PROGRESS TEST 01 – Operating System – Group 01

1.1:
- Processor: Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions. When there is only one processor, it is often referred to as
the central processing unit (CPU).
- Main memory: Stores data and programs. This memory is typically volatile; that
is, when the computer is shut down, the contents of the memory are lost. In
contrast, the contents of disk memory are retained even when the computer
system is shut down. Main memory is also referred to as real memory or primary
memory.
- I/O modules: Move data between the computer and its external environment.
The external environment consists of a variety of devices, including secondary
memory devices (e.g., disks), communications equipment, and terminals.
- System bus: Provides for communication among processors, main memory, and
I/O modules.

1.2:
-A multiprogramming is a parallel processing in which the multiple programs can
run simultaneously.
+ Multiprogramming is the allocation of more than one concurrent program on a
computer system and its resources.
+ Multiprogramming allows using the CPU effectively by allowing various users to
use the CPU and I/O devices effectively.
+ Multiprogramming makes sure that the CPU always has something to execute,
thus increases the CPU utilization.
1.3:
At 1400x900 display has 1260000 pixels in it. If each pixel is represented by 24 bits
then the whole screen can be held in 1260000 x 24 = 30240000 bits = 37800000
bytes = 3691 KB = 3.6 MB

2.1:
-Process Control Block is a data structure that is maintained by the operating
system.
-PCB maintains the specific information, about the process, which is helpful while
its execution.
-As soon as the process is created it is the responsibility of the operating system
to create a respective process control block for it.
-After a process terminates its corresponding PCB is also removed from the
system.
-PCB contains many fields like process-id, process state, program counter, process
priority, etc. these fields help in controlling the operations of the corresponding
process.

2.2:
-A process which is currently executing on CPU can be termed as process in
running state.

2.3:
-Concurrent access to shared data may result in data inconsistency.
-Maintaining data consistency requires mechanisms to ensure the orderly
execution of cooperating processes.
3.1:
-Logical Address or Virtual Address (represented in bits): An address generated by
the CPU
Logical Address Space or Virtual Address Space (represented in words or bytes):
The set of all logical addresses generated by a program
-Physical Address (represented in bits): An address available on memory unit
Physical Address Space (represented in words or bytes): The set of all physical
addresses corresponding to the logical addresses
- Paging, page table:
In Operating System (Memory Management Technique : Paging), for each process
page table will be created, which will contain Page Table Entry (PTE). This PTE will
contain information like frame number (The address of main memory where we
want to refer), and some other useful bits (e.g., valid/invalid bit, dirty bit,
protection bit etc). This page table entry (PTE) will tell where in the main memory
the actual page is residing.
-The TLB:
+The TLB is associative, high-speed memory.
+Each entry in TLB consists of two parts: a tag and a value.
+When this memory is used, then an item is compared with all tags
simultaneously. If the item is found, then corresponding value is returned.

3.2:
-Segmentation is a memory management technique in which each job is divided
into several segments of different sizes, one for each module that contains pieces
that perform related functions. Each segment is a different logical address space
of the program.

3.3:
 - First fit takes 20 MB, 10 MB, 18 MB.
- Best fit takes 12 MB, 10 MB, and 9 MB.

3.4:
(a) 10: Physical address: 8K + 10
(b) 4250: Physical address: 4K + (4250 – 4K) = 4250
(c) 8300: Physical address: 24K + (8300 – 8K) = 24684

3.5:
Page size = 8 KB = 2^13 B
Offset = 13 bits
of virtual pages = 2^ (48 – 13) = 2^35