β)|Ak − ak | + (k + β)|Bk − bk |]
k=2
(k − 1)!
∞
X Γ(α1 , k)
+ [(k − β)|ak | + (k + β)|bk |]
k=2
(k − 1)!
1 X Γ(α1 , k)
≤ (1 − β)δ + (1 + β)|b1 | + k [(k − β)|ak | + (k + β)|bk |]
2 − β k=2 (k − 1)!
1
≤ (1 − β)δ + (1 + β)|b1 | + [(1 − β) − (1 + β)|b1 |]
2−β
≤ 1 − β.
Hence, for  
1−β 1+β
δ≤ 1− |b1 | ,
2−β 1−β
∗
we have F (z) ∈ SH (α1 , β). 
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